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Topic: Longobards

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	AN ABRIDGED HISTORY OF ROME - PART II - I - BYZANTINE ROME
		The Longobards did not have a centralized government structure and their kings had only a nominal power over the local dukes (the country was divided into 36 duchies): the unity of Italy was broken and never restored for the following thirteen centuries.
		The Longobards had established a strong duchy at Spoleto in central Italy, and they easily cut communications between Ravenna and Rome when their relations with the Byzantines were tense (which was the usual situation).
		During the VIIth century the Longobards slightly expanded their influence in Italy by conquering Genoa and the Italian Riviera, but they were unable to unify the territories under their rule into a strong kingdom.
	www.romeartlover.it /Storia13.html (2700 words)

	The Longobards
		The arrival of the Longobards in Ascoli in the year 578 AD was part of the progressive expansion of this population in central and southern Italy with the formation of the Ducato di Spoleto (in which Ascoli became part of) and the Ducato di Benevento.
		The Longobard invasion brought about a complete reorganization of the territory in regards to both institutions and settlements, due to the defensive needs of the new conquerors.
		The principal burial area illustrates the simultaneous presence of funerary traditions that are both late Roman and Longobard, evidence that could serve to demonstrate an integration between the two cultures.
	www.comune.ascoli-piceno.it /sito_inglese/citta/longobardi.htm (260 words)

	Lombardy
		The Longobards chose as his successor Clefi, chief of the troops which had remained at Bergamo; he was more cruel even than Alboin in oppressing the conquered, driving them from their lands and putting them to death under any pretext.
		The Longobards numbered hardly more than 130,000 souls without a code of laws, and without unity of governing methods to oppose to those already in existence, and which it was only natural they should go on using in their dealings with the Italians on all points not foreseen by their own barbarian customs.
		The Longobards at the time of the invasion were for the most part pagan; a few had imbibed Arianism, and hence their ferocity against priests and monks whom they put to death.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/l/lombardy.html (4683 words)

	Campania Guide - Salerno
		Occupied by the Longobards in 646, Salerno was joined to the Duchy of Benevento, the most important of their holdings in Italy.
		In 1944 Salerno gave hospitality to the Royal Government of the Savoia during the occupation of the Allied Force after the landing of the allied troupes on the coast of the city in 1943 when it was strongly damaged during military operations.
		Interesting is the Middle —Ages aqueduct, built by the Longobards in the VIII century, a museum dedicated to a ceramic collection, typical handicraft of this area and the ancient building of the Salerno Medical School.
	www.campaniaguide.net /sites.php/id/22/language/eng (529 words)

	Lombards
		The Lombards (Latin Langobardi, from which the alternative name Longobards found in older English texts), were a Germanic group that entered the late Roman Empire.
		They were known to the Romans from as early as AD 98, however, when the historian Tacitus mentioned them in his Germania.
		By the title of this work the name of Longobards was commonly turned into Langobards.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/la/Langobards.html (308 words)

	Florence
		Also Florence was attacked by the Ostrogoth tribe, but during 405 AD the barbarian tribe lost the war and Florence was still free, but just for a few years.
		During the reign of the Longobards the “Tuscia” (Tuscany) region was controlled by Dukes that gave importance also to the others Tuscany towns as Lucca and Pisa.
		The Longobards controlled Florence until 770 AD At the beginning of 1400 AD Florence, as many others Italian cities, was governed by a Lordship.
	www.tuscanyfun.com /florence_tuscany/florence.aspx (804 words)

	La Via Francigena è
		The layout of the Road Francigena in its Italian section is sketched with the entrance of the Longobards at the end of the seventh century.
		The Longobard Kingdom was centered in Pavia and needed a connection with their Dukedoms at the center and southern parts of Italy.
		To the end of the ninth century with the hunting party of the Longobards from the Franchis, it begins to appear in the documents of the epoch the name of Francigena Road or "Francisca" that is originated from France.
	www.francigena.org /histoty_franc.htm (1160 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 679 (v. 2) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Alboin, king of the Longobards, coveted that fair conquest of Justinian, but his hopes were checked through fear of Narses, who still held the command at Ravenna.
		Yet Narses was approaching the extreme limits of human life, and Alboin resolved to wait, and to increase his power by breaking that of his troublesome neighbours the Gepidae, who reigned in Hungary.
		In 571 Calabria fell into the hands of the Longobards, and now the name of Calabria was given by the Greek government to the narrow peninsula of Bruttium and part of Lucania, countries which are still called Calabria.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/1787.html (1050 words)

