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Topic: Logarithmic units

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Logarithmic scale

Entropy

	Logarithmic scale - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A logarithmic scale is a scale of measurement that uses the logarithm of a physical quantity instead of the quantity itself.
		Logarithmic scales are either defined for ratios of the underlying quantity, or one has to agree to measure the quantity in fixed units.
		The base of the logarithm also has to be specified, unless the scale's value is considered to be a dimensional quantity expressed in generic (indefinite-base) logarithmic units.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Logarithmic_scale (531 words)

	Logarithmic units - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Logarithmic units are abstract mathematical units that can be used to express any quantities (physical or mathematical) that are defined on a logarithmic scale, that is, as being proportional to the value of a logarithm function.
		In this article, a given logarithmic unit will be denoted using the notation [log n], where n is a positive real number, and [log ] here denotes the indefinite logarithm function Log().
		The motivation behind the concept of logarithmic units is that defining a quantity on a logarithmic scale in terms of a logarithm to a specific base amounts to making a (totally arbitrary) choice of a unit of measurement for that quantity, one that corresponds to the specific (and equally arbitrary) logarithm base that was selected.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Logarithmic_units (214 words)

	Units: D
		This rather clumsy SI unit is occasionally used because of its equivalence with the poise, an older unit not allowed in the SI.
		The metric unit of yarn density is the tex; 1 denier equals 1/9 tex or 10/9 decitex.
		Actually there are two units: the horizontal dialog unit equals 1/4 the average width of the font being used, and the vertical dialog unit equals 1/8 the average height of the font.
	www.unc.edu /~rowlett/units/dictD.html (8674 words)

	[No title]
		Units of quantity equal to 1 through 8 are known, respectively, as the monad, dyad, triad, tetrad, pentad, hexad, heptad, and octad, terms coined by adding -ad to the Greek numbers 1-8.
		This unit honors the French mathematician and physicist Jean-Baptiste Biot (1774-1862), one of the founders of the theory of electromagnetism.
		This unit is the English corn or grain gallon, standardized during the reign of Elizabeth I in the sixteenth century.
	www.sweetcat.com /etc/units2.asp (24450 words)

	Units: The International System
		For example, the SI unit of force, the newton, is defined to be the force that accelerates a mass of one kilogram at the rate of one meter per second per second.
		units for measurement of magnetism: the weber (flux), tesla (flux density), and henry (inductance);
		These units are supposed to be "defined in relation to the SI in every document in which they are used," and "their use is not encouraged." These barely-tolerated units might well be prohibited by future meetings of the CGPM.
	www.unc.edu /~rowlett/units/sipm.html (1012 words)

	Engineering Database
		An abbreviation of centipoise, one hundredth of a poise.
		The centimetre is a unit of length and is one hundredth of a metre by definition.
		The kelvin is the unit of thermodynamic temperature.
	www.diracdelta.co.uk /science/source/c/o/conversions/source.html (2451 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		If `units' is given non-conformable units to convert, it will print a message giving the reduced form of each unit and it will return failure to the calling environment.
		Division of units is indicated by the slash (`/').
		Units specified on the command line will need to be quoted to protect them from shell interpreta tion and to group them into two arguments.
	ils.unc.edu /~mercv/inls183/Oldstuff/ex2units.txt (3718 words)

	Entropy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The SI unit of entropy is 'joule per kelvin' (J·K
		), which is the same as the unit of heat capacity, and entropy is said to be thermodynamically conjugate to temperature.
		In 1877, thermodynamicist Ludwig Boltzmann visualized a probabilistic way to measure the entropy of an ensemble of ideal gas particles, in which he defined entropy to be proportional to the logarithm of the number of microstates such a gas could occupy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Entropy (2311 words)

	Chart Scales -- Arithmetic Vs. Logarithmic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		It is based on the units of the chart axis have equal spacing.
		This measurement demands the use of arithmetic scaling since every unit of time (day, week, month, year, etc.) is equal in length.
		Using the Logarithmic Scale, notice that the spaces between 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 are equal.
	my.execpc.com /~dluisa/ArithVsLog.html (462 words)

	What is a decibel?
		The dB is a logarithmic unit used to describe a ratio.
		To deal with such a range, logarithmic units are useful: the log of a million is 6, so this ratio represents a difference of 120 dB.
		The phon is a unit that is related to dB by the psychophysically measured frequency response of the ear.
	www.phys.unsw.edu.au /~jw/dB.html (3313 words)

	Bio 1 Laboratory, CCSF 99
		The logarithmic expression of the fraction of the light of a given wavelength that is absorbed by a particular transparent or translucent substance.
		In case you are wondering why anyone would invent a logarithmic unit, the reason is that absorbance is directly proportional to the concentration of the solute in the solution, and therefore, absorbance units are extremely useful for determining concentrations and changes in concentrations.
		It is customary to space the absorbance units out logarithmically on the Y-axis, so that an absorbance of 2 is 99% of the way to infinity, 1 is 90% of the way, and so forth.
	fog.ccsf.cc.ca.us /~mmalacho/bio1/Spectrometry.html (2359 words)

