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	Vedanta, Sankhya, Lokayata - Hindu Philosophical Schools
		This is where the Lokayata school differed from other philosophies which interpreted the "active" quality of these forces as proof of their being "alive".
		In this respect this school came close to modern interpretations which look upon man to be ultimately a result of physical evolution of the universe, and religion together with all aspects of the human psyche a result of Man's intellectual and emotional evolution.
		Thus the Lokayata philosophy which seems closest to the modern Rationalism, seems to have been popular at some stage in history in ancient India.
	hindubooks.org /sudheer_birodkar/hindu_history/vedanta.html (1920 words)

	Sujit's world... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Vedanta school is theistic, the Lokayata school is materialistic and rationalistic and the Sankhya school is somewhere in between these two schools of thought.
		Lokayata roughly means one who believes in the physical reality of this world and nothing else (Loka means world).
		The principle exponent of Lokayata philosophy is considered to be Charvaka probably around 600 BCE and the philosophy appears to have "died out" around 1300 CE.
	www.cds.caltech.edu /~nair/lokayata.php (295 words)

	Ancient Indian Wisdom \| International Humanist and Ethical Union
		In the Indian context, Lokayata rejects the authority of the Vedas, the Vedic rituals and the
		The naturalism and materialism of Lokayata and its rejection of Vedic rituals as merely means of livelihood for Brahmin priests, implies rejection of the gods.
		In fact, Lokayata is the only school of ancient and medieval Indian philosophy which is atheist (nastika) in all the three senses of the term.
	www.iheu.org /node/1811 (901 words)

	The Hindu : Metro Plus Delhi / Arts & Crafts : Art on the move
		Lokayata Benefit Art Gallery in Hauz Khas is the first-ever drive-in art gallery in the world.
		What makes this Lokayata Benefit Art Gallery unique is that it is not for established artists but only for young and upcoming artists from all over India and the world across, who can exhibit their works without sharing a percentage as commission to the art gallery.
		Lokayata is not just an art gallery but it also provides hobby art classes thrice a week, the charge for which is a nominal of Rs.500 per month.
	www.hindu.com /mp/2004/12/13/stories/2004121300840100.htm (579 words)

	Athiesm in ancient India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The world lokayata was used to refer to the person who believed in the reality of this world and the physical existence of man and of other beings on earth and nothing else.
		Reference to the Charvakas or the Lokayatas was found in some ancient Hindu and Buddhist Scriptures such as the Prabhodha Chandrodaya, an allegorical play in which a character sums up the beliefs of this school, and also the epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.
		Another sect which was close to the lokayatas in their thinking was the sect of the kapalikas, who believed in the practice of sex and gory rituals to gain siddhis or spiritual powers.
	hinduwebsite.com /history/athiesm.htm (1154 words)

	Ralph Dumain: "The Autodidact Project": Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya: Lokayata (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Thus the assumption is that a sceptical tendency was inherent in the Lokayata standpoint.
		The answer is presumably in the negative, in spite of the fact that the refutation of the Lokayata that we come across in various sources was to a large extent directed against their claim of the primacy of sense perception and their criticism of inference as a source of valid knowledge.
		For whatever that survives of the Lokayata survives in the form of the purvapaksa —i.e., for being ridiculed and rejected.
	www.autodidactproject.org /other/lokayata1.html (5224 words)

	Welcome to Lokayata: The Mulk Raj Anand Center
		On MRA's (‘Mulk' or Dr Mulk Raj Anand) 90 th birthday, Sanskriti Paritishthan had been a witness, in the presence of his friends and admirers, to the grant of ten years perpetual lease of life which needed to be renewed in 2004, but the mutually appointed mentor failed to produce this for renewal.
		The lease as per the law of ‘nature' expired in September, 2004, so a plea is being enforced for an eternal lease in the form of a Centre, i.e.
		Lokayata which was conceived in 1965, on a plot of land owned by him since fifties.
	lokayata.com (130 words)

	Kamat's Potpourri: Amma's Column (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Thus Lokayata philosophy sounds quite rationalistic when we consider that its elements are as old as Vedas.
		Traits of nonbelief were not only tolerated, but Lokayata as a branch of learning was admitted by Chanakya (Kautilya) and Patanjali and mentioned in not complimentary terms in Ramayana.
		At times Lokayatas were accused of jugglery of words (vitandavada), and not highly respected because they challenged the authority of Vedas and connected rituals.
	www.kamat.com /jyotsna/blog/blog.php?BlogID=751 (489 words)

	Carvaka - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Carvaka, also frequently transliterated as Charvaka or Cārvāka, and also known as Lokayata or Lokyāta, is a thoroughly materialistic and atheistic school of thought with ancient roots in India.
		The Hindu sage Brihaspati, the preceptor of the Vedic gods, founded and preached the Lokayata thought, though this involves a number of contradictions with Hindu scriptures which would aver otherwise.
		A Carvaka's thought is characterised by an insistence on joyful living, whereas Buddhism and Jainism are known to emphasise penance.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lokayata (2760 words)

