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Topic: Long term memories

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	Memory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Autobiographical memory - memory for particular events within one's own life - is generally viewed as either equivalent to, or a subset of, episodic memory.
		A further major way to distinguish different memory functions is whether the content to be remembered is in the past, retrospective memory, or whether the content is to be remembered in the future, prospective memory.
		For example, the movie Memento, about a man afflicted with Anterograde amnesia, reflects on the nature and meaning of memory (and implications of memory loss); and the paintings of Howard Hodgkin, whilst apparently abstract, are said by the artist to be representations of his memories (and their emotional associations).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Memory (1256 words)

	Long-term memory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It differs from working memory or short-term memory, which is suggested to store items for only around 30 seconds (though nobody has successfully been able to isolate the time dependence of any of these suggested memory types).
		Biologically, short-term memory is a temporary potentiation of neural connections that can become long-term memory through the process of rehearsal and meaningful association.
		As long-term memory is subject to fading in the natural forgetting process, several recalls/retrievals of memory may be needed for long-term memories to last for years, dependent also on the depth of processing.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Long_term_memory (445 words)

	Memory
		The capacity of short term memory is about 7 chunks of information, whether each bit is a single number or a more complex set of things.
		Implicit memories are memories that guide or affect your behavior without your conscious (or verbal) involvement (also known as nondeclarative memories).
		A flashbulb memory is proposed to involve the retrieval of a number of details surrounding a rare and striking event.
	environmentalet.hypermart.net /psy111/memory.htm (2790 words)

	Harvard Gazette: Long-term memory kicks in after age one
		Not too long ago, in the 1940 and '50s, most psychologists believed that a newborn's mind was a blank slate.
		Various researchers had tested the memories of children a month or so after exposing them to a memorable experience, but no one had checked their recall after longer delays.
		"We propose that this memory enhancement, or lack of it, is due to brain development between age 9 and 17 months," Kagan says of the results, published in the Oct. 31 issue of the scientific journal Nature.
	www.news.harvard.edu /gazette/2002/11.07/01-memory.html (1009 words)

	MIT team discovers memory mechanism
		Long-lasting memories are stored in the brain through strengthening of the connections, or synapses, between neurons.
		Researchers have known for many years that neurons must turn on the synthesis of new proteins for long-term memory storage and synaptic strengthening to occur, but the mechanisms by which neurons accomplish these tasks have remained elusive.
		Acting on a hunch that MAPK might be an important part of such a "memory switch," Ray Kelleher, a postdoctoral fellow in Tonegawa's laboratory and lead author of the study, created mutant mice in which the function of MAPK was selectively inactivated in the adult brain.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-02/miot-mtd020404.php (690 words)

	memory
		Memory can be thought of as a flow of information through several storage systems; sensory memory, short-term memory, working memory, and long-term memory.
		This type of memory is held in or near the brain area that processes that particular sensory input; the visual (occipital), auditory (temporal plane) or somatosensory (postcentral gyrus) area.
		Memory for declarative or explicit types of tasks appear not to be affected by REM sleep loss, while memory for cognitive, procedural or implicit types of material are impaired by loss of REM sleep.
	www.geocities.com /blu_sphynx/memory.html (1903 words)

	NYU neuroscientists find long-term memories are surprisingly unstable and impermanent
		Nader said, "The traditional model of memory says that new learning is transformed into solid, stable chunks of long-term memory through a one-time process of protein generation known as consolidation.
		By activating a conditioned memory (which has already undergone consolidation) and then infusing anisomycin - a protein-synthesis inhibitor - the researchers were able to eliminate the memory.
		The title of the article is "Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdala for reconsolidation after retrieval." The authors of the letter are Karim Nader, Glenn E. Schafe and Joseph E. LeDoux.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2000-08/NYU-Nnfl-1508100.php (770 words)

	memory handout (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This stage is now often called Working Memory because it actively involves holding the new information and retrieving other, stored information so that you can process the new information.
		The reason many long term memories are not retrievable is not because they are gone, but because you are not accessing the proper "link" to them.
		Thus, the more links that are made (either at the time of encoding or over time as the memory is used) the easier it is to retrieve the information.
	hubel.sfasu.edu /otherendev/tc/memsum.html (542 words)

	DejaVu and Mind Control
		Perhaps a chemical similar to this could be used to move a memory into the long term storage area of the brain.
		One could take such memories; memories at the forefront of the brains short term memory, and move them to the extreme long term storage part of the brain.
		Given the current scientific knowledge regarding the chemical roots of the brain and memories, it would not be too far of a leap to imagine that studies into this area have been conducted.
	www.robsworld.org /dejavu.html (1565 words)

