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Topic: Long Island Sound

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	USGS Studies in Long Island Sound: Geology, Contaminants, and Environmental Issues
		Sediments of the Sound are a sink for wastes and contaminants from various sources such as wastewater treatment plants, urban and agricultural runoff, and waste disposal.
		Descriptions of USGS research on geologic, chemical, oceanographic, and biological aspects of the Long Island Sound are accessible in the menu to the left.
		The circulation in Long Island Sound, which is controlled by an east-to-west weakening of tidal-current speeds coupled with the westward-directed estuarine bottom drift, has produced a succession of sedimentary environments.
	woodshole.er.usgs.gov /project-pages/longislandsound (912 words)

	SMIG -- Currents and Sediment Transport in Long Island Sound (article: September 2000)
		Long Island Sound is a major east-coast estuary located adjacent to the most densely populated region of the United States.
		Long Island Sound is located between Connecticut and Long Island, New York, on the east coast of the United States (Figure 1).
		In Long Island Sound, as in most estuaries without substantial mudflats (Speer and Aubrey, 1985), the frictional decay of the tidal wave causes the flood tide to be shorter than the ebb tide (Redfield, 1980).
	smig.usgs.gov /SMIG/features_0900/li_sound_inline.html (7437 words)

	The grim environmental history of Long Island Sound By Read Kingsbury
		While Block Island’s waters may be less directly affected by human activities than the waters of Long Island Sound, Tom Andersen’s fine new book, "This Fine Piece of Water," is a cautionary tale for all who live by the sea.
		But west from Block Island, west of the Race and past New Haven, where the Sound narrows and rivers roll into the sea laden with the burden of two centuries of industrial and residential carelessness, men have brought the Sound close to a desert condition.
		Long Island Sound has an average depth of 79 feet (Chesapeake Bay’s is 21 feet) and its waters are sharply stratified.
	www.blockislandtimes.com /News/2002/0727/News/024.html (1306 words)

	Geologic History of Long Island Sound
		Long Island Sound occupies a lowland that was initially carved into the coastal-plain by rivers, and subsequently glacially modified.
		The southernmost extent of the Wisconsinan glacier is marked along the middle of Long Island by piles of glacial debris called a "terminal moraine." Present evidence suggests that the glacier modified but did not entirely alter the pre-Wisconsinan configuration of the Long Island Sound basin.
		The fairly shallow depth (average 20 meters or 64 feet) of today's Long Island Sound is attributable to the fact that Lake Connecticut was nearly filled in by clay sediments brought southward by the glacier.
	camel2.conncoll.edu /ccrec/greennet/arbo/publications/34/CHP1.HTM (1049 words)

	NY-CTSG: LI Sound Lobster Initiative
		The research is funded jointly under the Long Island Sound Lobster Research Initiative, an endeavor of the Sea Grant programs in Connecticut and New York, along with the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection and NMFS Northeast Fisheries Science Center.
		The awards resulted from a national competition of research projects to investigate the causes of mortality and shell disease in Long Island Sound lobsters.
		Lobsters continue to be harvested from Long Island Sound in reduced numbers, mainly from central and eastern areas, but officials still don't know what caused the die-off.
	www.seagrant.sunysb.edu /LILobsters (989 words)

	Long Island Sound Study
		The Long Island Sound Study (LISS) is a cooperative effort involving researchers, regulators, user groups and other concerned organizations and individuals.
		These people are working together to protect and improve the health of the Sound by implementing the Sound's Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan completed in 1994.
		Pollution "Toolbox": The EPA's Nonpoint Source Outreach (www.epa.gov/nps/toolbox/) is intended for use by state and local agencies and other organizations interested in educating the public on nonpoint source pollution or stormwater runoff.
	www.longislandsoundstudy.net (474 words)

	Long Island Sound \| New England \| US EPA
		Long Island Sound is an estuary, a place where salt water from the ocean mixes with fresh water from rivers and the land.
		Long Island Sound is unique in that it has two connections to the sea – The Race to the east and the East River to the West – and several major rivers.
		The Sound provides feeding, breeding, nesting and nursery areas for a diversity of plant and animal life, and contributes an estimated $5.5 billion per year to the regional economy from boating, commercial and sport fishing, swimming, and sight-seeing.
	www.epa.gov /region01/eco/lis/index.html (375 words)

	Long Island Sound - The Long Island Sound
		The Long Island Sound is often referred to as the arm of the Atlantic Ocean.
		Perhaps one of the main concerns relating to the possible destruction of the Long Island Sound is pollution.
		Another way to help ensure that the Long Island Sound remains a recreational spot for a long time to come is to donate money towards the effort.
	www.longislandexchange.com /longislandsound.html (469 words)

