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Topic: Logical value

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Logical conjunction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In logic and technical fields that use it, conjunction, or and, is a logical operator in logical calculi, and a rule of inference in deductive systems. Logically, the sentence "it's raining, but the sun is shining" is equivalent to "it's raining, and the sun is shining", so logically, "but" is equivalent to "and". In mathematics, logical conjunction (usual symbol and) is a logical operator that results in false if either of the operands is false. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Logical_conjunction   (978 words)

Logical positivism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Logical positivism was immensely influential in the philosophy of language and represented the dominant philosophy of science between World War I and the Cold War. Logical positivism denied the soundness of metaphysics and traditional philosophy, and affirmed that statements about metaphysics, religion and ethics are devoid of cognitive meaning and thus nothing but expression of feelings or desires; only statements about mathematics, logic and natural sciences have a definite meaning. Logical positivism (later referred to as logical empiricism, rational empiricism, or neo-positivism) is a philosophy that combines positivism—which states that the only authentic knowledge is scientific knowledge—with a version of apriorism—the notion that some propositional knowledge can be had without, or “prior to”, experience. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Logical_positivism   (3954 words)

Logical equivalence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The logical equivalence of p and q is sometimes expressed as p ≡ q or p ⇔ q. In logic, statements p and q are logically equivalent if they have the same logical content. Some non-classical logics do not deem (1) and (2) logically equivalent.) en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Logical_equivalence   (289 words)

Logical connective - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The "logical equivalence" of "NAND alone", "NOR alone", and "NOT and AND" is similar to Turing equivalence. Logical operators are implemented as logic gates in digital circuits. In formal logic, logical connectives, also known as logical connectors and sometimes logical constants, serve to connect statements into more complicated compound statements. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Logical_operator   (586 words)

Logical possibility - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Philosophers generally consider logical possibility to be the broadest sort of subjunctive possibility in modal logic. While it is logically possible for the sky to be green, it is not logically possible for the sky to be both green and not green at the same time and in the same respect. For example, it may be logically possible for the laws of nature to be different from what they actually are. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Logical_possibility   (311 words)

Logical positivism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Logical positivism was one of the early manifestations of analytic philosophy. Logical Positivism was immensely influential in philosophy of science, logic, and philosophy of language. Logical positivism (later referred to as logical empiricism, also referred to as neo-positivism) is a philosophy (of science) that originated in the Vienna Circle in the 1920s. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Logical_positivism   (1099 words)

Entailment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Definition: A logically entails B if, by assuming all sentences in A and applying a finite sequence of inference rules to them (for example, those from propositional calculus), one can derive all sentences in B. Implication or entailment is used in propositional logic and predicate logic to describe a relationship between two sentences or sets of sentences. This is, of course, relative to a specific logic (proof calculus). en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Entailment   (380 words)

Empiricism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Empiricism was a precursor of logical positivism, also known as logical empiricism. Empirical is an adjective often used in conjunction with science, both the natural and social sciences, which means the use of working hypotheses which are capable of being disproved using observation or experiment (ie: ultimately through experience). Empiricism is contrasted with continental rationalism, epitomized by René Descartes. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Empiricism   (1064 words)

Logical positivism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Logical positivism (later referred to as logical empiricism, rational empiricism, and also neo-positivism) is a philosophy that originated in the Vienna Circle in the 1920s. Logical positivism was immensely influential in the philosophy of language and represented the dominant philosophy of science between World War I and the Cold War. Logical positivists' response to the first criticism is that Logical Positivism, like all other philosophies of science, is a philosophy of science, not an axiomatic system that can prove its own consistency (see Gödel's incompleteness theorem). en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Logical_positivism   (1189 words)

Logical effort - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The method of logical effort, a term coined by Ivan Sutherland and Robert Sproull in 1991, is a straight-forward technique used to estimate delay in a CMOS circuit. The logical effort of an inverter is defined to be g = 1 by noting that the input capacitance of a minimum size inverter has an NMOS input capacitance of 1, while the PMOS input capacitance is two. The logical effort of a two-input NAND gate is calculated to be g = 4/3. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Logical_effort   (1189 words)

