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Topic: Long and short scales

	Long and short scales \| English \| Dictionary & Translation by Babylon
		Short scale is the English translation of the French term échelle courte, which designates a system of numeric names in which the word billion means a thousand millions.Long scale is the English translation of the French term échelle longue, which designates a system of numeric names in which the word billion means a million millions.
		For most of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the United Kingdom uniformly used the long scale, while the United States of America used the short scale, so the two systems were often (and accurately at that time) referred to as "British" and "American" usage, respectively.
		However, today the United Kingdom uses the short scale so widely that the term "British usage" is no longer an appropriate phrase.
	www.babylon.com /definition/Long_and_short_scales (140 words)

	Long and short scales - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Short scale is the English translation of the French term échelle courte, which designates a system of numeric names in which the word billion means a thousand millions.
		Long scale is the English translation of the French term échelle longue, which designates a system of numeric names in which the word billion means a million millions.
		For most of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the United Kingdom uniformly used the long scale, while the United States of America used the short scale, so the two systems were often (and accurately at that time) referred to as "British" and "American" usage, respectively.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Long_and_short_scales (1761 words)

	Long Short-Term Memory
		The Long Short-Term Memory model [1] is an attempt to allow the unit activations to retain important information over a much longer period of time than the 10 to 12 time steps which is the limit of RTRL or BPTT models.
		While the cells are responsible for maintaining information over long periods of time, the responsibility for deciding what information to store, and when to apply that information lies with an input and output gating unit, respectively.
		The input to the cell is passed through a non-linear squashing function (g(x), typically the logistic function, scaled to lie within [-2,2]), and the result is then multiplied by the output of the input gating unit.
	www.willamette.edu /~gorr/classes/cs449/lstm.html (766 words)

	Trillion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For details about differing meanings of the word, see long and short scales.
		1,000,000,000,000 known as a trillion in the short scale, is the number that comes after 999,999,999,999 and before 1,000,000,000,001.
		In the long scale, this number is referred to as a billion.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Trillion (172 words)

	CiteULike: Long- and short-range interactions in native protein structures are consistent/minimally frustrated in ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		CiteULike: Long- and short-range interactions in native protein structures are consistent/minimally frustrated in sequence space.
		Long- and short-range interactions in native protein structures are consistent/minimally frustrated in sequence space.
		It is shown that adding the other category of interaction to either the short- or long-range interactions decreases the means and variances of those energies for essentially all protein native structures, indicating that both interactions consistently work by more-or-less restricting sequence spaces available to one of the interactions.
	www.citeulike.org /user/marcius/article/306378 (452 words)

	Informat.io on Billion
		This is known in French as the échelle courte ("short scale") and is now generally used by most English-speaking countries, as well as Brazil, Turkey and Greece.
		This system, known in French as the échelle longue ("long scale"), is still encountered in the United Kingdom, though has been officially replaced by the short scale in government documents, and has been largely abandoned in journalism and finance.
		The long scale remains official in most countries where English is not the primary language.
	www.informat.io /?title=Billion (587 words)

	Alembic Club: Long Scale vs. Short Scale?
		Short scales seem to possess a very flat, dull sound to me that lack a dynamic richness that I hear in longer scale basses.
		This relates to scale length in that shorter scale length is usually equivilent to lower string tension and vise versa.
		In this case, the conversation is focused on scale length and string characteristics, thus these two derivations of the verb, to "damp" meaning to check (cancel) or reduce the energy therein refer to canceling or reducing the motion of the bass string.
	www.alembic.com /club/messages/393/5366.html?1059432074 (2829 words)

	Scope 35 - Scales and Global Change, Chapter 9, Processes in Soils-from Pedon to Landscape (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Scale relationships between variables are examined using linear stochastic theory and the theory of regionalized variables.
		Short range variability was so great that it was not possible to create meaningful map-units on a smaller scale or by using more refined soil groupings such as soil series.
		Soil cores (76 mm diameter, 2 m long) were taken every 1 m in a number of transects in both a native (never cultivated) grassland and a portion of the field which had been cultivated for 30 yrs (Figure 9.5).
	www.icsu-scope.org /downloadpubs/scope35/chapter09.html (6287 words)

	Scales
		The females of the armored scales are legless, wingless, eyeless, and covered with a shell of secretory material beneath which they live.
		The armored scales are sessile in all but the first instar; unarmored scales have legs throughout their life and do not form a separable shell over their bodies.
		Lesser Snow Scale (Pinnaspis strachani): Females are white, semitransparent, pear shaped, and may be spotted with brown from the incorporation of pieces of bark.
	www.uga.edu /vegetable/scales.html (957 words)

