Loran-C - Factbites

Loran-C - Factbites
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Topic: Loran-C

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	LORAN - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		GRI 9960, the designation for the LORAN chain serving the Northeast U.S. Due to the nature of hyperbolic curves, it is possible for a particular combination of a master and 2 slave stations to result in a "grid" where the axes intersect at acute angles.
		LORAN (LOng RAnge Navigation) is a terrestrial navigation system using low frequency radio transmitters that use the time interval between radio signals received from three or more stations to determine the position of a ship or aircraft.
		The navigational method provided by LORAN is based on the principle of the time difference between the receipt of signals from a pair of radio transmitters.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/LORAN (1706 words)

	LORAN Links
		Since LORAN is utilized by multiple transportation systems, not exclusively marine vessels, and in light of continued budget cuts, the Coast Guard is seeking to share the upkeep of LORAN with another government agency such as the Department of Transportation.
		LORAN is reliable; the transmission is secure, and the pulse can travel along the contours of the earth for great distances, thus providing excellent range with no line of site requirement.
		LORAN, which is used for navigation, is currently operated and maintained by the U.S. Coast Guard.
	www.sinc.sunysb.edu /Class/cei511/fiore.htm (491 words)

	Loran Primer
		Loran not only complements satellite systems, it is a fully independent source of position, velocity, and time.
		With Loran the absolute accuracy of the lat/lon position is a function of effects (Additional Secondary Factor or ASF) to the signal passing over irregular terrain.
		Loran is the transmission of precisely spaced pulses from which users can derive information of position, velocity, time, and/or data.
	www.megapulse.com /loranprimer.html (429 words)

	GPS vulnerability & the future of Loran
		The latest thinking in loran is to synchronize all stations, master and secondary, to a single, absolute time reference and allow receivers to dispense with chains altogether and use signals from all the stations it can receive at any given time to calculate an even more accurate position.
		Loran receivers were originally designed to use only the master and secondary stations from a single loran chain.
		Loran, as it now stands, is a highly capable radio-navigation system, but it can be made even more effective using current technology.
	www.landfallnavigation.com /loran.html (714 words)

	Loran-A
		It was known as SS (sky-wave-synchronized) Loran In the SS Loran system, the slave station of a pair was synchronized by a sky-wave pulse reflected from the 'E' layer, rather than by the ground wave as in standard Loran.
		Loran-A operated in the 1850 to 1950 kHz band, used pulse-time difference as its operating principle and generally speaking had a day/night range of about 800 to 1600 nm depending on whose reference you read.
		Loran-A closures came much to the delight of amateur radio operators who had to share their 160 meter band with Loran on a secondary basis for so many years.
	www.jproc.ca /hyperbolic/loran_a.html (3566 words)

	AN EXPLANATION OF LORAN, GPS AND DGPS
		LORAN has poor absolute accuracy, since it transmits at a relatively low frequency (100 kHz), and due to electrical interference caused by the distance and bearing from the LORAN transmitters, other electronic transmissions (TV, microwave, etc.) and the weather between the receiver and the transmitters.
		The LORAN system was scheduled to be shut down on December 31, 2000 due to federal budget concerns, but recent lobbying by navigational and aviation interests in Washington appears to have been successful in keeping the LORAN-C system operational until at least 2005.
		LORAN has an absolute accuracy of only about 600 feet in a strong signal coverage area and in favorable weather conditions.
	www.floridaconservation.org /marine/lorangpsdgps.htm (1409 words)

	The Case for Loran - G. Linn Roth
		Loran penetration into cities and its ability to provide an indefinite backup to GPS in timing applications are two additional advantages Loran provides in telecommunication applications.
		GPS calibrated Loran would therefore enable Loran to operate with an absolute accuracy comparable to GPS, and most importantly, to function as a highly accurate, independent radionavigation system in situations where GPS was unavailable.
		Currently Loran is limited to the Northern Hemisphere, where it covers substantial areas of the Pacific Rim, China, Russia, Northern Europe, North America, and there are smaller systems such as those in India and Saudi Arabia.
	www.loran.org /NewsAndLiterature/TheCaseForLoran/TheCaseForLoran.htm (3146 words)

