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	The Lodz Ghetto
		To keep non-Jews out of this area before the ghetto could be established, a warning was issued on January 17, 1940 proclaiming the area planned for the ghetto to be rampant with infectious diseases.
		Most of these newcomers never adjusted to ghetto life and in the end, boarded the transports to their death with the thought that they must be going somewhere better than the ghetto.
		Jewish deportees from the Lodz ghetto who are being taken to the Chelmno death camp, are transferred from a closed passenger train to a train of open cars at the Kolo train station (USHMM Photo).
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/Holocaust/lodz.html (2299 words)

	Lodz
		Lodz was annexed to Germany as part of the Warthegau.
		In 1941 and 1942, almost 40,000 Jews were deported to the Lodz ghetto: 20,000 from Germany, Austria, the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, and Luxembourg, and almost 20,000 from the smaller provincial towns in the Warthegau.
		The Germans deported the surviving ghetto residents to the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp in August 1944.
	www.ushmm.org /wlc/en/index.php?ModuleId=10005071 (682 words)

	Lodz Ghetto
		Introduction The dream of the inhabitants of the Lodz Ghetto was to be sure that the generations of the future wouldn't forget, disbelieve or deny the destruction and pain suffered in the ghetto.
		Even within the ghetto itself, the Jews were not allowed to be on the ghetto streets from seven at night until seven in the morning.
		Thus, resistance in Lodz was limited mainly to strikes and sabotage by the workers in the factories.
	www.studyworld.com /newsite/ReportEssay/History/European\Lodz_Ghetto-3275113.htm (3796 words)

	Ghettoes: Judenrate - Lodz
		Ghetto housing created by the Germans for the forced gathering of the Jewish population, was probably one of their greatest weapons in the destruction of the Jews.
		The Lodz ghetto, officially called the Litzmannstadt by the Germans, was enclosed by a barbed wire [Insert Lvov ghetto fenced in.gif] and wooden fence and in some places, a brick wall, with guards posted on both the inside and the outside of the dividing line that separated them from the rest of the world.
		It was February 3, 1940 when all the Jews of Lodz were ordered by the police to vacate their homes within five days, and to occupy houses in specific streets in the suburb of Balut (Baluty in Polish).
	cghs.dade.k12.fl.us /ib_holocaust2001/Ghettoes/housing/default.htm (1892 words)

	foto8 Reviews: Lodz Ghetto Album
		Lodz Ghetto Album brings together an extraordinary series of images for the first time, in a book made possible by the Archive of Modern Conflict, of which they form a part.
		Incarcerated in Lodz Ghetto, Poland, by the Nazis during the Second World War, Henryk Ross, a newspaper photographer before 1939, was employed by the Department of Statistics to produce identity shots and propaganda images.
		Lodz ghetto held up to a quarter of a million Jews during the years 1940-1944.
	www.foto8.com /reviews/V3N3/lodz.html (963 words)

	The Holocaust
		Paula Garfinkel, survivor of the Lodz ghetto and Bergen-Belsen
		Shlomo Reich, survivor of the Lodz ghetto and Dachau
		Lodz ghetto survivor Henry Joseph of Laufersweiler, Germany, deported to the ghetto from Luxembourg
	www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org /lodz/holocaust.htm (1916 words)

	The Lodz and Warsaw Ghettos
		The Lodz ghetto and the Warsaw ghetto were two large ghettos in Poland, and they alone claimed thousands of lives.
		Lodz was the last remaining ghetto in the spring of 1944, containing 75,000 people.
		The ghetto was closely guarded to prevent movement between it and the rest of Warsaw.
	www.iearn.org /hgp/aeti/aeti-1998-no-frames/lodz-warsaw-ghettos.htm (548 words)

