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Topic: London Naval Conference

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	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		The London Naval Treaty was an agreement between the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Italy and the United States, signed on April 22, 1930, which regulated submarine warfare and limited military shipbuilding.
		It was an extension of the conditions agreed in the Washington Naval Treaty and is officially termed the Treaty for the Limitation and Reduction of Naval Armament.
		It was a revival of the Geneva Naval Conference of 1927 which had been unable to reach agreement because of bad feeling between the British Government and that of the United States.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=London_Naval_Treaty (377 words)

	London Naval Conference - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The latter two, together with the Washington Naval Conference in 1921-22 and the Geneva Conferences (1927 and 1932), resulted in agreements between the major powers on navy vessel numbers, armaments and the rules of engagement in the inter-war period.
		The first conference was a continuation of the debates of the 2nd Hague Conference, with the United Kingdom hoping for the formation of an International Prize Court.
		The London conference of January 21 to April 22, 1930 was concerned with the agreements reached in Washington in 1922.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/London_Naval_Conference (371 words)

	Osami Nagano - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nagano became a naval attache to the United States in the early 1920s, in which capacity he attended the Washington Naval Conference.
		Nagano subsequently served as the chief naval delgate to the 1935 London Naval Conference.
		Japan withdrew in protest from the 1935 conference after it was denied naval parity with the United States and Britain.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Osami_Nagano (387 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		The latter two, together with the Washington Naval Conference in 1921-22 and the Geneva Conferences (1927 and 1932), resulted in agreements between the major powers on navy vessel numbers, armaments and the rules of engagement in the inter-war period.
		The first conference was a continuation of the debates of the 2nd Hague Conference, with the United Kingdom hoping for the formation of an International Prize Court.
		The London conference of January 21 to April 22 1930 was concerned with the agreements reached in Washington in 1922 that resulted in the Washington Naval Treaty.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=London_Naval_Conference (374 words)

	naval conferences - Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		naval conferences series of international assemblies, meeting to consider limitation of naval armaments, settlement of the rules of naval war, and allied issues.
		The status quo of naval fortifications in the W Pacific was to be maintained.
		At the London Conference (1930), Japan won a 7:10:10 ratio with the United States and Great Britain in small cruisers and destroyers, remained at a 3:5:5 ratio with them in large cruisers, and won parity in submarines.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-navalcon.html (1282 words)

	London Naval Conference -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		There were three major international naval conferences in (The capital and largest city of England; located on the Thames in southeastern England; financial and industrial and cultural center) London, the first in 1908-09, the second in 1930 and the third in 1935.
		The latter two, together with the (Click link for more info and facts about Washington Naval Conference) Washington Naval Conference in 1921-22 and the Geneva Conferences (1927 and 1932), resulted in agreements between the major powers on navy vessel numbers, armaments and the rules of engagement in the inter-war period.
		The first conference was a continuation of the debates of the 2nd Hague Conference, with the (A monarchy in northwestern Europe occupying most of the British Isles; divided into England and Scotland and Wales and Northern Ireland) United Kingdom hoping for the formation of an International Prize Court.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/l/lo/london_naval_conference.htm (398 words)

	3-17 London Naval Conference \| Modern Japan in archives
		The sine qua non was the conclusion of the London Naval Treaty.
		The treaty negotiations had focused on the extent of naval disarmament by the negotiating powers (Britain, America, Japan, France and Italy), with restrictions to be placed on the aggregate tonnage of auxiliary ships (cruisers, destroyers, submarines, etc.).
		That led to the Navy's claim that the signing of the London Naval Treaty in fact violated the Emperor's prerogative of supreme command, as it overrode the objections of his Chief of Staff.
	www.ndl.go.jp /modern/e/cha3/description17.html (478 words)