	Long Island Sound Bridge Crossing Study (part 1)
		The population of the four Connecticut counties bordering Long Island Sound is expected to rise from 1,854,000 in 1970 to 2,877,000 in the year 2000.
		In Long Island Sound, adverse impact on finfish from the offshore, deepwater bridge spans and piers appears to be negligible.
		The environmental impact of a bridge across Long Island Sound and its approaches is mainly related to the amount and quality of the wetlands and shellfish beds traversed.
	www.nycroads.com /crossings/LI-sound-1 (4022 words)

	Save the Sound - About Long Island Sound (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Long Island Sound is an estuary bordered by Connecticut and Westchester County, N.Y. to the north, New York City to the west, and by Long Island, N.Y. to the south.
		With the obvious economical dependency upon the Sound's biological diversity and water quality, it is hard to believe that the major contributors to the Sound's degradation are local residents.
		In Long Island Sound, hypoxia has been connected to: the reduction in the number and variety of adult finfish, reduction in the growth rate of juvenile lobsters and winter flounder, and desolation of slow moving species (lobster, starfish, bay anchovy, menhaden, cunner, tautog, and sea robin).
	www.savethesound.org /mb2_about_lisound.htm (1251 words)

	Long Island Sound
		New York's Long Island Sound coast, encompasses 304 miles of shoreline in Westchester, Bronx, Queens, Nassau and Suffolk counties and its watershed is home to nearly 1.5 million people.
		It complements the Long Island Sound Study Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan, which focuses on water quality in the deep waters of the Sound, by addressing the upland watershed and harbor and nearshore waters.
		The Long Island Sound Policies consider the economic, environmental, and cultural characteristics of the Long Island Sound coastal region.
	www.nyswaterfronts.com /initiatives_longisland.asp (944 words)

	Long Island Sound
		Unlike most estuaries which have one entry for sea water, the Sound has two (The “Race” to the east and the East River to the west).
		The watershed has a huge area of 16,000 square miles, including northern Long Island, parts of the Bronx and Westchester County, and a large portion of New England running up to southern Canada (71% of which is the Connecticut River watershed).
		In this program, Long Island Sound was designated as an “Estuary of National Significance.” It was one of the first four so designated (out of a total of 28) and is the only one with its own budget line.
	www.brssaudubon.org /lisound.htm (961 words)

	Long Island Sound
		New York's Long Island Sound coast, encompasses 304 miles of shoreline in Westchester, Bronx, Queens, Nassau and Suffolk counties and its watershed is home to nearly 1.5 million people.
		It complements the Long Island Sound Study Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan, which focuses on water quality in the deep waters of the Sound, by addressing the upland watershed and harbor and nearshore waters.
		The Long Island Sound Policies consider the economic, environmental, and cultural characteristics of the Long Island Sound coastal region.
	nyswaterfronts.com /initiatives_longisland.asp (944 words)

	Waste Water in Long Island Sound - Forams - Students - Ocean World
		Long Island Sound is an estuary located close to New York City, where river-borne water mixes with salty marine water before it flows into the open sea - in this case, eastward into the Atlantic Ocean.
		As a result, Long Island Sound suffers from a variety of stresses, some natural such as mixed salinities and a range of annual water temperatures, and some man-made such as metal and waste water contamination.
		Long Island Sound is located on the east coast of the United States, south of the state of Connecticut and north of Long Island, New York (see map above).
	oceanworld.tamu.edu /students/forams/forams_long_island_sound.htm (1161 words)

	Eastern Long Island Sound Crossing (I-495, unbuilt)
		All three islands, which are under the jurisdiction of New York State, are at the confluence of Long Island Sound and Block Island Sound.
		A 32-mile-long extension of the Long Island Expressway (I-495) was to be constructed from Riverhead (at EXIT 73) east to Orient Point, providing direct access to the southern anchorage of the bridge.
		From Plum Island east to Fishers Island, there was to be a 2,100-foot-long (measured between anchorages) suspension bridge, with a center span of 1,500 feet and a vertical clearance of 125 feet.
	www.nycroads.com /crossings/eastern-sound (1530 words)

	Long Island Sound and the Long Island Sound Study (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Long Island Sound is an estuary approximately 110 miles long (east to west), and 21 miles across its widest point.
		Long Island Sound was identified as an Estuary of National Significance, and the Long Island Sound Study (LISS) became a part of the National Estuary Program in March 1988.
		It causes a large area of the western portion of Long Island Sound to be unfit habitat for marine life during the summer months.
	www.dec.state.ny.us /website/dfwmr/marine/liss.htm (442 words)

	The New York Times > New York Region >
		The impact of a science trip in 1971 on Long Island Sound continues to be felt among its crew, which comprised 14 men and teenage boys.
		In the new marine economy of the 21st century that is unfolding all over Long Island Sound's 110-mile arc, luck is not what it used to be, and neither is nature.
		Long Island Sound has been a breadbasket and a dump, a playground for the wealthy and a symbol of environmental despair.
	www.nytimes.com /ref/nyregion/LISOUND-INDEX.html (460 words)