	Materialistic Thought In India - Avula Sambasiva Rao
		Lokayata Darshana appears to be one of the earliest, if not the earliest, philosophical endeavour.
		This "Lokayata", also called "Charvaka" system is considered as the concerted materialist philosophical thought in ancient India.
		Krishna Mishra, a contemporary of Gautama Buddha, states the essence of Lokayata Darshana as follows: "In it only perceptual evidence is authority.
	evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com /materialistic_thought_india.htm (879 words)

	The Carvakas
		Predating even the Buddhists, the Carvaka is one of the earliest materialistic schools of Indian philosophy, named after one Carvaka, a great teacher of the school.
		Its other name, Lokayata, variously meant “the views of the common people,” “the system which has its base in the common, profane world,” “the art of sophistry,” and also “the philosophy that denies that there is any world other than this one.” The founder of this school was probably Brhaspati.
		The Carvakas sought to establish their materialism on an epistemological basis and their thought resembles that of British empiricist and skeptic David Hume, as well as of logical positivists.
	www.shunya.net /Text/Blog/Carvakas.htm (842 words)

	Keeping Mulk Raj’s heritage alive - Deccan Herald - Internet Edition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The spirit behind Lokayata and the ideals the centre stands for, have their roots in Anand’s family background and his interests in visual arts since his childhood days.
		Lokayata, conceived and launched in 1970 by Anand, its founder-director, with the amount he received as the International Peace Prize from the World Peace Council, represents “the people’s way of life”, as he himself had originally envisaged.
		It was also his objective to inspire, prepare and equip young men and women passing through Lokayata to face the challenges of the 21st century so as to usher in a world of peace wherein a compassion and humanism could reign and prevail.
	www.deccanherald.com /deccanherald/dec182005/finearts14274720051216.asp (1143 words)

	Christian Response to Hinduism
		Pragmaticaly the name Lokayata (the way of the world) came to mean the existential realism.
		The original texts of this school are also lost to us, and the knowledge that we possess of this philosophy is derived from the writings of its Buddhist, Jain and Brahmanical opponents.
		In the great epic Mahabharata there is a description of a Carvaka being burned to death for preaching against the bloodshed of the Great War and condemning Yudhishthira for killing thousands for his greed.
	www.acns.com /~mm9n/hindu/5.htm (2367 words)

	Ancient Indian History: Philosophy, Development, Scientific Method, Ethics, Culture, Religion
		The Lokayatas dismissed the Vedic priests and their Vedic mantras as nothing but a means of livelihood for those lacking in genuine physical or mental abilities.
		One of the most notable aspects of the Lokayata belief system was their intuitive understanding of dialectics in nature.
		Since the Lokayatas believed that consciousness emerged from the living human body, and ended with it's death - it is more than likely that the widely prevalent Indian custom of cremating the dead also originated amongst them.
	members.tripod.com /~INDIA_RESOURCE/scienceh.htm (2799 words)

	Appendix: Indian and Islamic philosophy
		The name, Lokayata, means "the view held by the common people", "the system which has its base in the common, profane world", "the art of sophistry", and also "the philosophy that denies that there is any world other than this one".
		The Lokayata doctrine conceived of the universe as being formed of the four elements: earth, water, air and fire.
		In the field of epistemology (the theory of knowledge) the doctrine of Lokayata is sensory, that is to say, it states that all human knowledge is derived from the senses (sense-perception).
	www.marxist.com /indian-islamic-philosophy-dialectics.htm (7518 words)

	Conversations on Morality: Early Atheists & Morality, Cont'd
		Although there is one extant sutra that is called The Brihaspati Sutra, and that was translated by an F. Thomas in 1921, the "sutra" Thomas translated appears to be a treatise on statesmanship, not an explication of anything scholars recognize as essential Lokayata doctrine.
		In fact, the verses he cites are clearly germane to what we understand to be the Lokayata creed, in contrast to the tangential relationship of the extant "sutra" translated by Thomas.
		Moreover, one of the verses Haribhadra quotes happens to be validated as indeed a Brihaspati verse by a devoted Brihaspati adherent of the eighth century A.D., Jayarasi Bhatta in his Tattvopaplava-Simha.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/7842/jbconv17.htm (2954 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Their teaching ended in time, while the teaching of Lokayata was contemporary with the early Samkhya and Ajivika, Buddhism, Jainism, and the early Vedanta (of Upanishads); all of these teachings had a nearly parallel course of development.
		This is usually neglected and materialistic teachings and natural philosophy are generally taken to be in opposition to the idea of an immortal, surviving soul.
		It is true that the Lokayatas refuted the idea of an immortal entity (independent of the body) on the grounds of natural philosophy (the elements as the ultimate constituents of everything).
	dekart.f.bg.ac.yu /~dpajin/text/india.htm (4636 words)

	Development of Philosophical Thought and Scientific Method in Ancient India
		Many argued the mind-body separation as follows: Since the body is made up of things lacking consciousness -- but the mind is a conscious entity -- mind and body must necessarily be different -- and consciousness must imply the existence of something else akin to the "soul".
		The Lokayatas countered this by citing the example of fermentation -- how an intoxicating drink could be produced from something that was not itself an intoxicant.
		Since the Lokayatas believed that consciousness emerged from the living human body, and ended with it's death -- it is more than likely that the widely prevalent Indian custom of cremating the dead also originated amongst them.
	www.positiveatheism.org /india/science.htm (2493 words)