	Final Protocol to the Naval Conference of London, 26 February 1909. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The London Naval Conference, called together by His Britannic Majesty's Government, assembled at the Foreign Office 4 December 1908, with the object of laying down the generally recognized principles of international law in accordance with Article 7 of the Convention signed at The Hague, 18 October 1907, for the establishment of an International Prize Court.
		In a series of meetings held from 4 December 1908 to 26 February 1909, the Conference has drawn up for signature by the Plenipotentiaries the Declaration concerning the laws of naval war, the text of which is annexed to the present Protocol.
		Done at London the twenty-sixth day of February, one thousand nine hundred and nine, in a single original, which shall be deposited in the archives of the British Government and of which duly certified copies shall be sent through the diplomatic channel to the Powers represented at the Naval Conference.
	www.umn.edu /humanrts/instree/1909a.htm (263 words)

	AllRefer.com - naval conferences (International Organizations) - Encyclopedia
		naval conferences, series of international assemblies, meeting to consider limitation of naval armaments, settlement of the rules of naval war, and allied issues.
		The status quo of naval fortifications in the W Pacific was to be maintained.
		At the London Conference (1930), Japan won a 7:10:10 ratio with the United States and Great Britain in small cruisers and destroyers, remained at a 3:5:5 ratio with them in large cruisers, and won parity in submarines.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/N/navalcon.html (522 words)

	AllRefer.com - Disarmament Conference (International Organizations) - Encyclopedia
		The United States participated in the limitation of naval armaments by the Washington Conference (1921–22) and the London Naval Conference (1930) (see naval conferences).
		The conference opened in Geneva in Feb., 1932, and was attended by League of Nations members, as well as by the United States and the Soviet Union.
		The conference was in adjournment from June to Oct., 1933.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/D/Disarmam.html (449 words)

	DISARMAMENT DISCUSSIONS 1932-1934
		At the Washington Conference of 1922 the principle of limitation had been established by treaty for capital ships of the United States, France, Great Britain, Italy, and Japan; at the London Naval Conference of 1930 this principle was extended to other types of warships of the United States, Great Britain, and Japan.
		Prior to the opening of the General Disarmament Conference in 1932, these were the principal steps taken by the nations of the world to lighten the burden of large armies and navies.
		At the beginning of this conference Ambassador Hugh Gibson, speaking for the United States delegation, said that civilization was, threatened by the burden and dangers of the gigantic machinery of warfare then being maintained.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/WorldWar2/disarm.htm (840 words)

	Eisenhower Lecture #5: William Braisted
		Consideration of naval arms limitation at the Navy Department fell largely to the General Board, a prestigious body that had been established in 1900 to advise on questions posed by the Secretary of the Navy.
		The General Board ignored naval arms limitation until it responded in 1925 to a request from Secretary of the Navy Curtis Wilbur with a distinctly negative assessment that was directed especially at Britain.
		Before the conference between Hoover and MacDonald at Rapadan, the General Board was asked, one suspects by the President, to affirm that British military and naval stations in the Western Hemisphere were in no condition to menace the United States.
	k-state.edu /history/specialevents/Eisenhowerlecture/eisenhower5.htm (4966 words)

	Declaration concerning the Laws of Naval War, London, 26 February 1909.
		If the operations of the blockading Power, or of the naval authorities acting in its name, do not tally with the particulars, which, in accordance with Article 9(1) and (2), must be inserted in the declaration of blockade, the declaration is void, and a new declaration is necessary in order to make the blockade operative.
		The Powers represented at the London Naval Conference attach particular importance to the general recognition of the rules which they have adopted, and therefore express the hope that the Powers which were not represented there will accede to the present Declaration.
		Done at London, the twenty-sixth day of February, one thousand nine hundred and nine, in a single original, which shall remain deposited in the archives of the British Government, and of which duly certified copies shall be sent through the diplomatic channel to the Powers represented at the Naval Conference.
	www1.umn.edu /humanrts/instree/1909b.htm (4138 words)