	97.06.08: Long Island Sound
		A sound is defined as a relatively narrow passage of water between an island (Long Island) and the mainland (Connecticut).
		The Sound is a greenish color due to the plankton that live in it.
		Long Island Sound is our student’s “backyard.” A unit on the Sound is very meaningful to them, as they can all relate to it.
	www.yale.edu /ynhti/curriculum/units/1997/6/97.06.08.x.html (6046 words)

	The Hill Blog» Blog Archive » Protecting the Long Island Sound
		The Long Island Sound Stewardship Act, which passed last night in the House, will help ensure that future generations of New Yorkers and all Americans, will enjoy a clean, well-preserved Long Island Sound.
		The Long Island Sound is critically important to our nation and vital to the health and well being of the communities I represent.
		The Long Island Sound, however, is a national treasure and I believe that any preservation efforts to conserve any part of the Sound should be embraced.
	blog.thehill.com /2006/09/28/protecting-the-long-island-sound (810 words)

	Audubon New York - Long Island Sound (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In 1985, the Long Island Sound was one of the first estuaries recognized under the National Estuary Program.
		With 10% of the United States population living within 50 miles of the Long Island Sound, and contributing more than $5 billion annually to the regional economy, protecting this nationally significant estuary has been, and still is, a high priority for Audubon New York.
		In 2000, Audubon helped design and subsequently advocated for the Long Island Sound Restoration Act, a bill that provided funds for the rehabilitation of sewage treatment plants, which were contributing to the pollution of the Sound at an alarming rate.
	ny.audubon.org /li_sound.htm (457 words)

	Sedimentary Environments in Long Island Sound
		Long Island Sound is a major coastal estuary near the most densely populated region of the United States.
		As a consequence of this enormous population, the sound is heavily used, and, thus, the sea floor can be affected by human activities.
		Future activities in Long Island Sound might include the emplacement of structures on or within the bottom sediments, the disposal of dredged spoil, or the assessment of sand and gravel resources.
	marine.usgs.gov /fact-sheets/fs41-98 (818 words)

	The Long Ridge School - Public / Long Island Sound Study
		In keeping with The Long Ridge School's belief in the richness of a hands on education, the students spent many of their science classes on the shores of the Sound, wading in tide pools, collecting and identifying shells and creatures, composing maritime haikus and painting seascapes while perched on the rocky cliffs.
		The Long Island Sound is a particularly rich topic that integrates biology, chemistry, geology, history, ecology, art, current events and mathematics into one curriculum.
		In addition to the study of Long Island Sound, the fourth- and fifth-graders are also involved in a year-long study of Colonial America starting with the early explorers.
	www.longridgeschool.org /home/content.asp?id=1124 (544 words)

	Long Island Press: Long Island Newspaper, News, Entertainment, Real Estate, Classifieds, Automotive, Weddings, Business ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Area politicos are involved in an effort to give the Long Island Sound a pleasant ring.
		The U.S. Senate unanimously reauthorized the Long Island Sound Restoration Act on Dec. 20 for the next five years, which will provide $200 million in order to clean up the Sound for people and wildlife alike.
		The act has helped reduce nitrogen levels in the Sound by 25%, and the Act’s renewal can help Audubon reach their goal of reducing nitrogen levels by 58.5% by 2014, according to a statement from the organization.
	www.longislandpress.com /?cp=162&show=article&a_id=6891 (369 words)

	Soundwaters: Protecting Long Island Sound Through Education
		As is often the case this year, the campers had the 45-acre island to themselves.
		The scenic views of the Sound and Long Island from Shea's south beach are open for anyone to enjoy, so long as they have a boat or kayak to get there.
		On a walk across the island, a set of bleached white bones, possibly belonging to a dog, lie at the base of a tree.
	www.soundwaters.org /press/press2.shtml (720 words)

	BENTHIC COMMUNITIES IN LONG ISLAND SOUND
		Surveys were conducted in the central potion of the central basin of the Sound, extending from the Connecticut shore to the north shore of Long Island (Figure 8).
		Species richness increased from west to east in the Sound, and the mean density of individuals per sample was generally higher in the central and eastern basins of LIS than in the western portions.
		This community type was distributed throughout the Sound, at several deeper water stations in the western basin, at nearshore stations between Branford and Guilford, and in a more extensive area south of the mouth of the Thames River in the eastern basin (Figure 20).
	pubs.usgs.gov /of/1998/of98-502/chapt4/rz4commu.htm (10889 words)

	Long Island Sound \| Issues \| Congressman Steve Israel (D-NY) \| Official Website
		As the co-chair of the House Long Island Sound Caucus, Rep. Israel is leading efforts to protect and restore this important resource.
		The Long Island Sound contributes $5.5 billion to the local economy through recreation, tourism and sport and commercial fishing.
		The bill also extends the $40 million annual effort under the Long Island Sound Restoration Act of 2000 that has focused on reducing nitrogen loading and improving the environmental health of the Sound.
	www.house.gov /israel/issues/longislandsound.htm (519 words)

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