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	William_Pitt_Amherst,_1st_Earl_Amherst (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		To this Lord Amherst, following the advice of Sir George Leonard Staunton, who accompanied him as second commissioner, refused to consent, as Lord Macartney had done in 1793, unless the admission was made that his sovereign was entitled to the same show of reverence from a mandarin of his rank.
		Lord Amherst and part of his shipwrecked companions escaped in the ship's boats to Batavia, whence relief was sent to the rest.
		Lord Amherst held the office of governor-general of India from August 1823 to February 1828.
	www.partsquote.com /search.php?title=William_Pitt_Amherst,_1st_Earl_Amherst (370 words)

	Maccartney Embassy
		In Macartney’s day an embassy was essentially a court abroad, a group of people, not a plot of land, representative of one nation on another nations soil.
		Scholars argue that while Macartney intends his journal as a historical record of the first British Embassy to China it may be read more as a work of fiction, a travel narrative, because of the enormous amount of commentary he includes (Hevia 90).
		Or perhaps Lord Macartney is not at the center of their thoughts; perhaps they simply have more pressing matters.
	courses.wcupa.edu /wanko/LIT400/China/macartney.htm (1589 words)

	George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney (14 May 1737 - 31 May 1806) was a British statesman, colonial administrator and diplomat.
		George Macartney was descended from an old Scottish family, the Macartneys of Auchinleck, who had settled in 1649 at Lissanoure, County Antrim, Ireland, where he was born.
		After being created Earl Macartney in the Irish peerage (1792), he was appointed the first envoy of Britain to China.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/George_Macartney,_1st_Earl_Macartney (424 words)

	ugc112.lecture eleven (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In 1792, Lord George Macartney was dispatched from London with instructions to negotiate with the Chinese an easing of trade restrictions.
		To Macartney, "The empire of China is an old, crazy, first rate man-of-war," which was about to be "dashed to pieces on the shore." In opposing England's demands for free trade, the Chinese were attempting to arrest "the progress of human knowledge."
		From the time of Macartney forward, they work out an understanding of the world in which Europe is central and in which European ways of doing things become the norm.
	wings.buffalo.edu /courses/sp00/ugc/112k/lectures/l11.html (1079 words)

	Tufts-Fletcher-Trbovich
		In 1793, Lord Macartney, the ambassador of King George III, refused to kowtow to the Qianlong emperor.
		Macartney steadfastly rejected demands that he perform the servile act, offering instead to salute the Qianlong emperor just as he would his own sovereign: by kneeling on one knee and kissing the hand of the king.
		Macartney said he might perform the kowtow if Chinese courtiers agreed to do the same in front of a portrait of King George III, a proposal viewed as preposterous by his exasperated handlers.
	fletcher.tufts.edu /news/2001/april/wachman.html (995 words)

	macart.htm
		Macartney did not settle in Ireland until September 1769 and during the preceding nine months, it had been a main part of his duties to try to obtain the cabinet's approval of Townshend's plan.
		Unfortunately, Macartney arrived too late to prevent the release of the so called 'Verona Declaration', which likened the Revolution to the hydra head of anarchy, spoke of restoring the ancient constitution, for fourteen centuries the glory of France, and issued threats against the regicide members of the French convention.
		Those Macartney Papers sold [to Phillips] in 1854 have become, whilst retaining their own identity, part of the story of the Phillipps Collection...', which was dispersed between 1886 and 1913 on sixteen separate occasions in 1,900 lots for a return of some 70,000.
	www.proni.gov.uk /records/private/macart.htm (9292 words)

	SIR JOHN BARROW - LoveToKnow Article on SIR JOHN BARROW (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Through the interest of Sir George Staunton, to whose son he taught mathematics, he was attached on the first British embassy to China as comptroller of the household to Lord Macartney.
		In 797 he accompanied Lord Macartney, as private secretary, in his important and delicate mission to settle the government of the newly acquired colony of the Cape of Good Hope.
		He returned to England in 1804, was appointed by Lord Melvil1~ second secretary to the admiralty, a, post which he held for forty years.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /B/BA/BARROW_SIR_JOHN.htm (503 words)

