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Topic: Lords of Biscay

	Gernikako Arbola
		Lords of Biscay swore to respect the Biscayne liberties under it, and the modern Lehendakari of the Basque Country swears his charge there.
		The current tree is the descendent of an earlier one (the "old tree") whose trunk is conserved in the surrounding garden.
		An oak tree is depicted in the heraldic arms of Biscay.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Gernikako_arbola (240 words)

	Lords of the Earth Campaign 16, Turn 8, A.D. 940 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The lord of Lancashire wandering around the countryside a little before he too called it quits and retired to the small estate he had lived in for the pass ten years.
		The minor lord being a brother of the current Lord of the Highlands was pleased to see his daughter married off.
		Lord MacLoed of Strithclyde knows that those folks out there on the islands were the reason for the sea monsters to show their faces again.
	www.hofsport.com /solsonesq/Lords16/L16_t008.htm (5743 words)

	The Tree and Assembly House at Gernika (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Seigniors or Lords of Biscay had to swear beneath the Tree of Gernika to uphold and respect the traditions and customs of the Biscayans, called the "Fueros".
		In the 14th century, for reasons of succession, a union took place when the titles of Lord of Biscay and King of Castile were inherited by the same person.
		The Seigniory of Biscay was originally composed of different territorial blocks (central Biscay, Duranguesado and Encartaciones), which in turn had their respective institutions.
	web.bizkaia.net /bizkaia_informazioa/English/general_information/overview/i1ARBOL.HTM (886 words)

	General Assemblies of Biscay. The Assembly House of Gernika. The Assembly Chamber (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This is the very heart of the Assembly House, the Casa de Juntas, where the Plenary Meetings of the General Assemblies of Biscay are held.
		An ancient institution, the origins of the General Assemblies date back to the Middle Ages, when meetings were held, as tradition demanded, in the open air around the Tree of Gernika.
		All these items refer not only to the existence of the authority of the Lord of Biscay but also his obligation to swear respect and observance to the set of Old Laws (Fueros) that the community had drawn up, based on usage and custom.
	www.jjggbizkaia.net /english/casa_juntas/sala_juntas.asp (379 words)

	House of Lords - Whistler International Limited v. Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Limited On 7 December 2000
		She was ordered on a laden voyage to Archangel but had to abandon the voyage because the master chose to proceed by a route close to the coast of Norway and was held up by the presence of German submarines.
		As Lord Sumner pointed out, where seamanship is in question, choices as to the speed or steering of the vessel are matters of navigation, as will be the exercise of laying off a course on a chart.
		Their description of the commercial character of the bargain struck in a time charter echoed that of Lord Mustill already quoted and is the same as that which I have attempted to explain.
	www.hrothgar.co.uk /WebCases/hol/reports/08/66.htm (1023 words)

	Lords of the Earth Campaign 16, Turn 9, A.D. 945
		The lord was very happy to lend any support in finding the killer of Emporess Sherree and pledged that he himself would help fully with King Robert in any action he deemed fit.
		The lord of Galacia saw how moved Phillip was over the death that he knew his lands were in good hands.
		The Lord of Diano traveled to Lucano and after months and then years of talks the local leader agreed that he would be willing to be a to Prince Marcello.
	members.aol.com /solsonesq/Lords16/L16_t009.htm (5992 words)

	Historia : Génesis de la hermandad provincial de Alava (ing) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The lord elected by the members of the Brotherhood administered justice in the territory, either personally or through the bailiffs and mayors named by him, who acted in the bailiff's territories or districts in which the Brotherhood was divided.
		The lord of the Brotherhood was responsible for the defence and security of the territory, maintaining the possessions of the castles and calling together the armed retinues if necessary.
		The Councils of Arriaga, in which the lord of the Brotherhood was chosen, were the expression of a certain capacity to self-govern that one part of Alava had during the Middle Ages, up to 1332, which was compatible with the Castilian King's recognition as High lord.
	www.jjggalava.es /english/hgenesis.htm (6956 words)