	Facts about the Lodz Ghetto (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The concerns of the Lodz ghetto were in the hands of a ghetto administration (Gettoverwaltung) headed by Hans Biebow.
		The Germans proclaimed a general curfew in the ghetto, Gehsperre (ban on movement), and that week of bloody murder came to be known as the Sperre by the surviving ghetto inhabitants, a term that became deeply embedded in their memory.
		Jewish deportees from the Lodz ghetto who are being taken to the Chelmno death camp, are transferred from a closed passenger train to a train of open cars at the Kolo train station.
	www.fatherryan.org /holocaust/lodz/Ghettofa.htm (1352 words)

	Annual 4 Chapter 12 - Simon Wiesenthal Center Multimedia Learning Center
		Lodz was the last of the great Polish cities to be founded and the first since the age of Jewish emancipation to create, under Nazi rule, a self-contained ghetto for its Jews.
		As the great ghetto photographer, Mendel Grossman,6 was secretly shooting his visual history of the life and death of Lodz Jewry, the authors of the Chronicle were recording many of the same events on paper.
		That activity was the work of the Lodz Ghetto Department of the Archives, sanctioned by Mordecai Chaim Rumkowski, the "Eldest of the Jews" (head of the Jewish Council), in November 1940, to preserve archival materials from the prewar Lodz community and from the ghetto administration.
	motlc.wiesenthal.com /site/pp.asp?c=gvKVLcMVIuG&b=395095 (5397 words)

	Lodz Ghetto Album \| www.somethingjewish.co.uk
		The Lodz ghetto in Poland was a squalid home to several hundred thousand Jews and several thousand Gypsies who were forced to live in it by the Nazis.
		In 1940 the Germans sealed the ghetto and made it into both a slave labour camp where the Nazis used those living as cheap labour to produce everything from textiles to munitions and also a prison for Jews en route to death camps.
		Over the four years of the ghetto, 95% of the inmates were killed and by the time it was liberated by the Soviets, less than 1,000 people survived.
	www.somethingjewish.co.uk /articles/1187_lodz_ghetto_album.htm (449 words)

	HISTORY OF GHETTO IN LODZ
		On the 8 II 1940 the announcement of the establishing of the Jewish quarter was publicized and till 30 IV 1940 all Jewish residents of Lodz were moved to this area.
		Then the Ghetto was closed and cut off of the remainder of the city with a barbed wire and numerous police posts.
		The Foundation Monumentum Iudaicum Lodzense tries to rescue and to popularize the memory of the Ghetto Lodz, among others through her involvement in the commemoration of the 60 Anniversary of the Liquidation of the Ghetto Lodz in 2004.
	www.lodzjews.org /root/form/de/getto (515 words)

	Lodz Philatelic Materials
		In the ghetto, closed on May 1, 1940, the delivery and collection of mail was accomplished along the line of an agreement reached between Rumkowski and the representative of the German post service.
		The ghetto post office had three basic functions: (i) receive and deliver mail for the ghetto which had arrived at the German Post Office; (ii) receive out going mail and passing it on to the German post Office; and (iii) act as a messenger service for the Jewish Administration.
		Lodz was the only ghetto which had its own stamps, albeit for a very short period.
	www.edwardvictor.com /Ghettos/lodz_philatelic_main.htm (1846 words)

	Ghettoes: Judenrate - Lodz
		In 1939, Lodz, Poland held the second largest Jewish community in Europe next to Warsaw, with a population of 700,000, of whom 233,000 were Jews.
		Rumkowski was obliged to enforce the boundaries of the ghetto.
		The ghetto population began to starve on the summer of 1940, which led to the rise of demonstrations and the use of firearms against the demonstrators by the German authorities to keep peace.
	cghs.dadeschools.net /ib_holocaust2001/Ghettoes/judenrate/lodz/default.htm (1637 words)

	Rumkowski's "Give Me Your Children" Speech
		His ghetto became a grotesque model of society, complete with socio-economic classes of the "haves and have-nots" - where being "connected" could keep one from being deported or could allow one to obtain extra food or secure an administrative job - not unlike the "organizing" that was required for survival in concentration camps.
		The blame for the deaths of the Jews of the Lodz Ghetto however, shall forever be upon the perpetrators.
		There is a highly developed chronology of the Lodz Ghetto as well as Chairman Rumkowski due to the vast amounts of motion-picture film, photographs (many in color), diaries and personal recollections of both those who perished and those who survived.
	www.datasync.com /~davidg59/rumkowsk.html (3892 words)