	Memories are Made of This (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It was first proposed by Hebb in 1949 that long-term memory is stored by reverbrating neural circuits which cause relatively long lasting changes in the pattern of neuronal synaptic connections ((2), (3)).
		A second category, implicit memory, is applied to a type of memory known as skill memory which does not require concious thought or control ((5)).
		Skill memory is processed in the cerebellum and then the information is passed the basal ganglia which store memories of this type and are also responsible for coordination and refining movement ((1)).
	serendip.brynmawr.edu /bb/neuro/neuro00/web2/Webster.html (997 words)

	News in Science - Erasing bad memories? - 25/08/2003
		In both species it was possible to show that the dominant memory was the one that could be erased by giving the appropriate drug within a few minutes of the memory's recall.
		Commenting on the research, Australian memory researcher Dr Nikki Rickard of Monash University in Melbourne said she was not surprised that the dominant memories were the ones open to being modified.
		Given the fact that memories are recalled in batches, she thought it was unlikely to develop drugs that would be able to selectively erase bad memories.
	www.abc.net.au /science/news/stories/s929741.htm (530 words)

	JSMF - 1999 McDonnell - Pew Program in Cognitive Neuroscience
		We have known since the 1950's that the integrity of the medial temporal lobes is essential for our ability to establish new long-term memory for facts and events, termed "declarative" memory.
		Although we have known for over 40 years that the medial temporal lobe is essential for the formation of new long-term declarative/associative memory, almost nothing is known about the neural signals that underlie this important cognitive function.
		These are also the first experiments to examine the neural signals underlying the kind of flexible associative memory known to be severely impaired in humans, monkeys and rats with medial temporal lobe damage.
	www.jsmf.org /grants/historical/mcpew/1999/suzuki.htm (514 words)

	Single protein appears central to the formation of the long-term memories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Long term memory refers to the ability to remember things for more than a day--sometimes for many years.
		When a long term memory is made, researchers believe that neurons gain the capacity to transmit a much stronger electrical impulse than they otherwise would, and require much less neurotransmitter.
		Protein synthesis is essential for the formation of long-term memory and, before the current study, researchers had searched for years to identify exactly which proteins were needed in the process.
	www.news-medical.net /?id=5607 (1287 words)

	Memory Loss & the Brain
		One of the connections of sleep and memory is fairly obvious: the lack of sleep causes fatigue, which impairs memory and other mental faculties.
		It's hard to say for sure whether memory consolidation is hobbled by lack of REM sleep or just the mental and physical stress of breaking the normal sleep cycle.
		Memory is closely related to learning, so replay has implications for the lessons we take away from our experiences.
	www.memorylossonline.com /remains.htm (1152 words)

	William H. Calvin and George A. Ojemann, INSIDE THE BRAIN (NAL, 1980), ch. 6
		A short-term memory, also called post-distractional memory because the subjects are not allowed to devote all of their attention to the memory task.
		One possibility is that long-term memories may be coded in a string of molecules, in the manner of genetic memory, which uses DNA sequences.
		Our thinking about possible memory mechanisms is strongly influenced by the analogies which science and technology have provided us thus far: the term "laying down the memory trace" probably originated by analogy with a groove being cut on a phonograph disk.
	williamcalvin.com /Bk1/bk1ch6.htm (2466 words)

	MIT researchers ID gene involved in memory retrieval - MIT News Office
		He has pioneered the development of a genetic technology that permits researchers to create a new strain of mice in which a specific gene is knocked out in a specific area of the brain.
		In this way, the network is able to "fill in" or retrieve complete memories given only a subset of the original cues that were present when it was formed.
		In the experiment, mice were given a learning and memory challenge: locate a submerged platform hidden from view in a pool of water.
	web.mit.edu /newsoffice/2002/memory.html (1187 words)

	Your Heading Goes Here (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Creating and storing memories is a difficult process that involves many areas of the brain, particularly the cerebrum that holds memory and thought processes..
		During this process, a short-term memory is continuously activated, to the extent that certain chemical and physical changes occur in the brain, permanently embedding the memory for long-term access.
		Intermediate Long-Term Memory: Memories that may last anywhere from a few days to a few week, but will eventually be lost forever (unless they are moved to long-term memory).
	www.alumni.ca /~visa4a0/memory.html (150 words)

	Columbia University Record
		The work provided the first evidence that learning and memory involve changes in the strength of synapses, connections between nerves and that learning could be traced as a specific series of biological signals.
		Following on this success, the Kandel lab found that formation of long-term memories is normally restrained by a series of inhibitory processes that determine the ease with which short-term memory is converted to long-term.
		The work has demonstrated that long-term changes in the synapses of the hippocampus, the part of the brain believed to be responsible for memory formation, are critical for the storage of memory of spatial tasks.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/newrec/2412/tmpl/story.1.html (900 words)

	FuturePundit: Long Term Memories Processed By Anterior Cingulate
		The animals were trained to recognize a cage, then tested for their memory of the cage at one, three, 18 and 36 days after training.
		The formation of new memories is thought to involve the strengthening of synaptic connections between groups of neurons.
		If the goal is to test for long term memory it really becomes necessary to test for the knowledge more than once with weeks between the tests.
	www.futurepundit.com /archives/002097.html (939 words)