	GPS vs LORAN
		An earlier version known as LORAN-A was used up until 1957 when it was replaced by LORAN-C. Russia has a compatible LORAN system called Chayka (which means seagull) which includes 8 high power stations, bringing to a total 41 high power stations worldwide.
		LORAN provides a precise time reference for telephone, power and other entities who require very precise timing information.
		Typically LORAN receivers for aviation have pre-programmed in the locations of VOR, NDB, Intersections and Airports.
	www.ac11.org /gpsvs.htm (1392 words)

	Austron 2100 Loran
		While a stationary receiver is tracking a loran C signal, the change in the receiver's tracking hardware to keep it on the zero crossing of the 100 kHz carrier is directly proportional to the frequency difference between the transmitter's cesium standard and the local reference being used by the receiver.
		Timing, using loran C, is accomplished by synchronizing the receiver 1 pps to the tracking point of the RF, during the GRI that is coincident with a UTC second.
		This is the hardest correction to estimate because the propagation speed of the loran C signal varies significantly as it passes over different surfaces (sea water, fresh water, dry soil, marshes, mountains, etc.).
	www.leapsecond.com /museum/au2100/sync.htm (3906 words)

	TFT Codex 2000 - Loran Campaign
		The Loran Federation is a group of allied city states under the nominal leadership of the city of Loran.
		The Loran Federation is greatly reduced from its former extent, when it founded most of the cities and provinces of the lowland plains.
		The armies of the Loran Federation are based around the Citizen spear units of the various cities, suplemented by tribal mercenaries from neighboring provinces.
	www.loran.karoo.net /campaign/states.html (2413 words)

	OutdoorsBest Forums: Loran to GPS Help please
		The loran signals, however, travel the nap of the earth and bend around the earth since the transmitter and receiver are both close to the ground and the signals either have to go through the earth or around it.
		LORAN repeatable accuracy is questionable, but I am gessing that your opinion would be that it is within five feet.
		The loran signals is a long wave signal with a 2 mile wavelength unlike GPS that has an 8 inch wavelength.
	outdoorsbest.zeroforum.com /zerothread?id=316287 (4144 words)

	Pat's Boating in Canada: Loran-C
		A portable Loran can be quite useless if the antenna is in the wrong location to get a good signal or conditions are not ideal.
		Fortunately, the Canadian Hydrographic Services (CHS) Loran chart overlays are corrected for this land effect, making very accurate navigation possible even on the Great Lakes - using the actual TD output of the receiver instead of the lat/long readout (calculated assuming open-water signal paths).
		The traditional 6-foot electrical field Loran antenna will be replaced with a magnetic field antenna about 2 inches high, which will be very immune to interference from static, such as from lightning.
	boating.ncf.ca /loran.html (361 words)

	loran on Encyclopedia.com
		LORAN [loran], long-range, accurate radio navigational system used by a ship or aircraft to confirm or to determine its geographical position.
		Loran, operating in the 1,700-kHz range, measures the time-of-arrival difference between two signals transmitted from two geographically separated ground stations.
		RE: Loran Taps Ex-Novell Marketing Exec; ManageWise Experience Valued in Managing Firm's Growth
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/l1/loran.asp (771 words)

	New Page 2
		Note: A loran receiver measures differences in the times of arrival of the signals from the various stations.
		While Global Positioning Systems (GPS) use satellites for navigation, LORAN uses ground stations to transmit signals to the LORAN reciever which are less expensive to maintain.
		Thus LORAN is considered a viable alternative to GPS.
	www.sinc.sunysb.edu /Class/cei511/loran.htm (195 words)