	Breman Museum Traveling Exhibitions
		Humanity and horror intermingle in the historically compelling clandestine photographs taken by Henryk Ross of life in the Lodz ghetto in Nazi-occupied Poland from 1940 to 1945.
		The Lodz ghetto functioned both as a sweatshop serving the German war effort and as a prison for Jews en route to the death camps of Chelmno and Auschwitz.
		Most troubling are photographs of the milieu of the ghetto police, including parties, Rumkowski’s chief of police with his rabbits, and a fat boy dressed in a ghetto police outfit "playing" at herding other children in the manner of a deportation.
	www.thebreman.org /exhibitions/lodz.htm (604 words)

	Lodz Ghetto Database (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In August 1944, the Nazis dissolved the Judenrat and the ghetto was liquidated.
		Yad Vashem, with the assistance of the Organization of Former Residents of Lodz in Israel, was able to purchase a photocopy of the registers from the Polish State Archives.
		Lodz Ghetto Deportations and Statistics: tables of deaths in the ghetto, deportations to and from the ghetto.
	www.jewishgen.org /databases/Poland/LodzGhetto.html (2706 words)

	Lodz Online - Lodz Ghetto
		Upon the Lodz Ghetto establishment, the population of the Lodz Jews amounted to 164, 000.
		In 2004 the Lodz Ghetto Survivors' Park, situated in Wojska Polskiego Street, was established.The grounds of the Park are located close to the former ghetto boundaries.
		On the 68th anniversary of the Lodz Ghetto liquidation 363 trees were planted by the Ghetto Survivors in the Park.
	www.lodz-online.eu /11,lodz_ghetto.htm (1074 words)

	Survivors, families remember Lodz ghetto victims
		LODZ, Poland -- Holocaust survivors and their families gathered yesterday at one of Europe's largest Jewish cemeteries to remember more than 200,000 Jews of Lodz who were killed by the Nazis, marking the 60th anniversary of the last transports from the city's ghetto to Hitler's death camps.
		The ghetto was a Jewish area of the city, in which 230,000 lived, that was closed off by the Germans and became a depository for an additional 30,000 to 45,000 Jews and Roma transferred from throughout Europe.
		The Lodz ghetto was liquidated in August, 1944 and the Soviets liberated the area in January of 1945.
	isurvived.org /InTheNews/Lotz-remembering.html (1974 words)

	The Lodz Ghetto Table of Contents
		The Deportation of the Children from the Lodz Ghetto
		The Deterioration of the Physical Condition of the Jews in the Lodz Ghetto
		Prayer Recited in One of the Lodz Ghetto Synagogues
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/Holocaust/lodztoc.html (42 words)

	'Give Me Your Children': Voices from the Lodz Ghetto: Exhibitions in Washington, DC on ...
		Their fate in Lodz -- after Warsaw, the second-largest Jewish ghetto -- was, as the show points out, unexceptional, especially when compared with the fates of the children in the many other ghettos throughout Europe.
		Central to the show, however, is a single artifact out of the many to come out of the Lodz ghetto: an album of hand-drawn New Year's greetings containing signatures representing about 14,000 schoolchildren from Lodz, presented on the occasion of Rosh Hashanah 1941, to a man named Mordecai Chaim Rumkowski.
		Previously appointed by the Nazis as "Eldest of the Jews," or administrator, for the Lodz ghetto, Rumkowski was stuck in the uncomfortable position of being both servant (of the Nazis) and master (of the ghetto's ad hoc bureaucracy).
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/cityguide/profile?id=1133677&p=print (658 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Europe \| Survivors recall Lodz ghetto horror
		As the Nazi extermination programme accelerated, ghetto inmates were deported to death camps en masse and slaughtered, the last train leaving on 29 August 1944.
		Renee Salt was sent to Lodz in 1942, aged 13, from another ghetto in her Polish hometown of Zdunska Wola, with her parents and an aunt.
		The decision to liquidate the ghetto was taken in 1944, amid the noise of the approaching Soviet army.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/europe/3606390.stm (1217 words)