	Reception
		Lord Macartney told the Chinese legate that he would not perform the kowtow unless a high officer of state would kowtow before a picture of the King of England.
		The next English ambassador, Lord Amherst, who came in 1817, refused to kowtow, was told that he was a very rude man who did not know how to behave, and was bidden to go home at once.
		As soon as the monarch was seated upon his throne, the master of the ceremonies led the ambassador [Lord Macartney] toward the steps.
	www.isop.ucla.edu /asia/lessons/penrod/Reception.html (905 words)

	A Compendium of Irish Biography: comprising sketches of distinguished Irishmen, eminent persons connected with Ireland ...
		Macartney, Sir George, Earl Macartney, was born at Lissanoure, in the northern part of the County of Antrim, 14th May 1737.
		Macartney found the resources of the Presidency almost exhausted; he borrowed money, raised recruits, established confidence, and aided by Sir Eyre Coote and Lord Hastings, repulsed the natives, drove the Dutch from the Coromandel coast, and concluded advantageous treaties with many of the Nabobs.
		He was killed in an engagement with Lord Inchiquin, at Knocknanuss, between Mallow and Kanturk, 13th November 1647, and was buried in the tomb of the Callaghans, in Clonmeen churchyard, Kanturk.
	www.booksulster.com /library/biography/biographyM1.php (15403 words)

	Section VII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		At the end of the century, the Englishman George Lord Macartney arrived by sea in Beijing in 1793 to negotiate the opening of formal trade relations between Britain and China.
		George Lord Macartney, sent to China in 1793 to open direct diplomatic and commercial contacts with the court in Beijing, represented a British king who ruled a global empire.
		Lords repudiated their obligations and the shoguns issued more coins, bankrupting many merchants and debasing the currency, but they only postponed the crisis.
	web.mit.edu /21h.504/www/perdue_21.htm (7186 words)

	Caledon, Co. Tyrone, Northern Ireland
		Lord Caledon was not, literally, the first British civil governor of The Cape, having been preceded in that capacity by Lord Macartney and Sir George Yonge, successive holders of the office between the first conquest of The Cape, and its cession back to the Dutch under the terms of the Peace of Amiens of 1802.
		The question of the relationship between the civil and the military authorities of the colony, personified in Lord Caledon's relationship with the Commander-in-Chief, General Sir Henry Grey, was the most troublesome of the former's period of office as Governor, and the issue on which he resigned in June 1811.
		In a letter from Lord Minto [Governor General of India] upon that occasion, he acknowledges the public service I rendered, not only as relating to the fall of the Mauritius, but adds that it was to the co-operation I afforded he was indebted for the means of moving against Java.
	www.caledon.org.uk /proni.php (2828 words)

	AMHERST - LoveToKnow Article on AMHERST (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		He served in Germany and the Low Countries as aide-de-camp to General (Lord) Ligonier, and was present at Dettingen, Fontenoy and andoucoux.
		He then served on Cumberland's staff, and took part with the duke in the later campaigns of the Austrian Succession war, in the battle of Val, and the North German campaign of 1757, including the battle of Hastenbeck.
		To this Lord Amherst, following the advice of Sir George T. Staunton, who accompanied hita as second commissioner, refused to consent, as Lord Macartney had done in 1793, unless the admission was made that his sovereign was entitled to the same show of reverence from a mandarin 0f his rank.
	16.1911encyclopedia.org /A/AM/AMHERST.htm (1137 words)