	International Humanitarian Law - Final protocol London 1909 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The London Naval Conference, called together by His Britannic Majesty's Government, assembled at the Foreign Office 4 December 1908, with the object of laying down the generally recognized principles of international law in accordance with Article 7 of the Convention signed at The Hague, 18 October 1907, for the establishment of an International Prize Court.
		In a series of meetings held from 4 December 1908 to 26 February 1909, the Conference has drawn up for signature by the Plenipotentiaries the Declaration concerning the laws of naval war, the text of which is annexed to the present Protocol.
		Done at London the twenty-sixth day of February, one thousand nine hundred and nine, in a single original, which shall be deposited in the archives of the British Government and of which duly certified copies shall be sent through the diplomatic channel to the Powers represented at the Naval Conference.
	www.icrc.org /IHL.NSF/WebPrint/250-FULL?OpenDocument (251 words)

	London Naval Conference
		A naval building race was underway that was characterized by the construction of smaller ships not covered by the treaties of the 1921 Washington Conference.
		The holiday on capital ship construction was extended through December 31, 1936, the existing ratio of ships permitted to the major naval powers remained at 10:10:6, except for those previously authorized for lesser powers France and Italy, and maximum tonnages were reduced.
		In 1934, Japan signaled its intention to withdraw from the treaties, which prompted a second London Conference in 1935-36 on the eve of the expiration the first London agreement.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h1517.html (980 words)

	London Naval Conference -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		French jurist and educator Louis Renault was a prominent participant in the Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907.
		In 1922 United States President Warren G. Harding called a conference in Washington, D.C. There, the United States, Great Britain, Japan, Italy, and France agreed on a “naval holiday.” At the London Conference on Naval Armament in 1936 and again in 1937 treaties signed by the great powers did not limit the size of navies,...
		Research arm of the U.S. Naval Warfare College engaged in naval campaign thought and policymaking guidance located in Rhode Islands, U.S. Contains information on the organization, departments of strategic and advanced global research, research and decision strategies, wargaming, ocean law group, strategic studies group, and detachment of the office of Naval Intelligence.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9048838?tocId=9048838 (760 words)

	Chronology 1930
		The naval parity between the United States and Japan in capital ships proved to be unsatisfactory for the Japanese government.
		The British government restored the treaty port of Weihaiwei to Chinese rule in accordance with the British declaration during the Washington Naval Conference of 1922.
		Conference on the Unification of Coastal Buoys and Lighthouses
	www.indiana.edu /~league/1930.htm (2968 words)

	Arms Limitation and Disarmament — www.greenwood.com
		The issue for each contributor is not necessarily to show whether individual endeavors, separate conferences, and the rest were successful or unsuccessful--though this is an important consideration.
		Rather, each chapter tends to offer differing points of view on accomplishments and failures because, as is so often the experience in historical study, the record is mixed; and this situation is certainly no less characteristic of arms limitation and disarmament between 1899 and 1939.
		The Historians and the Geneva Naval Conference by Marc Epstein
	www.greenwood.com /catalog/C4059.aspx (395 words)

	71
		A full report of the recent Naval Conference in London and of the treaty which was signed on March 25 last has been made to the President, who in turn has transmitted this to the Senate.
		The facts are, however, that it was not possible to secure agreement to that effect because all of the naval powers represented at the Conference, with the exception of Great Britain and the United States, refused to enter into a new treaty which continued the limitations and the ratios established by the present treaties.
		While the new naval treaty is less rigid and less far-reaching than the previous treaties, it has many advantages, and its lack of rigidity may well be one of them.
	www.ibiblio.org /pha/paw/071.html (514 words)

	KBismarck.com - Bismarck Design
		The London Naval Conference of January-April 1930 was intended to review the Washington Naval Treaty, but France and Italy refused to ratify it because of the low battleship tonnage ratios they were assigned.
		In the early 30's, German naval ship building was still restricted by the Treaty of Versailles, and it was not until 18 June 1935 when Britain's Foreign Minister Sir Samuel Hoare and the German Ambassador Joachim von Ribbentrop signed the Anglo-German Naval Agreement in London, that its restrictions were finally lifted.
		Japan withdrew from the conference since her demands for parity with the United States and the British Empire in capital ship tonnage were not met.
	www.kbismarck.com /design.html (933 words)