	The Long and Short of It Scale L (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Scale length has nothing to do with playing scales and everything to do with the length of the strings from the nut (that white thing the strings go over, up there by the headstock) to the bridge.
		The scale (length) of the neck (and, ultimately, the strings) determines two major aspects of a guitar's personality: the distance between the frets, and the tension (or tightness) of the strings.
		In a nutshell, the shorter the scale length, the closer the frets are together.
	www.songster.org /guitar_scale_length.htm (571 words)

	The Long and Short of It - Scale Length Explained - Guitar Noise
		Scale length has nothing to do with playing scales and everything to do with the length of the strings from the nut (that white thing the strings go over, up there by the headstock) to the bridge.
		The scale (length) of the neck (and, ultimately, the strings) determines two major aspects of a guitar's personality: the distance between the frets, and the tension (or tightness) of the strings.
		In a nutshell, the shorter the scale length, the closer the frets are together.
	www.guitarnoise.com /article.php?id=297 (652 words)

	Info Sheet : The (Long) Short Story
		Being a bit short probably isn’t (being 5’3” myself) but being really short (perhaps more so for a man) such as to be 5 foot or under may not be a fun situation.
		Being very short is accepted as affecting the quality of life for an adult, treatment has been established as being freely available for all people with GHD on the NHS, it is also far more effective the earlier it is begun.
		If you feel that your endocrinologist is sitting rubbing their chin for too long then it almost certainly isn’t that they don’t want to give out the treatment it might be that they just want to have the scales tipped firmly on “certain” before they submit your child to growth hormone provocation testing.
	www.maxappeal.org.uk /infosheet.asp?id=19 (4143 words)

	B&W Photo - Film & Processing Forum: "Long" Tonal Scale Film
		When there are a lot of tones for describing the scale (properly exposed and processed with sufficient contrast to be printed on a non-high contrast paper), the tonal scale is reproduced smoothly.
		The tonal scale of a film is merely the shape of the curve of the response of film to light as a function of exposure density.
		Scale or range, I've seen tonal scale / range used to refer to both the exposure range of a material and the density range of a material, and those are two different things in any bodies' book.
	www.photo.net /bboard/q-and-a-fetch-msg?msg_id=008C1c (9091 words)

	PULSE for Portfolio Operations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A market in general equilibrium on both long and short time-scales will usually first respond to a pulse on the shorter time frame.
		A short timeframe pulse tends to be integrated into the longer term balance, which acts as a buffer.
		Pulses that disturbed short term equilibrium on Monday were recorded in 34 of the 40 weeks in the study.
	www.cisco-futures.com /pulse.html (674 words)

	APS - 2005 APS March Meeting - Event - Cyclization of Rouse Chains at Long and Short Time Scales (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The ratio of the long time reaction time scale to the Rouse time, $T= \tau/\tau_R$ is predicted to approach a constant value for long chains independent of the reaction capture range.
		More convincing evidence for the RG analysis is obtained by comparing the short time decay of $S(t)$ to long time results.
		The RG analysis predicts that $S(t)$ should decay as a power law at early times and that the exponent in the power law $\alpha$ is related to $T$ by simple expression with no free parameters.
	meetings.aps.org /Meeting/MAR05/Event/24634 (254 words)

	Why are snakes long (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In snakes, because of their long bodies, these are either stacked one in front of the other; or one of the pair is atrophied.
		The single lung is long and narrow, and does the work for two.
		Their flexibility and strength are due to the many powerful muscles that lie in overlapping layers and are connected in complicated ways to the skeleton and the belly scales.
	www.szgdocent.org /resource/rr/c-long.htm (1064 words)

	CRS-R (Conners’ Rating Scales-Revised): Pearson Assessments
		Long Version (CTRS-R:L) The CTRS-R:L is typically used with teachers who have time to complete the long form and when extensive information and DSM-IV consideration are required.
		The scale should be used when time is of the essence and when multiple administrations over time are desired.
		Long Form (CASS:L) The CASS:L contains 87 items and is appropriate for adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17.
	www.pearsonassessments.com /tests/crs-r.htm (725 words)

	Conners CAARS Adult ADHD Rating Scales - Complete Kit
		The short versions of the self-report form (CAARS-S-S) and observer form (CAARS-O-S) contain 26 items and are abbreviated versions of the factor-derived subscales that appear on the long forms.
		As with the long version, the ADHD index and the Inconsistency Index are incorporated on these forms.
		The short versions require about 10 minutes to administer and were designed to be brief and to display key dimensions.
	www.addwarehouse.com /shopsite_sc/store/html/conners-caars-adult-adhd-rating-scales-complete-kit.html (429 words)

	The Statistical Physics of financial markets
		This suggests "that the same mechanism operates at all time scales, and that there is a single universal distribution function characterizing it" [28].
		This distribution avoids too many large events, has a finite variance (therefore converges to a Gaussian distribution for long time-scales, which is observed) and shows scaling on short time scales.
		On a short time scale the volatility is dominated by the actions of the short-time traders, while the long-term traders cause the volatility on a long time grid.
	iapetus.phy.umist.ac.uk /Teaching/LitStudies/Essays/Econophysics.html (5078 words)