	Carvakal Lokayata: An Anthology of Source Materials and Some Recent Studies
		Despite intense persecution from orthodoxy, it stood its ground unfailingly and left a powerful impress on the corpus of Indian literature from the Vedas to the Upanisads and later.
		They are divided into three sections, the first providing the text from traditional sources, the second being devoted to modern studies on the system, and the third offering a critical survey of Jayarasi's Tattvopaplavasimha.
		He has written on philosophy and history of science, and some of his books which deserve special mention are: Lokayata: A Study in Ancient Indian Materialism; What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy; Indian Atheism; Science and Society; and History of Science and Technology in Ancient India: The Beginnings.
	www.exoticindiaart.com /book/details/IDF330 (371 words)

	Indology » Philosophy » philosophy » The importance of Charvaka/Lokayata on Sulekha Groups (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		the Lokayatas, claimed that the cause of the world was svabhava...Agnicit Purohit asserted According to the Charvakas, svabhava itself is the cause.
		Epistemology: It was generally assumed that the Lokayata denied the validity of inference as a source of valid knowledge, and only accepted perception.
		The special importance of this information is that we have here the Lokayata standpoint explained by a Lokayata himself, his name comes to us as Purandara.
	www.sulekha.com /groups/postdisplay.aspx?cid=114159&forumid=756949 (2935 words)

	Camassia
		I like lokayata because it defines a person by what she is instead of what she isn’t, and has no strong positive or negative connotation.
		The closest equivalent in English is “materialist”;, which is sometimes used for, er, brights, but it also has this popular meaning of shallow and greedy, which many lokayatas aren’t.
		For Christians, for instance, the Holy Spirit is as much a part of reality as the computer I’m typing on, but lokayatas would deny it because it can’t be perceived directly through the five senses.
	notfrisco2.com /camassiablog/?p=31 (1954 words)

	Hindutva Series : Vedanta, Sankhya, Lokayata - Hindu Philosophical Schools (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		This was reflected in the Hindu philosophical schools which were as divergent from the monistic Vedanta, to the semi-agnostic Sankhya to the thoroughly rationalist and materialist Lokayata.
		Seen here is the Lion Capital of Emperor Ashoka Maurya who typified the spirit of ancient Hindu Civilization, of the Hindu Principles.
		The script for the above applet has been written by Chintamani Thakur.
	hindutva.org /vedanta.html (2605 words)

	Carvaka - Lokayata (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The ancient Indian materialistic thought system known as Carvaka or Lokayata formed a most impressive intellectual and doctrinal sect outside the Vedic fold.
		It stood its ground, despite persecution from orthodoxy, and left a powerful impress on the corpus of Indian lietarture from the Vedas to the Upanisads and later.
		In this anthology, virtually all of the available materials on Carvaka and Lokayata have been methodically arranged.
	www.coronetbooks.com /books/carv6117.htm (122 words)

	The Hindu : Entertainment Delhi / Arts & Crafts : Nature as inspiration
		NATURE AS IT IS: Ashish Kirtania's works shown at Lokayata art gallery in New Delhi.
		Last time it was Prokash Karmakar, the veteran from the Bengal School of Art, who depicted Goddess Durga in nude and almost provocative moods, not quite conforming to this traditional art school.
		His works, titled `Ananda' mounted at Lokayata at Hauz Khas Village (open till this coming Tuesday) are a representation of young generation taking up art in their own way.
	www.hindu.com /fr/2005/08/05/stories/2005080501830300.htm (330 words)

	IndiaBookClub.com Search Results - ProductID: 16638 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		This book is an attempt to evaluate Lokayata by Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya.
		Lokayata is the interpretation of history of Indian philosophy from Marxist view point.
		This critical evaluation of it attempts to show that marxist interpretation of history is not an ideal frame-work, espeically so, for the history of Indian Philosophy.
	www.indiabookclub.com /itemdetails.asp?ProdStock=16638 (77 words)

	Three Areas of Philosophy
		Locke believed that our minds are like "blank tablets," and experience "writes" on our minds like we write on a flboard.
		l Empiricism in Lokayata materialism and the Buddha.
		l Except for Lokayata materialist the Indians join most other ancient philosophers in affirming the unity of reality, goodness, and beauty.
	www.class.uidaho.edu /ngier/306/3areasnotes.htm (667 words)

	Quest for the Historical Gita
		Notes: Lokayata The Upanishadic age was a close cousin, that is, temporal parallel, of the world of the Pre-Socratics and Sophists, and its spirit was extraordinarily broad.
		“Among the books that have been lost is the entire literature on materialism which followed the period of the early Upanishads.” This is the lost world of the ‘lokayata’, reflected in the Samkhya.
		Zoom target: history of the Gita The history of Indian religion is a highly difficult swamp laced with the propaganda of the Hindu reaction to Buddhism.
	www.history-and-evolution.com /2nd/chapsix6_3_2.htm (1386 words)

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