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Topic: Longwave radiation

In the News (Fri 1 Jan 10)

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Hugh Jackman

	Solar Radiation as a Factor in Arctic Weather and Climate
		About 50 percent of solar (or shortwave) radiation is reflected back into space, while the remaining shortwave radiation at the top of the atmosphere is absorbed by the earth's surface and re-radiated as thermal infrared (or longwave) radiation.
		The intensity of solar radiation striking a horizontal surface is measured by a pyranometer.
		Outgoing ("upwelling") longwave radiation is measured in various ways, such as with pyrgeometers or with sensors that measure the temperature of the surface.
	nsidc.org /arcticmet/factors/radiation.html (1048 words)

	Radiation and Atmospheric
		The radiation balance between shortwave and longwave radiation depends on a combination of temperature, clouds, concentrations of water vapor, ozone, carbon dioxide, and aerosols.
		Longwave radiative effects are determined to be a function of ground temperature, atmospheric temperature, specific humidity, and cloud amount (cloud amount is determined solely by relative humidity).
		Shortwave radiation in the cloudy scheme focuses on the absorption and scattering properties of cloud droplets.
	www.met.tamu.edu /class/metr452/models/2001/radiation.html (2380 words)

	Longwave Radiation at the Sea Surface
		In clear sky conditions, the longwave (wavelength from 4 to 50 micrometres), or thermal radiation incident to the surface, is a function of the temperature and humidity of the air in the vicinity of the surface (the warmer or more humid is the air, the higher is the longwave radiation at the surface).
		The longwave irradiance at the surface was calculated using the surface air temperature and humidity forecast by "Arpege" the French numerical model, while the cloud types were derived from Meteosat imagery.
		The downward longwave irradiance at the surface depends mainly on the near surface air temperature and humidity, cloud cover and emittance, height and temperature of the cloud base.
	www.wmo.ch /web/sat/en/ap4-09.htm (668 words)

	NASA Fact Sheets
		Unlike solar radiation, which is mostly at wavelengths visible to the human eye, the Earth's longwave radiation is mostly at infrared wavelengths, which are invisible to the human eye.
		However, a significant fraction of the longwave radiation emitted by the surface is absorbed by the air.
		On the other hand, the longwave radiation emitted downward from the base of a stratocumulus cloud does tend to warm the surface and the thin layer of air in between, but the preponderant cloud albedo forcing shields the surface from enough solar radiation that the net effect of these clouds is to cool the surface.
	www.gsfc.nasa.gov /gsfc/service/gallery/fact_sheets/earthsci/clouds.htm (2053 words)

	Outgoing Longwave Radiant Flux from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The geophysical data from which the outgoing longwave radiation data set is derived was originally produced by the ERBE Science Team, led by Dr. Bruce Barkstrom (Barkstrom et al., 1989) in the Atmospheric Sciences Division of NASA's Langley Research Center.
		The simultaneous short and longwave scanner observations for a given scene were used to identify the scene as one of twelve model types: clear land, desert, ocean, coast (mixed land & ocean) or snow; partly or mostly cloudy over land/desert, ocean, or coast; the twelfth scene was overcast (Wielicke and Green, 1989).
		Radiation budget studies (absorption and emission of solar and longwave radiation by ocean, land and atmospheric gases.) (Kyle et al., 1986)
	daac.gsfc.nasa.gov /interdisc/readmes/erbe.shtml (2789 words)

	[No title]
		Likewise, recall that shortwave radiation from the sun is being absorbed by the soot cloud.
		Net Radiation: The change in the net downward radiation depends on the magnitude of the change in downward shortwave and longwave radiation.
		Some of you were concerned about the radiative effects of vapor and clouds, and about the fact that changing the distribution of humidity and clouds could have an effect on the global temperature.
	www.atmos.washington.edu /~101ta/spr98/midterm_answers.fm.html (2077 words)