	House of Lords - Whistler International Limited v. Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Limited On 7 December 2000
		It was held that damage to the cargo had not been caused by a neglect, default or error of judgment in the navigation or management of the vessel within the meaning of the exceptions in the bills of lading.
		Thus a decision when, in the prevailing conditions of wind, tide and weather, to sail from a given port is plainly a navigational matter, as held in the Larrinaga case.
		By contrast, a decision without good reason to remain in port instead of continuing with a voyage (as in The Renée Hyaffiland The S.S. Lord) or to economise on bunkers for no good maritime reason (as in the Suzuki case) were properly regarded as falling outside the navigational area reserved to the master's professional judgment.
	www.hrothgar.co.uk /WebCases/hol/reports/08/59.htm (4090 words)

	CLANRICARDE, MARQUESE OF - LoveToKnow Article on CLANRICARDE, MARQUESE OF (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		views as to ownership of land, the chiefs and other lords of clans claimed in modern times the right of best owing the tribe-land as turcrec, instead of stock, and receiving rent not for cattle and other chattels as in former times, but proportionate to the extent of land given to them.
		He was summoned to the House of Lords as Lord Burgh in 1628, and succeeded his father as 5th earl in 1635.
		He supported the same year the treaty between Charles I. and the confederates, and endeavoured after its failure to persuade Preston, the general of the Irish, to agree to a peace; but the latter, being advised by Rinuccini, the papal nuncio, refused in December.
	73.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CL/CLANRICARDE_MARQUESE_OF.htm (2214 words)

	Lords Hansard text for 7 Feb 1995 (150207-03)
		Noble Lords from all sides of the House pressed me on that point during the passage of the Sea Fish (Conservation Act) 1992.
		My Lords, is my noble friend at all worried at the thought of one possible scenario: if the Cornish fishermen took action to repel the forthcoming Spanish armada, members of the Royal Navy might be asked to turn on their own countrymen?
		My Lords, I understand that no amendments have been set down to this Bill and that no noble Lord has indicated a wish to move a manuscript amendment or to speak in Committee.
	www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk /pa/ld199495/ldhansrd/vo950207/text/50207-03.htm (2828 words)

	BASQUE PROVINCES - LoveToKnow Article on BASQUE PROVINCES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The territory occupied by the Basque Provinces forms a triangle bounded on the west and south by the provinces of Santander, Burgos and Logrono, on the east by Navarre, on the north by France and the Bay of Biscay.
		In Biscay the counts of Haro were lords of Biscay from 1093 to 1350.
		In 1905 the Basque Provinces produced 5,302,344 tons of iron, over five millions of which came from Biscay, out of a total of 9,395,314 tons for the whole of Spain.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /B/BA/BASQUE_PROVINCES.htm (1302 words)

	[No title]
		Lords offered inducements such as stalls and booths where the merchants could display their wares, and many tried to secure protection for merchants while they were coming and going.(26) During the tenth century Western Europe became dotted with fortified castles, built by feudal princes to shelter their men.
		During the tenth and eleventh centuries, towns were established at the foot of castle and monastery walls, under the protection and control of the feudal lords on whose lands they were built, and their inhabitants (called burghers) were subject to all the feudal restrictions.
		Gains made through violence were often temporary for as soon as the lord could regain his power he might rescind whatever privileges he had been forced to grant.(76) Some burghers were known to play off lesser nobles against great lords, the Church against the great lords and the king against both.
	www.florilegium.org /files/COMMERCE/Med-Merchants-CA.text (19685 words)

	CO194-6
		Enry Allaire Lord of Beignon was the judge.
		Demands that the Lords not allow the illegal practices of Mr Tulon to be suffered, he was a former subject of France, took French passengers and carried on an illegal trade.
		Lords have to present the number of ships that have been fishing between 1710 and 1719 in Newfoundland and St. Peter's.
	www.swgc.mun.ca /nfld_history/co194/CO194-6.htm (4723 words)