	AIN Online March 2004: Report could give loran new life as GPS backup
		But the major input to loran’s possible recognition as a future complement to GPS is expected late this month, when the report of a three-year, multi-agency, industry and university loran evaluation team study will be submitted to the Departments of Transportation and Homeland Security.
		Another announcement that buoyed the loran community’s spirits came in the February report of a high-level federal government radionavigation systems task force, which was charged in December 2001 by Transportation Secretary Norman Mineta with recommending an economical investment strategy for the future mix of navigation systems.
		Most of these funds have gone toward upgrading the nationwide loran transmitter network, converting old tube-type equipment to new solid-state units and improving its precise timing capabilities, although the system was already one of just three–the other two being GPS and laboratory atomic clocks–that met the nation’s highest Stratum 1 timekeeping standards.
	www.ainonline.com /issues/03_04/03_04_reportgpsp62.html (610 words)

	History of Satellite Navigation
		LORAN stands for LOng Range Navigation and was developed in response to the need for precise navigation for military ships and aircraft.
		The LORAN-A (standard LORAN) system was developed during World War II at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
		It was developed to provide the Department of Defense (DOD) with a radionavigation capability with longer range and much greater accuracy than its predecessor, Loran-A. Loran-C is the federally provided radionavigation system for civil marine use in U.S. coastal waters.
	www.redsword.com /GPS/old/sum_pre.htm (1020 words)

	GPS Safety Net GPS - Loran Prototype Processor - GPS World
		Neither of these MMR voltages was matched to the requirements of the Loran receiver, and both supplies were necessary to provide the total wattage needed to power the Loran receiver.
		All position estimates and raw Loran data are provided by means of ARINC 429 and RS232 output formats for data logging.
		Concurrently, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) implemented an active Loran assessment program.
	www.gpsworld.com /gpsworld/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=57972 (1263 words)

	Andren Software - LoranGPS Loran GPS Conversion Software, Plot, Map, Upload your coordinates to your GPS directly.
		Loran chains are represented by the Group Repetition Interval (GRI) as shown on the chart.
		When using the Loran program to convert Loran chain numbers, it is possible to achieve an accuracy of better than 0.2 microseconds for "C" readings (about 100 ft.) and 2 microseconds for old "A" numbers.
		For the past twelve years, when the decommissioning of LORAN was decreed, we have all engaged in a struggle to save this marvelous, multi-functional technology from abandonment.
	www.andren.com /faq.cfm (5933 words)

	# 32189: loran number conversions to gps 9/21/00 11:23:00 AM
		There are lots of variablilites in the loran calculations, and all the conversion programs are an approximation - 1000 feet in my experience (plus the variations in loran are dependent on your geographic location).
		If the X and the Y LORAN grid lines cross each other at a 90 degree angle it will be pretty accurate - the farther off from 90 degrees they are the less accurate the original LORAN numbers are.
		Billy, you'll never find your exact Loran numbers with any puter program.
	www.wmi.org /saltfish/saltboard/t32189.htm (1397 words)

	MSN Encarta - Loran
		Loran, abbreviation of the phrase long range navigation, used to designate a radio navigation system developed during World War II.
		Become a subscriber today and gain access to:
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761574417/Loran.html (74 words)

	Geographic Information System Loran-C Coverage Modeling
		Loran- C coverage prediction and graphic display of coverage limits are well suited to GIS modeling.
		The use of triad geometry as a criteria continues in such publications as the newest User Handbook [9] and the FAA Advisory Circular 90-92, where the Loran- C oceanic and national air space coverage diagrams are based on three station hyperbolic positioning techniques [10].
		In 1989 a new coverage generator was produced by the Synetics Corporation and the U.S. Coast Guard for the U.S. Department of Transportation.
	www.colorado.edu /geography/gcraft/notes/gisloran/gisloran.html (4742 words)

	Office of Coast Survey - Loran - C
		They represent the latest information available and are useful for correcting older loran readings recorded prior to and shortly after that time.
		A program which will allow conversions between LORAN and geographic positions is available.
		However, within 10 miles of the coast, ASF corrections have changed due to coastal construction throughout the United States and the increase in the number of coastal radio transmitters.
	chartmaker.ncd.noaa.gov /mcd/loranc.htm (348 words)

	Loran-C
		Loran is a radio navigation system using land based radio transmitters and the users receivers to allow mariners and aviators to determine their position.
		The U.S. Coast Guard operated 50 Loran stations around the World until the early 1990's and currently operates 25 Loran-C stations around the United States.
		Billionth of a second, of their assigned position in the Loran chain
	www.uscg.mil /d17/lorsta/tok/Loran-C.htm (291 words)