	George Macartney, Earl Macartney, Viscount Macartney of Dervock, baron of Lissanoure, Baron Macartney of Parkhurst and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		George Macartney, Earl Macartney, Viscount Macartney of Dervock, baron of Lissanoure, Baron Macartney of Parkhurst and of Auchinleck, Lord Macartney -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Macartney, George Macartney, Earl, Viscount Macartney of Dervock, baron of Lissanoure, Baron Macartney of Parkhurst and of Auchinleck, Lord Macartney...
		"Macartney, George Macartney, Earl, Viscount Macartney of Dervock, baron of Lissanoure, Baron Macartney of Parkhurst and of Auchinleck, Lord Macartney." Encyclopædia Britannica.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9049617 (962 words)

	Barrow's Boys
		The lords were political appointees to a man. They had little knowledge of the navy and, usually, not much interest in it either.
		When Macartney was proposed as Ambassador for Britain's notoriously unsuccessful attempt to represent itself at the Chinese court in 1795, the process of patronage trickled downhill.
		The First Lord, however, whom Barrow duly praised for his `urbanity, the kind and friendly manner in which his Lordship received all officers of the Navy, his invariable good humour, and above all his admitted impartiality', was impeached two years later for granting contracts to his friends, peculation, and misappropriation of government funds.
	partners.nytimes.com /books/first/f/fleming-barrow.html (3728 words)

	Qianlong Meets Macartney: Collision of Two World Views. A One Act Play. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Macartney mission of 1792–94 is a defining episode in the modern encounter between China and the West.
		Macartney was trying to introduce to China peaceful changes in trade and diplomatic practice, while at the same time assessing Qing capacity to resist enforced change.
		The Embassy is to be led by Lord Macartney.
	www.aasianst.org /EAA/watt.htm (7010 words)

	Macartney in Beijing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Unknown to Macartney, he might have spent years in Canton waiting for the Emperor to ready himself for the visit, without the slightest preparations being made on the part of Beijing.
		The Macartney voyage took place at the beginning of the age of the machine, a time in which mechanical power was being harnessed as never before in human history.
		Macartney had arrived in Beijing full of hopes which would never be fulfilled.
	www.seas.upenn.edu /~triangle/issues/84-01/features/china.html (2550 words)

	John Barrow biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Through the interest of Sir George Leonard Staunton, to whose son he taught mathematics, he was attached on the first British embassy to China as comptroller of the household to Lord Macartney.
		In 1797 he accompanied Lord Macartney, as private secretary, in his important and delicate mission to settle the government of the newly acquired colony of the Cape of Good Hope.
		He enjoyed the esteem and confidence of all the eleven chief lords who successively presided at the Admiralty board during that period, and more especially of King William IV while lord high admiral, who honoured him with tokens of his personal regard.
	john-barrow.biography.ms (501 words)

	[No title]
		The Macartney family had settled in Ireland at the time of Oliver Cromwell and George’s father (MP for Belfast in the Irish Parliament for 54 years) had purchased the estate at Lissanoure in 1733.
		In 1768, Macartney married Lady Jane Stuart, the daughter of the British Prime Minister and a year later he returned to live at Lissanoure.
		Macartney had lost almost all his possessions and he was left penniless.
	www.ballymoney.gov.uk /htmlsite/heritagedetails.asp?id=2&output=print (399 words)

	Macartney Embassy
		Lord Macartney's was not the first European embassy to China, but it was certainly the largest.
		Macartney, the Stauntons and the Chinese interpreter entered the city at the Western Gate, carried aloft in palanquins ahead of a procession of 90 wagons, 40 handcarts, 200 horses and nearly 3,000 men.
		What the Macartney embassy offers us is, in the words of Professor Peter Marshall of London University, 'the beam of a searchlight', a fascinating glimpse at the preconceptions two great civilisations had of each other at a particular time in a certain place.
	www.misterdann.com /earlyarmacartney.htm (3969 words)

	Grenada books maps prints (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		GRENADA Letter from Lord Macartney, Governor of Grenada to Lord George Germain, secretary of state for the colonies, expressing a wish to resign if a suitable replacement can be found.
		George Macartney (1737-1806) took up his appointment as captain general and Governor of the Caribee Islands (Grenada, the Grenadines and Tobago) in 1776.
		Macartney was carried to France as a Prisoner of War but soon exchanged.
	www.pennymead.com /grenada.htm (846 words)

