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	Logical positivism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Logical positivism (later referred to as logical empiricism, also referred to as neo-positivism) is a philosophy (of science) that originated in the Vienna Circle in the 1920s.
		Logical positivism was one of the early manifestations of analytic philosophy.
		Logical Positivism was immensely influential in philosophy of science, logic, and philosophy of language.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Logical_positivism (1099 words)

	Learn more about Logical positivism in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Logical positivism (later referred to as logical empiricism), was one of the early manifestations of analytic philosophy.
		The claim most characteristic of logical positivism asserts that statements are meaningful only insofar as they are verifiable, and that statements can be verified only in two (exclusive) ways: empirical statements, including scientific theories, were verified by experiment and evidence.
		Logical positivists' response to the first criticism is that Logicial Positivism, like all other philosophies of science, is a philosophy of science, not an axiomatic system that can prove its own consistency.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /l/lo/logical_positivism.html (904 words)

	Logical positivism -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Logical positivism (later referred to as logical empiricism) holds that philosophy should aspire to the same sort of (Excessive sternness) rigor as science.
		Logical Positivism was immensely influential in (Click link for more info and facts about philosophy of science) philosophy of science, (The branch of philosophy that analyzes inference) logic, and (Click link for more info and facts about philosophy of language) philosophy of language.
		Logical positivists' response to the first criticism is that Logical Positivism, like all other philosophies of science, is a philosophy of science, not an (Click link for more info and facts about axiomatic system) axiomatic system that can prove its own consistency.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/l/lo/logical_positivism.htm (1040 words)

	Positivism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In Poland, the period in literature after the January 1863 Uprising until the turn of the 20th century is known as the Positivist period.
		neo-positivism and logical empiricism, was a school of (science) philosophy developed in the 1920s by the Vienna Circle.
		Positivists believe that there is little if any difference between social sciences and natural sciences, as societies operate according to laws, as does nature.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Positivism (297 words)

	logical positivism from FOLDOC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Logical positivists denigrate or ignore ethics, and some have even gone so far as to say that all values are merely expressions of emotion (see emotivism).
		Thus the logical positivists, while holding a deep respect for reason in the limited context of logic and mathematics, have had such a limited view of what reason is (a process of contraction started by Kant) that they have ended up holding some extremely subjectivistic views, especially in ethics.
		Under the influence of Hume, Russell, and the early Wittgenstein, the logical positivists regarded as meaningful only statements reporting empirical observations, taken together with the tautologies of logic and mathematics.
	www.swif.uniba.it /lei/foldop/foldoc.cgi?logical+positivism (301 words)

	Behavior and Philosophy: LOGICAL POSITIVISM, NATURALISTIC EPISTEMOLOGY, AND THE FOUNDATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGY
		Logical behaviorism is the view that for every mentalistic term there is some behavior (or behavioristic term) such that this behavior (term) constitutes the verification basis for the application of the mentalistic term.
		According to the classical view, therefore, the epistemology (and philosophy of science) of the logical positivists led to semantic behaviorism, and these views, in turn, were the basis for psychological behaviorism.4 The crucial question in the present context is the connection between this kind of semantic behaviorism and behaviorism as a research program in psychology.
		The logical positivists had inherited from Frege (1980) the wholesale commitment to a sharp distinction between the tasks of logic and psychology.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3814/is_200401/ai_n9383863 (1201 words)

	Logical Positivism J.Passmore (1967)
		The logical positivists thought of themselves as extending the range of science over the whole area of systematic truth and as needing for that purpose to destroy the claim of idealist philosophers to have a special kind of suprascientific access to truth.
		Faced with this difficulty, the logical positivists argued that it ought to be read not as a statement but as a proposal, a recommendation that propositions should not be accepted as meaningful unless they are verifiable.
		Logical positivism, we might say, split into three groups, one asserting physicalism, the second rejecting it, and the third expressing a preference for the physicalist language.
	www.comnet.ca /~pballan/logicalpos(Passmore).htm (4269 words)

	Logical Positivism (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Logical positivists denied the soundness of metaphysics and traditional philosophy; they asserted that many philosophical problems are indeed meaningless.
		Until 1950s logical positivism was the leading philosophy of science; today its influence persists especially in the way of doing philosophy, in the great attention given to the analysis of scientific thought and in the definitely acquired results of the technical researches on formal logic and the theory of probability.
		According to logical positivism, there is not any method of discovering a hypothesis prior to its test by deducing empirical consequences, and therefore a scientist can propose any hypothesis he prefers; only logical relationships between the hypothesis and the given empirical evidence are relevant.
	www.loyno.edu /~folse/logpos.htm (1913 words)