	2000
		Thus although the scale is marked only from 1900 to 1972, it could be used for any year between 1900 and 2100, simply by subtracting 28 as many times as needed to get a number within the range shown on the scale.
		Time on the hours-and-minutes scale would seem to be of some sociological importance, having been crucial in regimenting the workforce required in the development of industrial capitalism.
		In discussions of time on a long scale, the most relevant readily observed natural periodicity is that of the seasons.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /soc/faculty/mcfarland/2000.htm (5182 words)

	[No title]
		Papers may include, but are not limited to, anything related to scale and snow.
		Scale may be addressed in time or space.
		It is understood that a full written paper will accompany oral presentations and that a short paper will accompany poster presentations.
	snobear.colorado.edu /WSC/WSC_2002/announcement.doc (201 words)

	The Long And Short Of It
		Developed four years ago by researchers looking to bring laboratory methods for measuring forage and total mixed ration (TMR) particle sizes to the farm gate, the Penn State forage particle separator has rapidly become a "must use" piece of equipment for dairy producers and their nutritionists.
		Hutjens points to the example of an Illinois dairyman who corrected a low milkfat test by mixing hay longer in the TMR mixer, reducing the amount of feed in the top box of the particle separator from 18% to 12%.
		For a unit with scales and containers, cost is in the neighborhood of $215.
	hayandforage.com /mag/farming_long_short (945 words)

	PlantNET - FloraOnline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Flowers in short terminal or axillary cymes, sometimes reduced to 1 or 2 flowers.
		Carpels fused, ovary 1- or 2-locular, ovules numerous on 2 parietal or axile placentas; style single, short, the style head peltate and with a slender 2-fid apex.
		Corolla lobes narrow, acute, 5--6 mm long, creamy-white; short scales present at the corolla throat, irregularly united in a lobed or crested ring
	plantnet.rbgsyd.gov.au /cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=gn&name=Melodinus (217 words)

	20 Years of LTER Research - Harvard Forest LTER
		Thus short-term variations of NEE at Harvard Forest reflect prompt forest response to environmental influences, while inter-annual variations reflect interactions of climate variations with ecosystem properties on annual time scales, affecting tree mortality, respiration rates, length of the growing season, and available light.
		Seasonal and annual climatic anomalies are often coherent over large spatial scales, and the processes described here are significant in mediating inter-annual variations of the rate of increase of atmospheric CO2.
		The long-term carbon budget at Harvard Forest reflects the slowest-changing ecosystem properties: stand age and composition, soil fertility, coarse woody debris.
	www.lternet.edu /vignettes/hfr.html (528 words)

	Long and Short Scale Lengths (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Generally (all other things being equal which they never are) the longer scale length is usually a little harder to play because the strings have to be tightened more to reach the same pitch and the frets are a little further apart.
		Sometimes a guitar with a short scale length may be made with a longer body, thus making the tone different.
		The shorter scale guitars should free the top to vibrate more; and the tops on these guitars should be braced lighter.
	www.guitartips.addr.com /tip38.html (583 words)

	Thelypteris in Flora of North America @ efloras.org
		Stellate and/or forked hairs present, especially on scales at apex of stems, on rachises, especially in adaxial grooves, and often on other parts of blades (subg.
		Costae with predominantly short hairs uniform in length (less than 0.2 mm and often less than 0.1 mm) on abaxial surface; excurrent veins mostly greater than 2 mm; petioles purplish; leaves with usually more than 2 pairs of greatly reduced proximal pinnae.
		Basal segments of pinnae near base of blade slightly elongate and parallel to rachis; costae abaxially lacking scales or scales sparse.
	www.efloras.org /florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=132776&key_no=1 (1027 words)

	Honors Syllabus
		Each is dynamic, changing on time scales both short and long.
		This is a long text book, written by a geologist who is a leading researcher in climate change.
		It is written for non-science majors, yet there is enough meaty material in there to be a good background text for even graduate students entering the field of climate research.
	chuma.cas.usf.edu /~snow/3350syl.html (314 words)

	Longy School of Music (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Longy Sinfonietta (formerly the Youth Sinfonietta) is open to young string players who have more advanced technical abilities, such as third position, understanding of a variety of rhythms, and comfort in reading sharps and flats.
		The Longy Youth Chamber Orchestra (formerly the Young Performers Chamber Orchestra) is open to advanced string, wind, brass, and percussion players, ages 12–18, who wish to participate in the excitement of playing in a fine chamber orchestra.
		All: All major and minor scales (melodic): strings 3 octaves; winds/brass 2 octaves.
	www.longy.edu /prep_studies/instrumental_ensembles.htm (821 words)

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