	Disarmament Conference
		Conference on Disarmament hears statements strongly condemning terrorist attacks on United States; Adopts annual report and concludes 2001 session.
		Conference on disarmament opens first part of 2005 session; UN Secretary-General says disarmament critical for conflict prevention, peace-building, realizing millennium goals.
		Conference on Disarmament to open year 2000 session on 17 January.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0815617.html (454 words)

	Submarine Warfare
		At the Hague peace conference held in 1899 Great Britain and Germany attempted to outlaw the use of submarines in war.
		At the London Naval Conference of 1908, for example, it was assumed that submarines would comply with all of the rules for surface ships.
		American naval vessels are required to take “all possible measures” to ensure the safety of crew and passengers, but may still destroy an enemy merchant when such destruction is justified on military grounds.
	www.gwu.edu /~jaysmith/Submarine.html (1497 words)

	naval warfare -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The main form is the amphibious assault, which may be conducted for any of several purposes: to serve as a prelude to further combat operations ashore; to seize a site required as an advanced naval or air base; or to deny the use of the site or area to...
		Traditionally, the world's seafaring nations pay special tribute to their naval heroes and to the ships in which they so gallantly fought.
		Naval warfare has been a history of technological change from 3000 BC to the present.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9110193 (887 words)

	Navy League of the United States - Citizens in Support of the Sea Services (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		During the first term of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Congress authorized the construction of one of America's premier weapons in the war on terrorism, the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS Enterprise.
		Opponents argued that the authorization of additional shipbuilding funds would be premature at a time when a Second London Naval Conference was pending.
		Six years to the day after the convening of the Second London Naval Conference, the United States was at war.
	www.navyleague.org /sea_power/april_02_20.php (757 words)

	Hepburn
		Between June 1932 and July 1933, he served as a naval member to the three-power Limitations of Arms Conference as Naval Adviser to the Geneva Delegation in Switzerland and to the American Representative at the London Naval Conference.
		After serving as Commander 4th Naval District, and commanding destroyers of the U.S. Fleet, he became Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Fleet 24 June 1936, serving in the rank of Admiral.
		Moreover as is so important in these days of potential conflict, her ability to perform blockade, surveillance, search, and evacuation missions at a moment's notice will add readily to the Navy's deterrent force and assist in the continuing task of "keeping the peace." Her commissioning is scheduled for 1969.
	www.history.navy.mil /danfs/h5/hepburn.htm (544 words)

	Frank B. Kellog - Acceptance and Banquet Speech
		Competition in armament, both land and naval, is not only a terrible burden upon the people, but I believe it to be one of the greatest menaces to the peace of the world.
		I believe the next naval conference, which will certainly be held some time before 1936, will make further reduction in the navies, and I hope that a general disarmament conference will be called within a very short time
		The Washington Conference (November, 1921-February, 1922) fixed the ratio of total tonnage of capital ships and aircraft carriers for England, U.S., and Japan at 5:5:3 and for France and Italy at 1.75.
	nobelprize.org /peace/laureates/1929/kellogg-acceptance.html (2623 words)

	John Moser, The Man Who Wrecked the Conference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Shearer, a self-proclaimed “naval expert” who had served as an advisor both to the Navy Department and to the Naval Affairs Committee, had attended the conference as an observer, albeit one with a clear axe to grind.
		A coalition of naval officers, publicists, journalists and industrialists, which by the late 1920s had come to be known as the “Big Navy” party, had been denouncing disarmament since the Washington Conference of 1921-22, which, they claimed, had guaranteed British supremacy on the high seas.
		Dominated as it was by naval officers, practically all of whom were convinced that the United States had gotten a raw deal at the Washington Conference, the American delegation was determined to drive a hard bargain.
	personal.ashland.edu /~jmoser1/shearer.html (7337 words)

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