	LTL - Lecture ii - Comte, Ayer and logical positivism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The first claim of logical positivists is that a statement can only be true only if either (i) it is a self-evident analytic, deductive truth of the kind found in mathematics and formal logic (e.g.
		For logical positivists the meaning of a statement was simply the conditions under which it could be verified.
		Logical positivism was picked up by the school of psychology which came to be known as behaviourism.
	www.sar.bolton.ac.uk /ltl/lecture2/logical_positivism.htm (1599 words)

	Logical positivism
		Logical positivism (sometimes referred to as logical empiricism), was one of the early manifestations of analytic philosophy.
		Logical positivism failed primarily on the basis that its fundamental tenets could not themselves be formulated in a way that was clearly consistent.
		The verifiability criterion did not seem verifiable; but neither was it simply a logical tautology, since it had implications for the practice of science and the empirical truth of other statements.
	www.wordlookup.net /lo/logical-positivism.html (881 words)

	RECENT PHILOSOPHY: Logical Positivism & Analytic Philosophy
		Logical positivism is a 20th-century philosophical movement in the tradition of analytic and linguistic philosophy.
		Russell thought of the new logic as the bare bones of an ideal language, a language in which the wording of all propositions would reveal their true logical forms.
		For the logical positivists, philosophical analysis became the clarification of statements belonging to science: in particular, making clear the relation between various kinds of theoretical claims and the observational evidence by which they could be verified or refuted.
	radicalacademy.com /adiphilogicalpositivism.htm (1703 words)

	Logical Positivism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Logical Positivism is a twentieth century philosophical movement revolving around the idea of using verificationism to determine how meaningful statements are.
		In current terms, a logical positivist is a rationalist empiricist, but what makes a positivist is how empiricism and rationalism relate, not in that they are simply both empiricist and rationalist.
		This website is concerned with exposition and advocation of the Logical Positivist philosophy, which, in recent times, has been largely ignored as a valid epistemology mostly due to fear of it being correct (to supernaturalists) and its difficult and strict nature.
	logicalpositivism.org /shweb?file=home (329 words)

	logical positivism. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		also known as logical or scientific empiricism, modern school of philosophy that attempted to introduce the methodology and precision of mathematics and the natural sciences into the field of philosophy.
		The position of the original logical positivists was a blend of the positivism of Ernst Mach with the logical concepts of Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell, but their inspiration was derived from the writings of Ludwig Wittgenstein, who lived for a time near Vienna, and G. Moore.
		The logical positivists made a concerted effort to clarify the language of science by showing that the content of scientific theories could be reduced to truths of logic and mathematics coupled with propositions referring to sense experience.
	www.bartleby.com /65/lo/logicalp.html (424 words)

	emotivism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Logical propositions are necessarily true or false, as opposed to empirical propositions, which are contingently true or false.
		According to logical positivists, many propositions within metaphysics, ethics, and theology that have often thought to be meaningful are really meaningless propositions.
		Logical positivists only require that it be theoretically possible for the observations to be made that verify or falsify a meaningful empirical proposition.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~holbrodm/Emotivism.html (950 words)

	[No title]
		Logical positivism was developed primarily in two places prior to WW2, Berlin under the leadership of Reichenbach and in Vienna (the Vienna Circle) under Schlick.
		Many of the positivists came to the USA after the rise of Nazi terror, although some, such as Schlick, were murdered by the Nazis.
		According to the positivists a fact is defined as "a statement about reality to which a truth value may be assigned." A factual statement is either true or false.
	www.psyc.memphis.edu /faculty/gholson/4101/mind-body.doc (2429 words)

	Philosophical Dictionary: Leibniz-Logos
		Twentieth-century philosophical movement that used a strict principle of verifiability to reject as meaningless the non-empirical statements of metaphysics, theology, and ethics.
		The Emergence of Logical Empiricism: From 1900 to the Vienna Circle
		Logical Empiricism at Its Peak: Schlick, Carnap, and Neurath
	www.philosophypages.com /dy/l5.htm (1114 words)

	The Ism Book: L (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Logical Positivism (Movement in epistemology) — Logical positivism is a movement in 20th century philosophy that originated as a reaction against nineteenth-century idealism.
		Logicism (Approach in philosophy) — Logicism is a more polite term than scholasticism, but it means much the same thing: an over-emphasis on logical and technical issues in philosophy as well as a denial of humanism and of the centrality to philosophy of human concerns and values.
		Logical positivism is the most recent strain of logicism in philosophy.
	www.saint-andre.com /ismbook/L.html (378 words)

	Logical Positivism
		Because the resulting logical positivism (or "logical empiricism") allowed only for the use of logical tautologies and first-person observations from experience, it dismissed as nonsense the metaphysical and normative pretensions of the philosophical tradition.
		Although Ayer, Hempel, and other positivists spent a great deal of energy on technical refinements of the principle of verification, its basic content continued to guide the direction of the positivist movement.
		Using the formal methods of mathematical logic, then, the goal is to construct a strictly scientific language that perspicuously represents the structure of the world as a whole.
	www.philosophypages.com /hy/6q.htm (982 words)