	CHINA - OPIUM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		When Lord George Macartney, heading Britain’s first diplomatic mission to China, passed through Peking in August 1793, he was sure he could soon fulfil his task of negotiating a formal trade agreement with the Emperor.
		Macartney had carefully chosen a retinue of guards musicians and scientists to impress the Emperor, and an artist - William Alexander travelled with them to record the visit.
		Lord Palmerston the Foreign Secretary, instructed the first Canton superintendent Lord Napier in 1834, “It is not desirable that you should encourage such adventures as opium smuggling but neither have you any authority to interfere or protect them”.
	homepage.ntlworld.com /haywardlad/chinaopium.html (2780 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Arts features \| Sons of heaven
		Lord Macartney was received by Emperor Qianlong at Rehe (now called Chengde), the summer encampment beyond the Great Wall to which Qing emperors travelled in the summer to receive tribute and homage from vassal nations and tribes.
		It was in similar circumstances that Macartney was summoned before dawn to wait on the emperor and to make in person - but in vain - his case for a permanent embassy in Beijing and stronger trade relations between Britain and China.
		It is a commonplace of historical debate that the seeds of China's decline were sown in the Qing years at the height of its civilisation, by a court and a country that turned their backs on a world they regarded with patronising contempt.
	www.guardian.co.uk /arts/features/story/0,11710,1634759,00.html (2071 words)

	Lord Macartney and dwarf trees
		Lord George Macartney(1737-1806) was the English ambassador sent to China.
		Macartney, along with visiting Mongols and Burmese, was then given a single imperial audience and presents for his mission and the King.
		William Alexander (1767-1816) was the official artist attached to Lord Macartney's embassy.
	www.phoenixbonsai.com /pre1800Refs/Macartney.html (650 words)

	Explore Cornell - Wason Collection - The Opium Wars - Ouchterlony's Report
		The famous Macartney Mission of 1792-94 was to be the kickoff for British trade with China.
		The British Crown sent Earl George Macartney in full ambassadorial regalia to the court of the Chinese empire to approach emperor Qianlong (reigned 1736-1796) about setting up trade relations between what was then perhaps the most powerful nation of the Western world and the most powerful nation of the eastern hemisphere.
		Suffice it to say that Macartney's mission was largely perceived as a failure, and the British ambassador was treated with much suspicion and subjected by the Chinese officials to court rituals befitting a tributary expedition bringing presents from, say, a fiefdom in inner Asia.
	explore.cornell.edu /scene.cfm?scene=wason%20collection&stop=WC%20%2D%20Narrative%20Opium&view=WC%20%2D%20Narrative%20Opium%2002 (898 words)

	Modern History: Macartney and the Emperor
		Lord Macartney led a mission in 1793 to the court of the Ch'ien-lung emperor of China.
		King George III of England sent Macartney to convince the Chinese emperor to open northern port cities to British traders and to allow British ships to be repaired on Chinese territory.
		Macartney arrived in North China in a warship with a retinue of 95, an artillery of 50 redcoats, and 600 packages of magnificent presents that required 90 wagons, 40 barrows, 200 horses, and 3,000 coolies to carry them to Peking.
	afe.easia.columbia.edu /china/modern/tch_mcem.htm (3248 words)

	George Macartney - InfoSearchPoint.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Earl George Macartney (May 14, 1737 - May 31, 1806) was a British statesman, colonial administrator and diplomat.
		George Macartney was descended from an old Scottish family, the Macartneys of Auchinleck, who had settled in 1649 at Lissanoure, Antrim, Ireland, where he was born.
		In 1775 he became governor of the Caribbee Islands (being created an Irish baron in 1776), and in 1780 governor of Madras, but he declined the governorgeneralship of India, and returned to England in 1786.
	www.infosearchpoint.com /display/Earl_Macartney (391 words)

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