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Topic: Long Valley Caldera

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	Long Valley Caldera -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Long Valley Caldera is a depression in (Click link for more info and facts about eastern California) eastern California that is adjacent to (Click link for more info and facts about Mammoth Mountain) Mammoth Mountain.
		The valley is one of the largest (A large crater caused by the violent explosion of a volcano that collapses into a depression) calderas on (The 3rd planet from the sun; the planet on which we live) earth, measuring about 32 kilometres long (east-west) and 17 kilometres wide (north-south).
		Long Valley was formed 760,000 years ago when a huge (Click link for more info and facts about volcanic) volcanic eruption released very hot ash that later cooled to form the (Click link for more info and facts about Bishop tuff) Bishop tuff that is common to the area.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/l/lo/long_valley_caldera.htm (1518 words)

	Resurgent Calderas and the Valles Caldera
		Caldera in the Spanish language means "kettle" or "cauldron"; in geological literature, it has come to be known as a volcanic collapse crater.
		Calderas, on the other hand, are formed when infrequent, truly large eruptions occur and the gas-rich magma is quickly erupted from depths of 4 to 6 kilometers (2.5 to 3.7 miles).
		It is the youngest of two calderas in the region, having collapsed over and buried the Toledo caldera (which might have collapsed over older calderas.) These two large eruptions took place 1.4 million and 1 million years ago.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/valles.htm (1331 words)

	Magma--Making Long Valley Caldera Rise
		Long Valley Caldera is on the rise, as it has been since 1980, and a new study confirms that it is magma, not water, that is forcing it upward.
		The caldera is located on the east side of the Sierra, with Mammoth Mountain perched on its western rim and the town of Mammoth Lakes inside the caldera itself.
		Long Valley Caldera is a 17-by-32 kilometer hole in the ground, created 750,000 years ago by a volcanic eruption of such gargantuan proportions that it blew 500 cubic kilometers of rock into the air (compared to 1 cubic kilometer discharged from Mount Saint Helens) and sent airborne ash all the way to Nebraska.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1998-12/SU-MLVC-081298.php (828 words)

	Chevron: Basic Concepts and Principles: Long Valley Caldera
		The Long Valley Observatory created in 1998 by the USGS has at its disposal a myriad of remotely sensed data that provides scientists with new ways to monitor hazard and study volcanic processes and phenomena.
		Long Valley Caldera is a 17km x 32 km caldera located in eastern California that formed approximately 760,000 years ago.
		Central Valley is visible to the west, while Mono Lake and Long Valley Caldera (outlined in yellow) are seen to the east.
	www.es.ucsc.edu /~hyperwww/chevron/lvc.html (779 words)

	California geothermal well
		The Long Valley Caldera is one of only three major volcanic calderas -- craters formed after a volcano erupts -- 10 miles or more in diameter in the US that are young enough to still contain magma close to the surface.
		Long Valley has had the most recent volcanic activity with the last eruption 550 years ago, and there is extensive geophysical evidence of magma's presence.
		Finger notes that this well project is one of very few research activities in the world drilling in a young caldera and studying the use of magma heat to generate electricity.
	www.sandia.gov /media/mammoth.htm (1244 words)

	snvolcanics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The rapid rise required a long and continuous pathway which may best be facilitated by the reduced confining pressures and faulting of the Basin and Range regional extension.
		The interest in determining the size, shape, and character of the Long Valley magma chamber produced a resurgence in scientific endeavor after the four 6+ magnitude earthquakes struck the southern edge of the caldera on May 25, 1980.
		Long periods of quiescence would allow partial melting and magmatic differentiation the opportunity to increase the silica content and the danger of the magma chamber.
	seis.natsci.csulb.edu /rmorris/snvolcan.htm (5535 words)

	Long Valley Caldera and Mono-Inyo Craters Volcanic Field, California
		Long Valley caldera, located at the boundary between the Sierra Nevada and the Basin and Range Province, is one of the largest Quaternary rhyolitic volcanic centers in North America.
		The caldera is elliptical in shape and 10 by 20 miles (15 by 30 km) in size.
		Volcanologists interpreted the earthquakes, accompanying ground deformation, and an increase in activity at fumaroles as an indication of magma movement beneath the caldera.
	volcano.und.nodak.edu /vwdocs/volc_images/north_america/california/long_valley.html (1314 words)

	Vic Camp - Calderas
		This caldera type is generated after the main phase of a Plinian eruption, during collapse of a stratovolcano into the void of the underlying, depleted magma chamber.
		The caldera floor is typically filled with rhyolitic lavas, obsidian flows, and domes, and the uplifted centers often contain elongate rifts (graben) along their crests.
		Caldera formation begins with crustal uplift associated with the arrival of a large plume of gas-rich rhyolitic magma (A).
	www.geology.sdsu.edu /how_volcanoes_work/Calderas.html (991 words)