	Long Term Memory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		If we are unable to retrieve information that was once in long term memory, it is usually not because the material is lost from long term memory, but because we don't have enough cues to be able to find it.
		If you remembered what you ate for dinner last night, this information must have been in your long term memory (because you ate dinner more than 30 seconds ago, and you are still able to remember what you ate).
		Important point: Retrieval of information from long term memory is usually easiest if we focus on the meaning of the information both while learning it and while retrieving it.
	www.gpc.edu /~bbrown/psyc1501/memory/ltm.htm (341 words)

	The Scratch-Post - MegloManiacal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		One hypothesis seemed to imply that long term memories were stored as long sequences of amino acids.
		In the 1970s a group of researchers were looking at the effects of electroconvulsive shock therapy on the formation of long term memories in monkeys.
		By making a patient concentrate on a long term memory and then shocking them with certain levels of electricity these researchers found that they could permanently disrupt the formation of long term memories.
	www.monchat.ca /nuts/index.php?cat=28 (996 words)

	Instant Replay - Building Long-term Memory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		If the process of consolidating new experiences into long-term memories goes wrong, it could result in the incorrect association of a real memory with a mentally created experience, thereby leading to delusions, he said.
		In the new study, the researchers compared learning and memory in normal mice and in those engineered to have an NMDA receptor that would turn off in a specific region of the brain with a dose of doxycycline.
		Current theory suggests that the shift from short- to long-term memory is driven by a cascade of biochemical reactions unleashed by the original act of learning.
	www.scienceagogo.com /news/20001012032303data_trunc_sys.shtml (1589 words)

	Researchers identifiy brain circuit that appears crucial in converting short-term memories into long-term memories
		According to Schuman, the finding sheds light on a central question in learning and memory research that concerns the roles of two brain structures, the hippocampus, which is involved in memory formation, and the neocortex, which is associated with higher brain functions.
		When tested a week later, a majority of the animals remembered the platform location even though they had just received the lesion; that is, it appeared that they had already adequately consolidated the memory in the three weeks post-training prior to the lesion.
		Studies by other researchers have shown that there is distinctive coordinated brain activity between the hippocampus and neocortex during sleep, she said.
	www.news-medical.net /print_article.asp?id=5363 (722 words)

	Long-term memory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Long-term memory is different from working memory or [[short-term memory]], which both last from seconds to hours.
		Short-term memory is a temporary potentiation of neural connection that can become long-term memory in the process of memory consolidation.
		As long-term memory is subject to fading in the natural forgetting process, several recalls/retrievals of memory may be needed for long-term memories to last for years.
	www.city-search.org /lo/long-term-memory.html (358 words)

	Scientists show hippocampus’s role in long term memory
		The formation of new memories and the retrieval of older memories are both evidenced in the hippocampus region of the brain, according to recent research by NYU neuroscientists.
		The role of the hippocampus in the formation of new memories has been well-documented, but the contribution of this structure to the representation and retrieval of long-term memories is less clear.
		By demystifying the role of the hippocampus in both the acquisition and retrieval of everyday memories, this research forms the necessary first steps towards understanding and developing treatments for devastating memory-related diseases such as Alzheimer’s Disease.
	innovations-report.com /html/reports/life_sciences/report-29165.html (352 words)

	How Does the Brian Store Memories? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, epilepsy, weaking of memory as a result of aging all originate from disruption of the function of the hippocampus.
		The result was that he no longer could make long term declarative (those memories unassociated with motor skill) memories.
		In the case of long term memory, the occurence that converts short to long term memory is synaptic growth.
	www.owlnet.rice.edu /~zpkilpat/crebpres.html (982 words)

	Scientific American: Down Memory Limbo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Scientists long believed that after this consolidation, memories were pretty stable and not easily disturbed.
		Also, the scientists could erase the memory equally well one day or 14 days after the initial training; the power of the antibiotic seemed to have nothing to do with how old the memory was.
		That said, it is conceivable that while a memory is in the "limbo" that LeDoux's work documents, new impressions might mix in with it before it settles again, creating what is known as false memory syndrome.
	www.sciam.com /print_version.cfm?articleID=0003F9CF-5487-1C75-9B81809EC588EF21 (688 words)

	falsmem_lab2.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The purpose of this lab is to explore the reliability of long term memory using a relatively simple word list task and to discuss its implications in understanding the reliability of other types of long-term memories.
		Further, current memory models will be analyzed according to their efficacy in accounting for your findings as well as the other findings presented in text and lecture.
		In this lab you will be generating and testing at least two different hypotheses about the reliability of long term memory using at least 6 different people (12 people if you are comparing two groups).
	cla.calpoly.edu:16080 /~dlvalenc/PSY307/falsmem_lab2.html (1145 words)

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