	History of Salerno
		In 786 Arechi II, a Longobard prince, transferred the seat of the Dukedom of Benevento to Salerno, in order to elude Charlemagne's offensive and to secure himself the control of a strategic area, the centre of coastal and internal communications in Campania.
		The Longobard prince ordered the city to be fortified; the Castle on the Bonadies mountain had alredy been built with walls and towers so from 839 the new capital was seat of a principality and powerful political centre.
		In this period the royal palace (Castel Terracena) and the magnificent Cathedral were built and science was boosted as the Salerno Medical School, considered the most ancient medical institution of European West, reached its maximum splendour.
	www.salernocity.com /turismo/Salernostorica/Introduzione/default_ing.asp (821 words)

	Search: chicago longobards - WebCrawler
		Celts, Romans, Huns, Ostrogoths, Swedes, Longobards, Avars and the Franks...
		Longobards in the 6th century, and the church dates to 1217.
		Longobards Audoin Langobardi was of "Gautic descent".2 He became...
	msxml.webcrawler.com /info.wbcrwl/search/web/chicago%252Blongobards/1/20/1/-/0/-/1/1/1/1/_blank/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/0/300/top/-/moderate/-/1 (333 words)

	f2f italian vacations \| Umbria History
		Numerous archaeological finds have unearthed a human presence in Umbria dating back to Palaeolithic and Neolithic periods; flints and arrowheads have been found on several river plains and around the shores of Lake Trasimeno, and burial chambers close to Spoleto date to the time between the Bronze and Iron Ages.
		By the 4th century there were already 21 distinct dioceses throughout Umbria, and the Bishops came to be the cultural and spiritual figureheads of the region.
		Umbria was to enjoy a brief period of calm when the Byzantines finally defeated the Goths in 522, this lasting until the Longobards arrived and took possession of large parts of eastern Umbria, eventually establishing the Duchy of Spoleto.
	www.countryitaly.com /umbriahistory.html (832 words)

	TolkienWiki: Lombardic__Legend__in__The__Lost__Road (Site not responding. Last check: )
		For their march from the far northern regions to the Southern parts of the continent did not last for a couple of years only, and during this migration the tribe would interact with most of the peoples then living in the lands of today's Europe and left a memorable trace in the European history.
		Many battles had the people of the Longobardi fought throughtout their stormy history, but the battle between them and another ferrociuos tribe, at the time when they had already settled in the lands of present North Italy, seems to be one of the most renown in the history of whole Europe.
		It is thanks to them that we know of the battle in which the Bulgarians had cruelly defeated the Longobards, slayed their king Agelmundi and took his daughter captive.
	tolkienwiki.org /wiki.cgi?Lombardic__Legend__in__The__Lost__Road (3568 words)

	MONZA
		Its origin dates back to Celtic times but its historical importance was affirmed in the VII century during the period of the Longobards who were converted to Catholicism by Queen Teodelinda.
		In a sequence which could be termed a filmed one, the "Golden Legend" of Teodelinda is represented in scenes of refined taste, in courteous and chivalrous episodes, from the time when she came to Italy as the wife of Autari, King of the Longobards.
		Perhaps it was an object which the Longobards placed in their tombs to signify eternal life.
	free1.freeway.org /issue1/culture/monza.html (1471 words)

	San Miniato town
		Colonized by the Augustan legionaries San Miniato later was a military post with the name of "Quarto", but only as a consequence of the Longobards' invasion it became a village.
		In 783 the Longobards built a church here and consecrated it to the martyr Saint Miniato, whence the present name of the town.
		The castle was built in 962 by the Emperor Ottone I who founded there the seat of the Imperial Vicars with jurisdiction the all of Tuscany.
	www.aolmaia.com /sanminiato.html (2050 words)

	LINGUA IT - VERONA - Verona in the Italian History
		What is known is that the Ostrogothian King Teodorico brought his people to the region, choosing Verona to house his court where he ruled from a regal palace he built in the hills.
		His successor, King Alboino, ruled Verona during the period that the city was the capital of the Longobards of Italy.
		When Desiderio (the last of the Longobards) was defeated by the powerful Carlo Magno, Magno’s son Pipino elected the beautiful Verona as his place of residence.
	www.linguait.it /verona/en_cenni_storici.html (531 words)

	8th Century
		He had to fight against Liutprand, king of the Longobards, who began to invade and raid the territories of the Ducato, the first territorial nucleus of the future papal state.
		In France he crowned Pippin the Short as souvereign as thanks for his support against the Longobards and the donated territories.
		He reconstructed the aqueducts destroyed by the Longobards and the city walls.
	www.italycyberguide.com /History/popes/8th.htm (428 words)