Logical conditional - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The logical conditional, and particularly the material conditional, is closely related to inclusion (for sets), subsumption (for concepts), or implication (for propositions). In propositional calculus, or logical calculus in mathematics, the logical conditional is a binary logical operator connecting two statements, if p then q where p is a hypothesis (or antecedent) and q is a conclusion (or consequent). The hypothesis is sometimes also called sufficient condition for the conclusion, while the conclusion may be called necessary condition for the hypothesis. www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Logical_conditional   (958 words)

Fallacy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A fallacy is a component of an argument which is demonstrably flawed in its logic or form, thus rendering the argument invalid (except in the case of begging the question) in whole. Because the validity of a deductive arguments depends on its form, a formal fallacy (or logical fallacy) is a deductive argument which has an invalid form, whereas an informal fallacy is any other invalid mode of reasoning whose flaw is not in the form of the argument. However, it is not legitimate to infer he is a bad person on the ground there has been a fallacious argument on the part of Barbara. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fallacy   (2387 words)

Logical disjunction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In mathematics, logical disjunction (usual symbol or) is a logical operator that results in true if either of the operands is true. Because of this, logical disjunction satisfies many of the same identities as set-theoretic union, such as associativity, commutativity, distributivity, and de Morgan's laws. The mathematical symbol for logical disjunction varies in the literature. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Logical_disjunction   (459 words)

Bitwise operation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Hence the logical shift is suitable for unsigned binary numbers whilst the arithmetic shift is suitable for twos complement binary numbers. A left arithmetic shift is equivalent to multiplying by two (provided the value does not overflow), while a right arithmetic shift is equivalent to dividing by two and rounding down. This is different from the C and C++ logical "not" operator, " en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bitwise_operation   (1435 words)

Logical positivism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Logical positivism was one of the early manifestations of analytic philosophy. Logical Positivism was immensely influential in philosophy of science, logic, and philosophy of language. Logical positivism (later referred to as logical empiricism, also referred to as neo-positivism) is a philosophy (of science) that originated in the Vienna Circle in the 1920s. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Logical_positivism   (1120 words)

Possibility theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Dubois, Didier and Prade, Henri, "Possibility Theory, Probability Theory and Multiple-valued Logics: A Clarification", Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence 32:35-66, 2001. Possibility theory is a mathematical theory for dealing with certain types of uncertainty and is an alternative to probability theory. The operators of possibility theory can be seen as a hyper-cautious version of the operators of the transferable belief model, a modern development of the theory of evidence. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Possibility_theory   (754 words)

Logical conjunction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In logic and technical fields that use it, conjunction, or and, is a logical operator in logical calculi, and a rule of inference in deductive systems. Logically, the sentence "it's raining, but the sun is shining" is equivalent to "it's raining, and the sun is shining", so logically, "but" is equivalent to "and". In mathematics, logical conjunction (usual symbol and) is a logical operator that results in true if both of the operands are true. www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Logical_conjunction   (754 words)

Analytic philosophy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The logical positivists of the 1920s promoted a systematic rejection of metaphysics, and a generalised hostility to certain metaphysical concepts that they considered meaningless or ill-conceived: for example, God, the immaterial soul or universals such as "redness". The term "analytic philosophy" in part denotes the fact that most of this philosophy traces its roots to the movement of "logical analysis" at the beginning of the century; in part the term serves to distinguish "analytic" from other kinds of philosophy, especially "continental philosophy". However, he later revisited the inadequacy of logical atomism, and further expanded the philosophy of language by his posthumous book Philosophical Investigations. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Analytic_philosophy   (1990 words)

Logical argument - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In evaluating an argument, we consider separately the truth of the premises and the validity of the logical relationships between the premises, any intermediate assertions and the conclusion. In logic, an argument is an attempt to demonstrate the truth of an assertion called a conclusion, based on the truth of a set of assertions called premises. Less subjective criteria for validity of arguments are often clearly desirable, and in some cases we should even expect an argument to be rigorous, that is, to adhere to precise rules of validity. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Logical_argument   (2106 words)