	2005 Lodz Ghetto Album - International Center Of Photography
		Born in 1910, Henryk Ross was employed as a photographer by the Department of Statistics for the Jewish Council within the Lodz ghetto during the Holocaust.
		Lodz Ghetto Album spans the entirety of his collection, which is the most extensive body of ghetto photographs by a single photographer.
		Lodz Ghetto Album, published by Chris Boot in association with the Archive of Modern Conflict, includes a foreword written by bestselling Holocaust expert Robert-Jan van Pelt and an introduction by historian Thomas Weber.
	www.icp.org /site/c.dnJGKJNsFqG/b.886349/k.9F95/Lodz_Ghetto_Album.htm (348 words)

	Museum \| Online Exhibitions \| Voices from the Lodz Ghetto
		The survivors discussed from their own personal perspectives what it was like to experience a community struggling to live in spite of the most difficult circumstances during the Holocaust.
		Judy Cohen's comparisons between two photographers, Walter Genewein and Mendel Grosman, who did extensive photography of the Lodz Ghetto from the time it was formed to the time the inhabitants were deported.
		Their voices—preserved in letters, diaries, memoirs, and oral histories—as well as historic photographs, original documents, and objects from collections around the world offer a view into the struggle of a community and its young to live in spite of the most difficult circumstances.
	www.ushmm.org /museum/exhibit/online/lodz (265 words)

	Gallery - Lódz Ghetto
		A German soldier and a Jewish policeman direct Lódz ghetto residents crossing the street between the two parts of the ghetto in 1940 or 1941.
		The Lódz ghetto was formed in February 1940, and sealed off in May. Behind the barbed wire, 163,623 Jews lived in an area of 3.8 square kilometers (1.5 square miles) on December 1, 1941.
		A ghetto newspaper published in Yiddish in the Lódz ghetto from March 4, 1941 to September 21, 1941.
	fcit.coedu.usf.edu /holocaust/resource/gallery/LODZ.htm (224 words)

	Ghetto Lodz Registry book
		There are 5 volumes with the names, addresses before and after Ghetto times, dates of birth, dates of transportation or death in the Ghetto and other data, of all the people lived in Lodz during the Holocaust, in the ghetto and until its liquidation in 1944.
		The records were kept on the basis of apartment house addresses and were updated continuously from the timethe ghetto was established until its liquidation in August 1944.
		With the generous assistance of the Organization of Former residents of Lodz in Israel, Yad Vashem purchased a photocopy of the registry from the State Archives in Lodz.
	www.zchor.org /LODZ.HTM (339 words)

	normblog: The Lodz ghetto
		Today marks 60 years since the liquidation of the Lodz ghetto in Poland, with the sending of the last transport of Jews to the death camps.
		The Lodz ghetto - with the Warsaw ghetto one of the two largest in Nazi-occupied Poland - was established in February 1940.
		According to one estimate, the death rate in those two ghettos, just from overcrowding, starvation and disease was one percent of the population per month.
	normblog.typepad.com /normblog/2004/08/the_lodz_ghetto.html (520 words)

	Programs,
		At the center are Brave Old World's arrangements of the rare Jewish street and cabaret songs from the Nazi ghetto of Lodz, Poland, 1940-44.
		Leading through the Lodz repertoire like stepping-stones through the river of memory are Brave Old World's own original compositions, reflections on 17 years of performing Jewish music.
		Michael Alpert's moving Berlin 1990 forms the emotional and musical counterpoint to the passionate and ironic street songs of the bard of the Lodz ghetto, Yankele Herszkowicz.
	www.braveoldworld.com /english/programs-lodz-ghetto.php (198 words)

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