	Ayer - 1: Eliminating Metaphysics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A.J. Ayer, a twentieth century British philosopher, was a major defender of logical positivism.
		Logical positivists see empirical science as our main source of knowledge.
		The logical positivists thought that philosophers often debated nonsensical issues.
	www.jcu.edu /philosophy/gensler/ap/ayer-100.htm (170 words)

	[No title]
		Logical positivism came into public prominence in the late 1920’s and early 1930’s as a way to explain empirical meaningfulness.
		The claim of the logical positivists is that the meaning of a sentence is based upon its method of verification.
		Therefore arguing about logical positivism presupposes a notion of rationality that is beyond the notion of the positivists, because the argument cannot be verified unless logical positivism is assumed true, which is highly circular logic.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /People/mmaxim/oldsem/275/rationality.doc (3218 words)

	Carl Hempel and A. J. Ayer
		The basic concept of the logical Positivists of his time was that a sentence makes a cognitively meaningful assertion and thus can be said to be either true or false only under the following conditions.
		The problem with any Positivist approach to philosophy is that it not only assumes that there is a method whereby we can check propositions against experience through simple observable characteristics, but that it also assumes that was the way that we actually do experience things.
		The problem most Positivists tried to solve dealt with the relationship between a proposition and some protocol statement that was based on the experience of some person.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Styx/5150/gsr11/gsr1105.htm (1542 words)

	Legal Positivism [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Though all positivists agree there are possible legal systems without moral constraints on legal validity, there are conflicting views on whether there are possible legal systems with such constraints.
		But many positivists regard the discretion thesis as a contingent claim that is true of some, but not all, possible legal systems.
		The positivist might respond that when the Riggs court considered this principle, it was reaching beyond the law to extralegal standards in the exercise of judicial discretion.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/l/legalpos.htm (6945 words)

	Book Review
		First, the logical positivists were not concerned primarily with establishing a radical empiricist foundation for knowledge.
		Given the apparent relativizing advances in geometry and physics, the logical positivists were concerned with articulating relativized apriori principles (i.e., principles to explicate how scientific knowledge is possible).
		The fourth of the initial group of essays (“Poincare’s Conventionalism and the Logical Positivists”) enunciates how Poincare’s geometrical conventionalism, along with Einstein’s general relativity theory, was understood by the logical positivists.
	www.humboldt.edu /~essays/dboersema.html (1217 words)

	Popper, Sir Karl Raimund on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		He became familiar with the Vienna circle of logical positivists (see logical positivism) while a student at the Univ. of Vienna (Ph.D., 1928).
		Like the logical positivists, Popper worked with the distinction between scientific knowledge and pseudoscience, but he understood the two to be related as well as distinct: pseudoscience or “myth,” as he sometimes termed it, can inspire or grow into science, or overlap with it (as in the case of psychology).
		Popper also questioned historicism (the doctrine that there are general laws of history) because history, as he saw it, is influenced by the growth of knowledge, and, since knowing is a matter of unpredictable insight, neither the growth of knowledge nor its historical consequences can be systematized.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/P/Popper-S1.asp (341 words)

	Beyond Logical Positivism
		Logical positivists (R. Carnap, M. Schlick, A.J. Ayer) announced the end of metaphysics and, with it, that of philosophy as a whole.
		In your critique of my logical positivism you argue that we can never truly know what any of our propositions say with infinite precision because we can always claim that a word is not defined well enough (infinite precision) to perform the corresponding falsification test.
		The problem is that there is no point in moving 'beyond Logical Positivism' until we are not reasonably sure that these questions are not going to come back in their unreconstructed LP form, and throw everything into confusion again.
	undead-philosophy.blogspot.com (10831 words)

	Rudolph Carnap
		The majority of logical mistakes that are committed when pseudo-statements are made are derived from the improper use of the verb to be.
		Carnap's "The Old and the New Logic" appeared in the first issue of "Erkenntnis," the short-lived journal of the Logical Positivists, and showed the full pretensions of the young logical Positivists and the kind of energy that set their movement rolling.
		The stimulus for the development of this new logic, he said, lay in the need for a critical re-examination of the foundations of mathematics.
	n4bz.org /gsr11/gsr1104.htm (1227 words)

	ProgChI.html
		When they turned to science, the logical positivists spent a lot of time axiomatizing scientific theories or at least debating how they should be axiomatized.
		However, what was new about the logical positivists' account was their insistence that the layers of the cake be characterized in terms of language.
		The history of the development of the positivists' approach towards the problem of meaning is a long and complicated one [see Coffa], but many of their attitudes are encapsulated in the morals they drew from the replacement of Newtonian mechanics by Relativity Theory.
	www.indiana.edu /~koertge/ProgChI.html (1728 words)

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