	[No title]
		The units are always chosen so that the width of the graphics window is 10.
		A box will be drawn, to the size determined by the "as", "bi", and "sm" commands, with x- and y-axes linear or logarithmic, according to the "mo" settings, and limits as determined by the "l" command, and with x- and y-labels given by the "xl" and "yl" commands.
		The arguments define the pattern for dashed lines: i1 is the length of the first dash (integer -- the unit is a "short" dash), i2 is the length of the first space, i3 is the length of the next dash, i4 is the length of the next space.
	www.physics.drexel.edu /courses/Comp_Phys/General/Graphics/mcdraw.text (5134 words)

	Re: Status of the new HS math exams
		It is these logarithmic values that are estimated in the field testing and are ultimately expressed on a common scale across test forms.
		These logarithmic values, and the raw total scores they represent on each test form, have to be converted to a scale in which 65 represents passing and 85 represents passing with distinction, according to the results of the standard setting study.
		Thereafter, every logarithmic value, which, through equating has the exact same meaning in performance from test form to test form, can be assigned a scale value from 0 to 100 in which 65 is passing.
	mathforum.org /kb/servlet/JiveServlet/download/338-1161545-3817999-214187/att1.html (480 words)

	A VLSI FIR Digital Signal Processor Using Logarithmic Arithmetic†
		Each of these processing units, called the multiplexed logarithmic multiply accumulator cell (MLMAC), is capable of performing eight logarithmic multiply-accumulate operations and is responsible for performing four taps in each of two separate filters.
		Because of the logarithmic nature of the number system, the SNR is constant and independent of the signal's magnitude or frequency spectrum, provided the the signal remains within the dynamic range of the system[3].
		The DHAB obtains the logarithmically encoded data from the ADC and passes it directly to the four SALMA-8 chips where the data is passed through the pre-filter of each of the four channels.
	www.ee.siue.edu /~mentor/research/VLSI.html (1382 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Units of Measurement - A471476
		Units are of vital importance in every civilisation as they are an essential means of communication.
		Sometimes non-SI units are used because they make a certain specific calculations easier, however in most cases people are simply not bold enough to break with tradition, or are reluctant to 'learn' the SI unit.
		It's the length of the corresponding arc in the unit circle.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/alabaster/A471476 (3229 words)

	Logarithmic Units (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Logarithmic units are abstract mathematical units that can be used to express any quantities (physical or mathematical) that are defined on a...
		The decibel scale is a transformation of the linear scale into a logarithmic scale.
		The intensity of sound is measured in logarithmic units known as decibels;
	www.logarithmicunits.info (314 words)

	Theremin Vox - Decibel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Although it is widely used as a measure of the loudness of sound, the decibel is more generally a measure of the ratio between two quantities, and can be used to express a wide variety of measurements in acoustics and electronics.
		The d is therefore lowercase, as it is the SI prefix deci-, and the B is capitalized, as it is an abbreviation of a name-derived unit, the bel, named for Alexander Graham Bell.
		To deal with such a range, logarithmic units are useful: the log of a trillion is 12, so this ratio represents a difference of 120 dB.
	www.thereminvox.com /article/view/170/1/37 (2507 words)

	Richter Magnitude
		The uncertainty in an estimate of the magnitude is about plus or minus 0.3 units, and seismologists often revise magnitude estimates as they obtain and analyze additional data.
		Thus after you measure the wave amplitude you have to take its logarithm, and scale it according to the distance of the seismometer from the earthquake, estimated by the S-P time difference.
		For this moment is in units of dyne-cm, and energy is in units of ergs.
	www.seismo.unr.edu /ftp/pub/louie/class/100/magnitude.html (1477 words)

	Entropy - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		(joules per kelvin), which is the same as the unit of heat capacity.
		The quantity k is a physical constant known as Boltzmann's constant, which, like the entropy, has units of heat capacity.
		This postulate, which is known as Boltzmann's principle, may be regarded as the foundation of statistical mechanics, which describes thermodynamic systems using the statistical behaviour of its constituents.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/e/n/t/Entropy.html (3870 words)

	USGS - Estimates of Flow Duration, Mean Flow, and Peak-Discharge Frequency Values for Kansas Stream Locations
		Logarithmic transformations of climatic and basin data were performed to yield the best linear relation for developing equations to compute flow durations and mean flow.
		The analyses yielded a model standard error of prediction range of 0.43 logarithmic units for the 90-percent duration analysis to 0.15 logarithmic units for the 10-percent duration analysis.
		The model standard error of prediction was 0.14 logarithmic units for the mean flow.
	pubs.usgs.gov /sir/2004/5033 (617 words)