	ATM 10 -2000
		Since radiant energy is the only mechanism by which the earth/atmosphere system can exchange energy with space, there must be a state of radiation balance (the earth loses as much radiant energy as it gains from the sun), assuming that the earth’s temperature is approximately steady-state, and is not increasing or decreasing forever.
		Most of the radiation (longwave) emitted by the earth surface is absorbed by the atmosphere but, because the atmosphere is a good absorber, it is also a good emitter (Kirchhoff’s law) and reemits a large portion of the absorbed energy back to the surface.
		The blue sky color humans perceive is also related to the spectrum of radiation from the sun, which has less energy in the shorter violet wavelengths than in the blue wavelengths, and the sensitivity of the retina to colors.
	atm.ucdavis.edu /mmg/atm60_2005/note/radiation.htm (1824 words)

	GFS Cloud Effects on Short- and Longwave Radiation, Page 2c (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The new GFS cloud and radiation scheme makes use of the predicted cloud water path and the model layer temperatures where cloud is found, in determining the optical thickness of the cloud radiation, after Slingo (1989), Chou et al.
		Since less solar radiation is thus absorbed in the model's upper troposphere, this modification reduces the warm bias in the upper troposphere that had appeared with the addition of predicted cloud water to the GFS in the spring of 2001.
		For long wave radiation, the important factor is the cloud emissivity/absorptivity, which is strongly dependent on the effective size of the cloud particles.
	meted.ucar.edu /nwp/pcu2/avclrd2c.htm (892 words)

	Earth Radiation Budget
		The Earth Radiation Budget is the balance between incoming energy from the sun and the outgoing longwave (thermal) and reflected shortwave energy from the Earth.
		The downward shortwave radiation may be reflected to the space absorbed in the atmosphere and absorbed at the ground.
		The downward longwave radiation is mostly from the atmosphere.
	marine.rutgers.edu /mrs/education/class/yuri/erb.html (553 words)

	7(i) Net Radiation and the Planetary Energy Balance
		of solar radiation are scattered in the atmosphere subsequently absorbed at the surface as
		is diffused shortwave radiation (scattered insolation) at the surface,
		NASA's Surface Radiation Budget Project has used satellite data, computer models, and meteorological data to determine surface net shortwave radiation, net longwave radiation, and net radiation balances for the period July 1983 to June 1991.
	www.physicalgeography.net /fundamentals/7i.html (659 words)

	South Pole Atmosphere Radiation and Cloud LIDAR Experiment (SPARCLE): Experiment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Climatic processes involving longwave radiation will be studied at South Pole Station during the austral summer of 1999-2000 and a full year 2000-2001, expanding on an experiment carried out in 1992.
		Processes involving atmospheric longwave radiation, which occur worldwide in the upper troposphere and are important for global climate, can be studied at the surface of the Antarctic Plateau.
		For computation of radiation absorption and scattering, the accuracy of rpresenting a long column or a thin plate by an assembly of spheres, rather than by a single "equivalent" sphere, will be assessed.
	www.atmos.washington.edu /~sgwgroup/experiment.html (1035 words)

	Terrestrial radiation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Both the earth and the atmosphere emit the most radiation in the longwave parts of the spectrum (Wien's law).
		terrestrial radiation (radiation from the earth and the atmosphere) is also termed "longwave radiation" because most of the energy emitted by the earth and the atmosphere is at relatively long wavelengths
		The exchange of longwave radiation between the earth's surface and the atmosphere is the atmospheric greenhouse effect:
	www.geog.umn.edu /faculty/klink/geog1425/radn_terrest.html (569 words)

	Solar Radiation Study Guide, Physical Geography, College of Alameda
		A radiation balance exists between the sun's shortwave radiation (0.2-5 microns) and the earth's longwave radiation (3-50 microns).
		Longwave radiation is emitted from the earth's surface into the atmosphere.
		A global radiation balance is maintained by the poleward transfer of heat from regions of energy surplus to regions of energy deficit.
	members.aol.com /rhaberlin/srstyg.htm (616 words)

	Appendix A
		= total net radiation, LE = latent (energy due to evaporation) heat flux, H = sensible (convective) heat flux, and G = downward heat flux due to conduction of the surface.
		Longwave radiation entering the surface is due primarily to radiation that has been absorbed and reemitted downward by the atmosphere.
		Similarly, the surface itself radiates longwave energy upward as a function of surface temperature.
	www.unm.edu /~ocromero/final/causes.htm (1041 words)