	LORAN FOR IDIOTS
		In practice, LORAN uses that theorem, and a “chain” consisting of one master and at least two secondary stations, each transmitting a high powered 100Khz T‑squared pulse, to set up a radio grid that allows mariners at sea (and aviators) to “fix” their exact position.
		And second, LORAN provided a constant reference, independent of inertia (as opposed to SatNav, which relied on electronic dead reckoning between periodic passes of a satellite), that would allow a navigator to consistently return to the most productive fishing grounds.
		A CWO PERS who had probably never been close to LORAN, except perhaps on a boondoggle, was sending me off to what he termed “one of the Coast Guard’s best duty stations,” LORAN Station Hokkaido, Japan.
	www.jacksjoint.com /loran_for_dummies.htm (1871 words)

	Needlecraft Accessories - LoRan Needlework & Sewing Accessories
		LoRan Needleworker's Accessory Kit: Kit includes: needle threader, magnetic needle minder and magnetic needle case.
		LoRan 6 x 10 Inch Magnetic Board: An indispensable item for all needle workers.
		Bead Nabber, Needlework & Sewing Accessory from LoRan Code: BN-1
	www.stitch1knit1.com /acatalog/accessories_needlework_and_sewing_loran_needlecraft_accessories.html (492 words)

	Aviation LORAN Avionics Systems presented by Eastern Avionics International, Inc.
		Furthermore, the cost to maintain a few LORAN ground stations is peanuts relative to the cost to maintaining GPS satellites and hundreds of aging VOR stations.
		Their rationale is that since LORAN has become much more than a marine navigation aid, they should not be solely responsible for its maintenance.
		Additionally, although GPS owners will tell you that LORAN isn't quite as accurate (it might be off a quarter of a mile, for instance), most VFR pilots won't ever need to navigate within a 50 foot tolerance in any case.
	www.avionix.com /loran.html (677 words)

	Loran-C - Signal Characteristics
		In cases where the Loran signals were observed on an oscilloscope, pulses from the desired chain would be stationary while those from other chains would be drifting down the time base at varying speeds.
		In old Loran-C receivers, the operator had to actually set this number to receive the chain.
		To reduce the effects of interference and noise on time difference measurements, and to assist in distinguishing between master and secondary stations, the carrier phase of selected transmitted pulses is reversed in a predetermined pattern.
	www.jproc.ca /hyperbolic/loran_c_sigchar.html (2335 words)

	Loran-B and Loran-D
		The unique feature of Loran-B was that, although it operated on the same frequencies as Loran-A, the timing control and the timing measurements were made on the pulse carrier, after cycle identification from the pulse envelope.
		In standard Loran-C, the pulses of a Loran group are spaced 1000 uS apart for all Secondaries.
		LORAN-B was basically a phase comparison variation of Loran-A and an attempt to re-design the system properly plus add some new features.
	www.jproc.ca /hyperbolic/loran_b_d.html (769 words)

	Trailer Boats: Count on loran for accuracy.@ HighBeam Research
		Excellent Loran coverage is found throughout the United States' interior boating regions, as well as several hundred miles offshore.
		Despite rumors of Loran turnoff, the federal radio navigation plan calls for continuous Loran coverage well into the next century.
		If you regularly dive on a wreck, you may return to a memorized Loran waypoint within a 25-foot circle most of the time.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:13694946&refid=holomed_1 (209 words)

	Loran Products Landing Page
		Locus’ Loran receivers are eLoran ready, which means that with a software upgrade, you’ll be able to access the eLoran system when it’s operational in your part of the world.
		Locus' LRS IIID is the most sophisticated Loran monitoring receiver in the world, and was specially designed to meet USCG specifications.
		Locus’ digital, all-in-view Loran receivers provide unparalleled performance to complement GNSS in navigation, time/frequency, and monitoring applications.
	www.locusinc.com /loran.html (345 words)

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