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Topic: Lophophore

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	Lophophore - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The lophophore is a characteristic feeding organ possessed by three major groups of animals: the Brachiopoda, Bryozoa, and Phoronida.
		Phoronids have their lophophores in plain view, but brachiopods must be opened wide to get a good view of their lophophore.
		The gut is U-shaped with the anterior mouth at the center of the lophophore.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Lophophore (175 words)

	Ectoprocta - Encyclopedia.com
		The body wall of each zooid forms a tubular or boxlike case from which a circular or U-shaped crown of ciliated tentacles, the lophophore, is extended for feeding.
		The lophophore is circular and protrusion depends on body wall deformation.
		Convergence in the feeding apparatuses of lophophorates and pterobranch hemichordates revealed by 18S rDNA: an interpretation.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Ectoproc.html (862 words)

	New data on the lophophore anatomy of Early Cambrian linguloids from the Chengjiang Lagerstätte, Southwest China
		Of Atdabanian age, this succession of forms is mirrored in the ontogeny of the lophophore of Recent linguloids, thus demonstrating a close similarity in the development of the lophophores of Cambrian and Recent forms.
		The shape and disposition of the lophophore are apposite with both the inhalant and exhalant “apertures” of brachiopods and with the orientation of the brachiopod shell (Emig, 1992).
		Lophophore palisades and the brachial lip in the trocholophe stage are of critical importance to an understanding of brachiopod phylogeny (Holmer et alii, 1995).
	paleopolis.rediris.es /cg/CG2004_L04/index.html (3302 words)

	Phoronidea - LoveToKnow 1911
		The praeseptal cavity is a vascular space, since it is in free communication with the dorsal vessel of the larva, and it persists in part as the two lophophoral vascular crescents of the adult.
		There is, however, a considerable amount of resemblance between the lophophore of Phoronis australis, with its spirally twisted ends, and that of a typical Brachiopod; nor do the structural details of the adult Brachiopods forbid the view that they may be related to Phoronis.
		The epistome of the adult Phoronis cannot well be the proboscis since its cavity is continuous with the lophophoral coelom, and because the praeoral hood of Actinotrocha is entirely lost at the metamorphosis.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Phoronidea (1907 words)

	Lander University \| Zoobotryon
		The gut is U-shaped with the anterior mouth at the center of the lophophore.
		The tentacles are hollow with extensions of the mesocoel and are ciliated.
		The anus is outside the ring of the lophophore, as it is in all lophophorates.
	webs.lander.edu /rsfox/invertebrates/zoobotryon.html (2673 words)

	lophophore - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Endoprocts, which are marine except for one freshwater species, have a globular body that is mounted on a stalk.
		The lophophore consists of between 1 and many hundreds of tentacles depending on species.
		The metasome (or trunk, with the metacoelom) is slender and cylindrical and is used to anchor the body at the...
	encarta.msn.com /lophophore.html (176 words)

	Bryozoans
		The gelatinous, encrusting colonies are frequently yellowish, and horseshoe-shaped lophophores are larger than those of other genera.
		Colonies are composed of a number of amber-colored units, each housing a single animal with a circular lophophore.
		Although they lack obvious receptors, the lophophores a re sensitive to light and movement and retract promptly when disturbed.
	www.northern.edu /natsource/INVERT1/Bryozo1.htm (1754 words)

	lophophore - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Phoronids have a U-shaped gut because the lower part of the body is greatly elongated.
		They live in tubes, with the lophophore and anus at the open...
		Brachiopods are filter feeders, using a special feeding organ called a lophophore.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /lophophore.html (154 words)

	Featherless Duster Worms and Lamp Shells by Ronald L. Shimek, Ph.D. - Reefkeeping.com
		The lophophore tentacles are clearly visible as is the red line of the major internal blood vessel.
		A lophophore is a band of ciliated tentacles found along a ridge slightly elevated from the surface of the animal.
		The tentacles of the feather-duster worms have a similar architecture and function, but unlike the feather dusters, the tentacles of the lophophorate animals are generally smaller, unbranched, more numerous for the size of the animal, and they don't have a feather-like appearance.
	www.reefkeeping.com /issues/2002-12/rs/index.php (3009 words)

	The Lophophorates (Phoronids, Brachiopods, Bryozoans) and Entoprocts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The lophophore is a circumoral (i.e., around the mouth) body region characterized by a circular or U-shaped ridge around the mouth.
		The internal space within the lophophore and its tentacles is always a coelomic cavity, and the anus always lies outside the circle of tentacles.
		All lophophorates are sessile or sedentary suspension feeders, employing the lophophore cilia to capture phyoplankton and small planktonic animals, and no lophophorate has a distinct head.
	bama.ua.edu /~clydeard/bsc376/lecture28.htm (896 words)