	WXWISE ERBE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The minimum in OLR, or the longwave emitted flux near the equator is due to the high cloud tops associated with the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ), a region of persistent thunderstorms.
		The annual variation in net radiative energy follows that of the solar declination due to the annual variation of the incoming solar energy being greater than the annual variation of the albedo.
		In general, the absorbed solar radiation exceeds the outgoing longwave radiation in the tropical and subtropical regions, resulting in a net radiative heating of the planet, while in the middle to polar latitudes there is a net cooling.
	cimss.ssec.wisc.edu /wxwise/homerbe.html (1911 words)

	Net Radiation Instruments
		is the difference between total upward and downward radiation fluxes and is a measure of the energy available at the ground surface.
		The receiving surface of a net radiometer is a flened plate across which there is a thermopile with one set of junctions in contact with the upper face and the other set attached to the lower face.
		This polyethylene material is virtually transparent to radiation with wavelengths in the range of 0.3 to 100µm.
	snrs.unl.edu /agmet/408/instruments/netrad.html (1104 words)

	Impact of Clouds on the Radiation Balance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The amount of energy radiated from a body (such as the earth or a cloud) per unit area per unit time is given by the Stefan-Boltzmann equation given in figure 1.
		Figure 2, produced by the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) program of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (Harrison et al, 1988), shows a map of outgoing longwave radiation, in Wm, for the month of April 1985 under clear-sky conditions.
		A notable feature of this plot is that, while the South American and African minima in outgoing longwave radiation are confined to the continental borders, the longitudinally extended minimum in outgoing longwave radiation over Indonesia is much larger and spans a large area of ocean.
	www.iitap.iastate.edu /gccourse/influ/influ_lecture_new.html (1644 words)

	Polar Climate - Temperature
		During midday hours, the net short wave radiation is typically greater than the net longwave radiation, the result is surface warming.
		Note that on their respective summer solstices, the North and South Poles actually receive more solar radiation than anywhere else in the world, although in today's climate most of the solar radiation reaching the surface in polar regions is reflected back due to the high albedos of snow and ice.
		"Albedo" is the reflected solar radiation divided by the incoming solar radiation.
	www.weather.nps.navy.mil /~psguest/polarmet/climate/tempcauses.html (1176 words)

	Radiation Quantities
		DASILVA SMD94 anomalies: outgoing longwave radiation data (Jan 1945 to Dec 1993 by 1; 0.5E to 0.5W by 1; 89.5S to 89.5N by 1)
		DASILVA SMD94 climatology: outgoing longwave radiation data (Jan to Dec by 1; 0.5E to 0.5W by 1; 89.5S to 89.5N by 1)
		DASILVA SMD94 halfbyhalf climatology: outgoing longwave radiation data (Jan to Dec by 1; 0.5E to 0.5W by 1; 89.5S to 89.5N by 1)
	www.science.gmu.edu /~yvikhlya/data/radiat.html (1582 words)

	Chapter Two: The Earth's Global Energy Balance
		Electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy emitted by all bodies in the form of waves.
		Carbon dioxide and water vapor are good absorbers of longwave radiation and re-emit the energy as counterradiation thus contributing to the greenhouse effect.
		The absorption of radiation by the earth depends on the surface's albedo or reflectivity.
	www.wiley.com /college/strahler/student/chapter_2.html (527 words)

	EOS Homepage - The Earth Observing System Educators' Visual Materials (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		When incoming shortwave solar radiation, known as insolation, enters the Earth's climate system, a portion of it is absorbed at the Earth's surface, causing the surface to heat up.
		Cloud layers trap some of the radiation from the Earth's surface, and then emit longwave radiation, both outward and back to the surface.
		The amount of radiation emitted by the Earth's surface that makes it back to space is the result of many interrelated influences, such as the amount of cloud cover, cloud heights, characteristics of cloud droplets, amount and distribution of water vapor and other greenhouse gases, land features, surface temperature, and the transparency of the atmosphere.
	eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov /eos_homepage/for_educators/eos_edu_pack/p05.php (345 words)