Counterfactual conditional - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The semantic of the counterfactual conditional A > B cannot be defined in terms of the truth value of the conditions A and B, as it is done for the logical conditional. Logical conditionals model rules of inferences like if A is true then B must be true as well, that are supposed to be trivially satisfied whenever their antecedent is false. In particular, logical conditionals are always true whenever their antecedent is false, while an if-then statement in a natural language can be false in that case. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Counterfactuals   (761 words)

Logical biconditional - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In logical calculus of mathematics, logical biconditional is a logical operator connecting two statements to assert, p if and only if q where p is a hypothesis (or antecedent) and q is a conclusion (or consequent). The only difference from logical conditional is the case when the hypothesis is false but the conclusion is true. When a theorem and its reciprocal are true we say that its hypothesis is the necessary and sufficient condition of the thesis; that is to say, that it is at the same time both cause and consequence. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Biconditional   (553 words)

Logical Fallacies Handlist Division: This fallacy is the reverse of composition. This practice is fallacious because the personal character of an individual is logically irrelevant to the truth or falseness of the argument itself. Note that it is isn't a logical fallacy, however, to assert that students must fulfill certain requirements in the course or risk failing the class! web.cn.edu /kwheeler/fallacies_list.html   (4832 words)

Logical NOR - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Logical nor or joint denial is a boolean logic operator which produces a result that is the inverse of logical or. The two-input logical NOR operator is commonly described by a truth table, describing the output state for all possible input combinations: NOR has the interesting feature that all other logical operators can be expressed by various functions of nor. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Logical_nor   (371 words)

Logical shift - Computing Reference - eLook.org Logical shift is approriate when treating the word as a bit string or a sequence of bit fields, whereas arithmetic shift is appropriate when treating it as a binary number. The comparison with multiplication and division breaks down in certain circumstances - a logical shift may discard bits that are shifted off either end of the word and does not preserve the sign of the word (positive or negative). (Either shift left logical or shift right logical) Machine-level operations available on nearly all processors which move each bit in a word one or more bit positions in the given direction. www.elook.org /computing/logical-shift.htm   (143 words)

Logical connective - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Logical operators are implemented as logic gates in digital circuits. The "logical equivalence" of "NAND alone", "NOR alone", and "NOT and AND" is similar to Turing equivalence. In formal logic, logical connectives, also known as logical connectors and sometimes logical constants, serve to connect statements into more complicated compound statements. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Logical_operator   (143 words)

Logical nor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Logical nor (not or), joint denial, or Webb-operation is a boolean logic operator which produces a result that is the inverse of logical or. NOR has the interesting feature that all other logical operators can be expressed by various functions of nor. The two-input logical NOR operator is commonly described by a truth table, describing the output state for all possible input combinations: www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Logical_nor   (236 words)

Negation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In logic, logical negation is a unary logical operator that reverses the truth value of its operand. Algebraically, logical negation corresponds to the complement in a Boolean algebra (for classical logic) or a Heyting algebra (for intuitionistic logic). It is an operation needed chiefly in logic, mathematics, and grammar. www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Negation   (1159 words)

Fallacy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A fallacy is a component of an argument which is demonstrably flawed in its logic or form, thus rendering the argument invalid (except in the case of begging the question) in whole. Because the validity of a deductive argument depends on its form, a formal fallacy (or logical fallacy) is a deductive argument which has an invalid form, whereas an informal fallacy is any other invalid mode of reasoning whose flaw is not in the form of the argument. By definition, arguments with logical fallacies are invalid, but they can often be (re)written in such a way that they fit a valid argument form. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fallacy   (2387 words)

Logical formatting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Logical formatting is the process of placing a file system upon a hard disk drive partition of a hard disk so that an operating system can use available hard disk platter space to store and retrieve files. The details of the process depend upon the operating system one plans to install. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Logical_formatting   (77 words)

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