	Digital Zoology: Phoronida
		lophophore; and the metasome, the rest of the trunk, which includes an enlarged end bulb, or ampulla, at the posterior end that anchors the animal in its burrow.
		Phoronids are filter feeders, although some may absorb dissolved organic matter directly, and capture food from water pumped across the lophophore by cilia that pull water into the center of the lophophore and push it out at the base of the tentacles.
		Molecular data place the phoronids and their lophophore friends this in with the protostomes, confirming the importance of the protostomes, rather than the deuterostome, traits.
	salinella.bio.uottawa.ca /DigitalZoology/Phoronid/default.php?Phor_Phor_Readabout.htm??E?Md1ChapterMcp1?Md1Ch2SectionMcp1 (608 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Lophotrochozoa
		The other four phyla are united by the presence of a lophophore, a fan of ciliated tentacles surrounding the mouth, and so were treated together as the lophophorates.
		However, it appears that neither the lophophorates nor the Trochozoa are monophyletic groups by themselves, but are mixed together.
		The other four phyla are traditionally grouped together as the lophophorates, named for the common presence of a lophophore, a fan of cilia surrounding the mouth.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Lophotrochozoa (1013 words)

	Lophophorates (info
		Lophophorates seem to be a transitional group between protostomes and deuterostomes.
		Lophophorates are characterized by the presence of a lophophore.
		A lophophore is a circular or U-shaped ridge around the mouth bearing one or two rows of ciliated hollow tentacles.
	www.personal.psu.edu /users/l/a/las5020/Lophophorates.htm (125 words)

	Cyclostome bryozoans
		Gut and lophophore are the principal components of the polypide.
		Protrusion of the lophophore is brought about by elevation of hydrostatic pressure following contraction of the muscles of the membranous sac which squeezes the polypide like a tube of toothpaste.
		Withdrawal of the lophophore into the safety of the tubular skeleton occurs by rapid contraction of the reatractor muscles anchored to the base of the lophophore.
	porites.geology.uiowa.edu /database/bryozoa/cyclointro.htm (1714 words)

	Morphology
		The lophophore is a looping tentacled organ that provides a circulating current through the shell from which it extracts food and oxygen.
		The lophophore is also of important taxonomic significance since it relates the brachiopods to the phoronid worms and the byrozoa.
		The lophophore is primarily supported by an internal soft tissue hydrostatic skeleton that only very infrequently leaves direct physical evidence in the fossil record.
	home.san.rr.com /bmoore/morphology.htm (612 words)

	info: Lophophore (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The metasome (or trunk, with the metacoelom) is slender and cylindrical and is used to anchor the body at the...
		Lophophore definition, words related to lophophore, proper usage and pronunciation of the word...
		New data on the lophophore anatomy of Early Cambrian linguloids from...
	www.napoli-pizza.net /Lophophore.html (474 words)

	Reproduction
		Brachiopods have chitinous setae lining the edges of the valves and when the lophophore cilia generate a current-the valves are held slightly open and the setae act as a coarse sieve to screen out large particles.
		It is fairly clear that lophophorates are closely related to each other except for the entoprocts that are believed to exhibit convergent evolution of this feeding organ.
		Lophophorates have clear affinities with the deuterostomes-the echinoderms and chordates.
	comenius.susqu.edu /bi/322/IZLecture35.htm (2982 words)

	Chapter Synopsis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The lophophorates are a group of three small phyla that are relatively small with respect to number of species, but that share some common traits.
		The lophophorates are grouped together by the lophophore feeding and respiratory apparatus.
		The lophophore occupies the anterior part of the space between the shells, and the lophophore functions as in other lophophorates, in feeding by filter feeding, and in respiration.
	www.mhhe.com /biosci/pae/zoology/hickman11/student/olc/chapter22-synopsis.mhtml (697 words)

	Anatomy
		Each colony arises by asexual budding from a primary zooid or ancestrula formed by the methamorphosis of a sexually produced larva, or from a resting bud (statoblast) in the freshwater class Phylactolaemata; the zooids normally remain in communication throughout the colony.
		The lophophore and the tentacle crown can be retracted in to the body cavity by means of the 'retractor muscle'.
		The lophophore and thus the tentacle crown are retracted fast.
	www.bryozoans.nl /algemeen/en/anatomy.html (648 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The prosoma is a small pre-oral section, the mesasoma is second and holds the mouth and the lophophore, and the metasoma is last which is the largest region of the body containing all the other organs and bears the anus (Barnes et al, 2001).
		The Lophophorates were placed with the deuterostomes because they showed radial cleavage, enterocoely, and with the exception of phoronids, their mouths were not derived from the blastopore (Brusca and Brusca, 2003).
		Doherty (2001) believes that the Lophophorates should be placed with the protostomes because the mouth develops from the blastopore and there is a frequent use of chitin in these organisms which are rare characters in deuterostomes.
	www.susqu.edu /students/L/laitem/Growl3.doc (2484 words)