	Non-Visual Displays
		Sound intensity (perceived as loudness) is measured in units of sound pressure level (SPL).
		To handle sound measurements and calculations over a range of 32 trillion units, a logarithmic scale is used.
		The units of this scale are decibels (dB).
	www.hf.faa.gov /Webtraining/NonVisDisplays/n05c_Auditory2.htm (133 words)

	Sound Definitions - adsig.com
		The decibel (abbreviated dB) is the unit used to measure the intensity of a sound (sound pressure).
		The decibel scale is logarithmic because the human ear is capable of hearing a very large range of sounds (the ratio of the difference in sound pressure from low level sounds to those that cause permanent hearing damage is more than a million).
		To deal with such a range, logarithmic units are useful.
	www.adsig.com /sound.htm (510 words)

	A Further Look at Transformations
		In fact, we need to be careful to distinguish between the measurement units of the original variable and the measurement units of the transformed variable.
		The transformed variable is used in the statistical calculations and the statistical output is expressed in transformed measurement units.
		For example, dependent variables like income and housing value are often expressed in logarithmic units because the distribution of the data is skewed by a few extremely large values.
	www.utexas.edu /courses/schwab/sw388r7/Tutorials/A_Further_Look_at_Transformations_doc_html/001_A_Further_Look_at_Transformations.html (364 words)

	NIST Guide to SI Units - 8 Comments on Some Quantities and Their Units
		In science and technology, the weight of a body in a particular reference frame is defined as the force that gives the body an acceleration equal to the local acceleration of free fall in that reference frame [6: ISO 31-3].
		This implies that the numerical value of a given temperature interval or temperature difference whose value is expressed in the unit degree Celsius (°C) is equal to the numerical value of the same interval or difference when its value is expressed in the unit kelvin (K); or in the notation of Sec.
		The CGS units commonly used to express values of these quantities, the poise (P) and the stokes (St), respectively [and their decimal submultiples the centipoise (cP) and the centistoke (cSt)], are not to be used; see Sec.
	physics.nist.gov /Pubs/SP811/sec08.html (2670 words)

	Intercity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		These are one of those logarithmic units that worry some people.
		They tend to be used for things we can sense ourselves (light and sound) and are to all intents and purposes essential where the range of the measured parameter is very large.
		The thing to remember about logarithmic units is that each equal division on the graph represents the same ratio of "amount" we are measuring.
	www.datadisc.org.uk /datalog/train125.htm (375 words)

	Recent Publications by NIST Authors
		In the case of the quantity logarithmic decay (or gain), also sometimes called decrement, and sometimes called level, a similar choice of defining equation exists, leading to a corresponding choice between the coherent derived units -the neper or the bel.
		We argue that for the quantity logarithmic decay the most logical choice of defining equations is linked to that of the radian, and is that which leads to the neper as the corresponding coherent derived unit.
		However, it is important part of the SI to establish in a formal sense the equations defining physical quantities, and the corresponding coherent derived units.
	ois.nist.gov /nistpubs/technipubs/recent/search.cfm?dbibid=7921 (274 words)

	Logarithmic Spirals
		Piecewise logarithmic curves are, of course, also an aesthetic choice: Logarithmic spirals are visually dynamic curves.
		In a neural network implementation of the artificial artist's coupled potential fields, this observation was exploited to produce piecewise logarithmic curves as a side-effect of curvature detection.
		Euler proposed that tracks curved in a logarithmic spiral were optimal for slowing and turning trains in railyards.
	xenia.media.mit.edu /~brand/logspiral.html (530 words)

	A Universe of Scale - Stars edge closer - Health Supreme
		The borders of "attractive" and "repulsive" segments on the logarithmic line of scales are easy to find because they recur regularly with a distance of 3 natural logarithmic units.
		And because the standing pressure wave is a property of the logarithmic number line, it determines the frequency of distribution of matter on all physically calibrated logarithmic lines - the line of ratios of size, that of masses, of frequencies, of temperatures, velocities, etc.
		In first approximation the distribution of matter in the logarithmic space of scales has the fractal dimension of Cantor dust, but is being deformed hyperbolically in the proximity of a node point (see illustration).
	www.newmediaexplorer.org /sepp/2003/09/21/a_universe_of_scale_stars_edge_closer.htm (5106 words)

	Halfbakery: Universal logarithmic measurement unit
		The unit should be usable in both situations and you don't have to remember how to convert those unit type of things.
		No, psneeks is asking for a logarithmic unit of time.
		Logarithmic units are only really useful when comparing quantities which tend to be logarithmic in meaning.
	www.halfbakery.com /lr/idea/Universal_20logarithmic_20measurement_20unit (619 words)

	gain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In electronics, gain is the logarithm (base 10) of the ratio of signal output from a system to signal input to the system.
		A signal is usually measured in units of voltage or power gain.
		For example, if output=500mW and input=5mW then :gain=500/5 = 100 = 2B (bel) or 20dB In antenna design, gain is the logarithm of the ratio of the antenna's radiation pattern to that of some ideal antenna, typically the theoretical isotropic antenna.
	www.33beat.com /gain.html (595 words)

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