	CIDC: Radiation and Clouds
		A combination of satellite-measured radiances, ice/snow cover datasets and TOVS atmospheric temperature/humidity are used by ISCCP to produce a global dataset on cloud and surface variables.
		A combination of satellite-measured radiances, TOVS atmospheric temperature/humidity and ice/snow data are used by ISCCP to produce a global dataset on cloud and surface variables.
		The surface radiation budget (SRB) is a basic climate and biosphere parameter which affects the surface heat and moisture budget as well as biological productivity.
	badc.nerc.ac.uk /data/cidc/radiation.html (1379 words)

	ADS Abstract Service Results
		The spatial autocorrelation functions of broad-band longwave and shortwave radiances measured by the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) are analyzed as a function of view angle in an investigation of the general effects of scene inhomogeneity on radiation.
		The ERBE algorithm is applied to the Nimbus-7 earth radiation budget (ERB) scanner data for June 1979 to analyze the performance of an inversion method in deriving top-of-atmosphere albedos and longwave radiative fluxes.
		These radiances are converted to radiant exitances at the reference level by use of directional models, which account for anisotropy of the radiation as it leaves the earth.
	sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu /~peria/abstracts/erbe.html (4953 words)

	PhySci 134: Planetary Radiation Budget and the 1-Layer Greenhouse Effect
		One process the incoming and outgoing heat flux terms represent is the effect of vertical radiative fluxes (for example, heating by incoming solar radiation).
		This is, however, not so realistic, because in actuality some non-trivial fraction of the incoming solar radiation is reflected back to space right at the top of the atmosphere, before it had a chance to warm any element of the climate system.
		Since we assumed no solar absorption, this budget comprises only longwave terms: the atmosphere is heated from below by the upwelling terrestrial longwave radiation, and is cooled by its own longwave loss to space (affectionately known in the trade as OLR, outgoing longwave radiation).
	geosci.uchicago.edu /~gidon/physci134/1layer/1layer.html (1445 words)

	GFS Cloud Effects on Short- and Longwave Radiation, Page 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In the GFS, after the short- and longwave radiation transfer through the atmosphere and the amount of short- and longwave radiation that would reach the surface is calculated for clear-sky conditions, the effect of clouds on radiation is taken into account.
		Calculating the final net short and longwave radiation reaching the model surface and the net short- and longwave heating/cooling rates in each model layer, due both to clear-sky and cloud radiation effects
		The resulting cloud water amount in each layer then interacts with the incoming and outgoing short- and longwave radiation, depending on the temperature and pressure of the cloud.
	meted.ucar.edu /nwp/pcu2/avclrad2.htm (205 words)

	Longwave Radiation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Both the Earth and the atmosphere emit longwave radiation — how much each emits is a function of temperature.
		At the Earth's surface, emission is simply a function of surface temperature: the higher it is, the more longwave radiation is emitted.
		In this simplified version, these variables have been decoupled and you can manipulate cloud cover alone to examine what effect it has on incoming longwave radiation.
	people.cas.sc.edu /carbone/modules/mods4car/longwave/index.html (92 words)

	Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) Project Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The goal of the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment is to produce monthly averages of longwave and shortwave radiation parameters on the Earth at regional to global scales.
		Radiation Budget and Cloud in the NMC Medium Range Forecast Model: A Case Study, IAMAP: Symposium on the Earth Radiation Budget.
		The radiant flux per unit solid angle per unit of projected area of the source; usual unit is the watt per square meter per steradian.
	eosweb.larc.nasa.gov /GUIDE/campaign_documents/erbe_project.html (8378 words)

	CPC: Monitoring and Data - Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR)
		Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) data at the top of the atmosphere are observed from the AVHRR instrument aboard the NOAA polar orbiting spacecraft.
		Gruber A. and A. Krueger, 1984: The Status of hte NOAA Outgoing Longwave Radiation Data Set.
		Janowiak J. E., A.F.Krueger, P.A. Arkin and A. Gruber, 1985: Atlas of Outgoing Longwave Radiation Derived from NOAA Satellite Data NOAA Atlas No. 6 (Available from Climate Prediction Center), 44pp.
	www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov /products/global_precip/html/wpage.olr.html (234 words)

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