	Ectoprocta. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The body wall of each zooid forms a tubular or boxlike case from which a circular or U-shaped crown of ciliated tentacles, the lophophore, is extended for feeding.
		Protrusion of the circular lophophore does not depend on muscular deformation of body walls.
		The lophophore is circular and protrusion depends on body wall deformation.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ec/Ectoproc.html (316 words)

	Bryozoan Introduction
		They, along with the Phoronids (worm-like animals) and the Brachiopods (bivalve-like animals sometimes referred to as lampshells) are thus classified based on the presence of a specialized feeding structure called a lophophore, an extension of the body wall into a tentacled structure that surrounds the mouth and is either horseshoe-shaped or circular.
		Zooids of most species are enclosed in a protective tunic made from either chitin (a tough protein also found in insect exoskeletons) or calcium carbonate.
		This exoskeleton has an orifice, or opening, through which the lophophore is extended into the water column for feeding.
	www.sms.si.edu /irlspec/IntroBryozoa.htm (974 words)

	Brachiopods
		The lophophore takes up about 2/3 of the space inside the shell, with the body of the animal occupying the remaining third.
		The other valve holds the lophophore or brachia and of course is called the brachial valve.
		The lophophore is supported by a calcerous structure called the brachidium.
	www.fossils-facts-and-finds.com /brachiopods.html (422 words)

	Inter Research » MEPS » v154 » p223-239
		The particle capture mechanism in ectoprocts was described, and the pumping rates in 15 species of marine ectoprocts with divergent lophophore morphometry were quantified in order to comprehend and characterize the lophophore as a filter-pump.
		These observations, supplemented with theoretical calculations, support the assumption that a mechanical laterofrontal-filter is at work which filters the water while the central current, created by the special lophophore pump-design, together with the flicking action of the tentacles, cleans the filter and transport the particles towards the mouth.
		The video recordings of particle trajectories revealed that there is a velocity profile at the lophophore entrance, the highest velocities being found in the central part of the lophophore.
	www.int-res.com /abstracts/meps/v154/p223-239 (528 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Nielsen (2001) and Brusca (1998) have suggested that the lophophore in both the Brachiopods and Phoronids is not homologous to the lophophore of the Ectoprocts.
		In the analysis of lophophore evolutionary history, the yellow branches depict the absence of a lophophore and blue branches are representative of the presence of a lophophore.
		The Ectoprocts, however, possess a lophophore, have a nervous system consisting of a nerve ring, do not have an excretory system, cleave radially during development, are enterocoelic, and have a true coelom for their body cavity.
	www.susqu.edu /students/m/mcmullen/MGPT-PUBLISH.DOC (3279 words)

	The Bryozoans (Phylum Bryozoa)
		They have a U-shaped gut and a lophophore of ciliated tentacles that generate a water current and trap small particles of food on a constantly moving stream of mucous.
		The base of the lophophore is circular in marine forms and horse-shoe shaped in fresh-water forms.
		The nervous system is composed of a single bilobed ganglion at the base of the lophophore near the pharynx.
	www.earthlife.net /inverts/bryozoa.html (2007 words)

	The Lamp Shells (Phylum Brachiopoda)
		The lophophore, which is the animals feeding and respiratory mechanism is supported, except in very small species (less than 5mm) by a stiffening rod or calcareous loop that arises from the inner surface of the shell.
		Smaller cilia drive a flow of mucous along the lophophore arms and into the animals mouth, food particles are trapped in the mucous and eventually are digested by the animal.
		The continual flow of water over the lophophore arms also makes them the ideal organ for gaseous exchange and it is here, and over the mantle lobes that respiration takes place.
	www.earthlife.net /inverts/brachiopoda.html (2043 words)

	Bryozoans
		Each zooid is less than a millimeter long and has a ring of ciliated tentacles centered on the mouth called a lophophore,
		The lophophore can be retracted very rapidly by specialized retractor muscles.
		The mouth opens into a U-shaped gut; the anus is located just outside the lophophore.
	www.fiu.edu /~goldberg/coralreefs/Bryozoans.htm (656 words)

	Lophophorates
		The basic body usually consists of the lophophore, a set of muscles for protruding and retracting the lophophore, a digestive system, and a set of funicular strands (in gymnolaemates) or pores (in stenolaemates) through which the individual zooid can communicate with the rest of the colony.
		The valve to which the lophophore is attached is called the brachial valve, and is defined as being dorsally oriented.
		Note the lophophore and mantle canals visible in the specimen, and the small hairlike setae protruding out of the shell form the edges of the mantle.
	www.geo.arizona.edu /geo3xx/geo308_fall2002/backup/loph.html (2031 words)

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