	[No title]
		After having became a political, economical and militar strategical centre, the city increased its importance, also owing to the passage of the Appia Way, queen of the roads, and was embellished by the Romans with important buildings and monuments still visible.
		After the fall of the Roman Empire and a period of evident decadence, Benevento and the Sannio rose to new glory under the Longobard domination: the main town was before Duchy (517) with Zuccone I, then Principality with Arechi III.
		Probably it came from the fact that the Longobards met around a holy tree, the famous walnut of Benevento, uprooted after the conversion of the Longobards to the Catholicism carried out By the bishop Barbato.
	web.tiscali.it /citypocket-wolit/citypocketbenevento/story.htm (321 words)

	[No title]
		The worship of St. Michael was taken by Longobards to all the lands they had conquered.
		So throughout the Longobard kingdom a large number of churches and chapels was built and the sanctuary was restored and enlarged since the first half of the 7th century till the 8th century.
		It was also thanks to St. Barbato that the veneration for St. Michael played an important part in the religious unification of the Longobard people, split because of doctrinal and political reasons.
	www.enec.it /lealididio/eng/saggio9.html (537 words)

	Schulers Books (Venetian Life - 28/50)
		The Venetians continued to extend and confirm their commerce with those helpless and hungry warriors, and were ready also to open a lucrative trade with the Longobards when they descended into Italy about the year 570.
		While this hateful and enormous traffic in man was growing up, the Venetians enriched themselves by many other more blameless and legitimate forms of commerce, and gradually gathered into their grasp that whole trade of the East with Europe which passed through their hands for so many ages.
		From the time when they had assisted the Longobards against the Greeks, the Venetians found it to their interest to cultivate the friendship of the latter, until, in the twelfth century, they mastered the people so long caressed, and took their capital, under Enrico Dandolo.
	www.schulers.com /books/wd/v/Venetian_Life/Venetian_Life28.htm (1517 words)

	THE HOLY GRAAL (or HOLY GRAIL)
		But when he arrived to the Comacina island, because of the Longobards invasion, he was forced to stop.
		To the Holy Graal was given the merit of the succeeded resistance against the Longobards and it was build one church (on the island) in its honor.
		With the victory of the Longobards on trying to carry the Holy Graal in safe, hiding it in a lost place in Val Codera, from where its traces have gone lost.
	www.comacina.it /isola/holygral.htm (316 words)

	CAMPING LE CAPANNE - Camping di Charme- Italian campsite -Camping in Tuscany Maremma - Holiday in nature - Italia Vera ...
		The origins of this town hail back to the last of the Longobards, however many traces of the Etruscans and the Romans have been found in this area.
		The Castle of Castagneto passed from the Longobards to the powerful counts of Donoratico one of which was Gherardo, who gave his name to the Gherardesque family.
		To reward the Pisans for their help during the conquest of Southern Italy the emperor Arrigo VII gave them all the castles in the area and, thanks to the friendship that united the Gherardesque to the Pisan Republic, Castagneto grew in importance.
	www.campinglecapanne.it /eng/storia_maremma.php (288 words)

	Florence Italy: history and highlights
		In the 1st century BC the Roman colony of Florentia was founded over the earlier Etruscan settlement, and preserved till the Middle Age the ancient urban plane, made up of squared-off and uniform lines and a rectangular plane.
		With the fall of the Empire and the barbarian invasions of Byzantines and Longobards there was a dark period of decline for Florentia as well as for the other Italian cities.
		The territory started to rivive in the 8th century during the Carolingian Period when a feudal system was estabilished and the territory become a county of the Holy Roman Empire.
	www.inflorencetoday.com /curiosity (811 words)

	History of Umbria Italy Holiday Home Umbria Vacation Rentals - Real estate
		It has a very central, and therefore strategic location, acting both as a north/south crossroads and as a gateway between two seas, the Adriatic and the Tirrenian.
		As with many other areas of the country, Umbria has historically integrated and adapted to many diverse cultures, from Etruscans through to Romans, Longobards and on to the Pontifical state and becoming a destination for pilgrims from all over the world.
		Numerous archaeological finds have unearthed a human presence in Umbria dating back to Palaeolithic and Neolithic periods; flints and arrowheads have been found on several river plains and around the shores of Lake Trasimeno, and burial chambers close to Spoleto date to the time between the Bronze and Iron Ages.
	www.umbriangarden.com /history.html (198 words)

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