	Inflation of Long Valley caldera
		These observations are consistent with recent models of resurgent dome inflation in Long Valley (Langbein et al., 1995) and have sufficient signal to detect the presence of Basin and Range strain in the Long Valley region.
		The network spans both the Long Valley caldera and the Mono-Inyo volcanic chain, and the observed displacement rates indicate that while the largest deformations are occurring inside the caldera, significant displacements exist adjacent to the caldera to the north and east.
		Langbein, J., Deformation of the Long Valley caldera, eastern California, from mid-1983 to mid-1988: Measurements using a two-color geodimeter, J. Geophys.
	quake.usgs.gov /research/deformation/modeling/papers/longvall.html (3375 words)

	Living With a Restless Caldera, Long Valley, California, Volcano Fact Sheet
		Long Valley Caldera in eastern California (here viewed from its southwest rim toward its northeast rim on the horizon 18 miles away) was formed about 760,000 years ago in a violent volcanic eruption that blew out 150 cubic miles of magma (molten rock) from beneath the Earth's surface.
		Much of the Long Valley area of eastern California is covered by rocks formed during volcanic eruptions in the past 2 million years.
		In 1872, the magnitude 7.6 Owens Valley earthquake was felt throughout most of California, and a number of moderate (magnitude 5 to 6) earthquakes have shaken the Long Valley area during this century.
	pubs.usgs.gov /fs/fs108-96 (1667 words)

	Long Valley Caldera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Long Valley caldera in eastern California is a large, 32 by 17 km, silicic caldera that formed in the result of a catastrophic explosive eruption and collapse about 760,000 years ago.
		Figure on the right shows the caldera boundary (solid line) and the resurgent dome (dashed line), along with the shaded topography map, and seismicity that occurred within the caldera between the summers of 1997 and 1998.
		The accurate determination, and monitoring of the deep-seated magma reservoir in Long Valley is important for forecasts of volcanic and seismic hazards in the area.
	sioviz.ucsd.edu /~fialko/res_lv.html (417 words)

	Today Long Valley Caldera, California is now back in "E".
		Today Long Valley Caldera, California is now back in "E" Status it was recently in "D" Status.
		The Long Valley experts believe the change in status (increase in activity) in normal for the volcano but does not indicate an impending eruption.
		Long Valley is a well monitored and studied volcano.
	www.volcanoworld.org /vwdocs/frequent_questions/grp7/north_america/question1177.html (187 words)

	The Long Valley Caledra and the Mono Inyo Craters
		The Long Valley Caledra and the Mono Inyo Craters are located in an area in which volcanic eruptions have been occuring for over 3 million years.
		Mammoth Mountain forms the southwest rim of the Long Valley caldera, one of three large Quaternary rhyolitic caldera centers in the United States.
		Long Valley, a site of recent volcanic unrest, lies at the heart of current debate over the mechanisms and time scales for the production, storage, and differentiation of rhyolite magma.
	www.disastercenter.com /longvall.htm (960 words)

	Super Volcano Yellowstone
		The caldera was formed when the volcanic pile collapsed in response to a huge eruption of ash from the magma chamber.
		Aira Caldera is a supervolcanic caldera in the south of the island of Kyushu, Japan.
		The caldera is 18 x 60 miles (30 by 100 km) and has a total relief of 5,100 feet (1700 m).
	www.solcomhouse.com /yellowstone.htm (3647 words)

	Long Valley caldera GIS database
		This database provides an overview of the studies being conducted by the Long Valley Observatory in eastern California from 1975 to 2001.
		Real-time data of the current activity of the caldera (including earthquakes, ground deformation and the release of volcanic gas), information about volcanic hazards and the USGS response plan are available online at the Long Valley observatory web page (http://lvo.wr.usgs.gov).
		Long Valley Caldera is a 15- by 30-km oval-shaped depression located 20 km south of Mono Lake along the east side of the Sierra Nevada in east-central California.
	pubs.usgs.gov /dds/dds-81 (604 words)

	Cenozoic/Mesozoic Volcanism
		Drainage from Panamint Lake was to Lake Manley in Death Valley.
		The basalt flows within the valley have been dated allowing a rough stratigraphy to be established.
		Lake Diaz (to the northwest) was created when a graben formed between the Owens Valley fault and a small fault east of the lake.
	geology.csupomona.edu /docs/sierra.html (1495 words)

	Mammoth Mountain, a large volcanic complex of over 20 overlapping domes and silicic lava flows, rises from the western ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Geochemical analyses of the ash has determined that the magma chamber’s roof was at ~6 km depth when the eruption began and the final ash flows came from ~10 km deep.
		During the period of 100,000 years after the caldera formed, there existed resurgent doming in the middle of the caldera.
		Outwardly tilted lake terraces and the deposition of beach cobbles (80 meters higher on the dome than the caldera walls), indicate that the resurgent dome spent its early life as an island.
	seis.natsci.csulb.edu /rmorris/lvc.htm (930 words)

	Volcanoes of the Eastern Sierra Nevada
		The vents of Glass Mountain are arranged parallel to the Long Valley magma chamber which suggest that the rhyolites were construed from the Long Valley magma chamber through caldera ring fractures.
		This lake occupied the Long Valley Caldera for most of its history, and it started draining when the resurgent dome began to uplift the west central part of the caldera floor.
		The Long Valley Caldera was created by a massively powerful eruption, which saturated the entire Long Valley region with a huge layer of tefra.
	www.indiana.edu /~sierra/papers/2002/french.html (2211 words)

	Long Valley: Another Hotspot
		Long Valley Caldera is part of a volcanic complex located in eastern California at the northern head of the Owens valley.
		The Mono-Inyo Craters chain is also part of the volcanic complex, and it extends from Mammoth Mountain on the southwest rim of the caldera to Mono Lake, 42 kilometers to the north.
		To alert the public to a possible eruption, the USGS, in cooperation with the California Office of Emergency Services, formulated a color-coded scale to reflect the condition of geologic unrest within Long Valley and to establish response procedures for the various levels of activity.
	hvo.wr.usgs.gov /volcanowatch/1997/97_12_19.html (589 words)

	Bob Smith: Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Within the caldera earthquakes have not exceeded magnitude ML = 4.5, and epicenters are generally scattered, except with the alignments spatially associated with the volcanic vents.
		Notably the trend of this swarm projected northwest and was orthogonal to the caldera boundary, suggesting the possibility of a radial fracture extending from the caldera and a possible scenario for either a propagating fracture extending from the Hebgen Lake fault toward the caldera or as magma filled fracture extending radially outward from the caldera.
		Lateral variations in focal depths of earthquakes of the Yellowstone caldera are thought to reflect variations in the depth to the brittle-ductile transition.
	www.mines.utah.edu /~rbsmith/RESEARCH/YellowstoneHotspot.html (3739 words)

	Project Profiles: Stephanie Prejean
		The focus of this research is to develop a consistent set of both seismic and aseismic deformation models for Long Valley caldera spanning the entire period of unrest from its onset in 1978-80 through 2000 merging as much of the available data as possible (seismicity, EDM, GPS, leveling, strain, tilt, and water level change data).
		A view of the Long Valley Caldera from its northwestern rim toward the southeast.
		The rim of the caldera is visible, as well as the caldera's resurgent dome, located in the center of the caldera.
	geology.usgs.gov /postdoc/profiles/prejean.html (327 words)

	Long Valley Caldera, California
		Resurgent doming in the central part of the caldera occurred shortly afterwards, followed by rhyolitic eruptions from the caldera moat and the eruption of rhyodacite from outer ring fracture vents, ending about 50,000 years ago.
		During early resurgent doming the caldera was filled with a large lake that left strandlines on the caldera walls and the resurgent dome island; the lake eventually drained through the Owens River Gorge.
		The caldera remains thermally active, with many hot springs and fumaroles, and has had significant deformation, seismicity, and other unrest in recent years.
	users.bendnet.com /bjensen/volcano/us/california-longvall.html (361 words)

	ICDP Long Valley - Objectives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Long Valley Caldera has shown sustained unrest since 1980 characterized by recurring earthquake swarms, inflation (dome-shaped uplift) of the resurgent dome, and increased levels of fumarolic activity accompanied by high concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO gas in the soils around Mammoth Mountain on the southwest margin of the caldera.
		The existing 2-km-deep hole is located directly over the center of inflation in the resurgent dome (total uplift since 1979 is 60 cm and the current uplift rate is 2-3 cm/y) and at the northern margin of the earthquake swarm activity.
		In the long term, the hole will be used as a geophysical observatory with a number of down-hole instrument packages to track processes occurring directly above the inflating magma chamber driving unrest in the caldera.
	icdp.gfz-potsdam.de /sites/longvalley/objectives/objectives.html (389 words)

	Long Valley Caldera Observatory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Water levels in seven wells within the caldera are sampled at intervals from 30 seconds to 15 minutes as part of an effort to monitor the hydrologic and geochemical regime in Long Valley caldera.
		Bailey, R.A., 1989, Geologic map of Long Valley caldera, Mono-Inyo Craters volcanic chain, and vicinity, Mono County, California.
		Pitt, A.M., and D.P. Hill, 1994, Long-period earthquakes in the Long Valley caldera region, eastern California.
	www.wovo.org /1203_14.htm (1314 words)

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