	Guernica [Definition] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This area - the Basque Country (Basque: Euskal Herria) - is to be found around the western edge of the Pyrenees on the coast of the Bay of Biscay....
		Later a hermitage was built besides the tree to double as an assembly place.
		The Lords of Biscay, upon receiving their title, would come to Guernica to swear that they would respect the Biscayne freedoms.
	www.wikimirror.com /Guernica (1124 words)

	The Avalon Project : Treaty Between Spain and Portugal, Concluded at Alcacovas, September 4, 1479
		Their constituents, the said lords or any one of them, will not ask of our very Holy Father, or of any other person who may have the power to grant and concede it, in their own name or by means of persons acting as their agents, absolution, remission, dispensation, or commutation of the said oath.
		In testimony of the truth, the said representatives approved this instrument and contract of the said peace, and each requested of me, the notary who drew it, writs of it, with my public seal, and whatever else might be suitable for the observance of the service of their constituents, the said lords.
		For the assurance, corroboration, and validation of all, we caused this letter to be written and delivered to the said Fernando de Silva, in order that he might give it to the said lords, the king and prince of Portugal.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/modeur/sppo01.htm (869 words)

	House of Lords Journal Volume 11: 9 February 1665 \| British History Online
		The House was adjourned during Pleasure, and the Lords went to the Conference with the House of Commons; which being ended, the House was resumed.
		The House was adjourned during Pleasure; and the Lords went to the Conference with the House of Commons, to signify their Lordships Consent to the adding the Cinque Ports to the Proviso.
		The Lord Chamberlain acquainted the House, "That, according to their Lordships Command, he hath waited on the King, and signified to Him, that the Bill for granting the Royal Aid to His Majesty is passed both Houses.
	www.british-history.ac.uk /report.asp?compid=14445 (1238 words)

	wiki/Basque flag Definition / wiki/Basque flag Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The green St Andrew's cross might represent the Oak of GuernicaGernikako Arbola ("the Guernica tree" in Basque) is an oak tree that symbolizes traditional freedoms for the Biscayne people, and by extensions the Basque people.
		The white cross represents Catholicism and was also found behind the Oak in the Heraldic arms of Bizkaia, and the red background represents the Basque people (originally, the Biscaynes).
		The kingdom of Pamplona and then Navarre formed part of the traditional territory of the Vascones, the Basques and Gascons, who occupied the southern slope of the western Pyrenees and part of the shore of the Bay of Biscay.
	www.elresearch.com /wiki/Basque_flag (613 words)

	House of Lords Journal Volume 18: 9 January 1708 \| British History Online
		Lord High Admiral's Answer to the Report of the Committee, upon the Petition of the Merchants complaining of Losses for Want of Cruiz rs and Convoys.
		It is Ordered, by the Lords Spiritual and Temporal in Parliament assembled, That on Tuesday next, at Twelve a Clock, this House shall be put into a Committee again, to consider further of the State of the Nation, in relation to the War with Spain.
		The Misfortunes of several Convoys being attacked by a superior Force were no Ways to have been prevented, but by whole Squadrons: But it is to be observed, that all the Instances mentioned in their Lordships Report happened in the latter Years of this present War.
	www.british-history.ac.uk /report.asp?compid=29599 (5649 words)

	Legends and Popular Tales of the Basque People: Glossary
		By the fueros of Biscay the eldest son inherited all the property, leaving to the other brothers only the mail as a knight: a tree, to signify, no doubt, the deeply-rooted family stock of nobility, and a tile, as representing the family house.
		This is one of the patriotic songs dedicated to the tree of Basque liberties, which is close to the town of Guernica, in Biscay.
		The lords of Biscay took their oaths seated on a stone bench placed at the foot of the tree.
	theology101.org /neu/basque/lbp/lbp17.htm (2440 words)

	Anexión a Bizkaia
		In the 12th and 13th centuries those Lords of Biscay, when granting privileges to Balmaseda, in in the lands of their domain among Castro Urdiales and Villasana, a tavern only existed, located in Balmaseda.
		The Lady of Biscay, María Díaz de Haro, granted Portugalete the privilege of selling bread, he came and meat in 1332, as previously they had made his predecessors with Balmaseda and the Valley of Mena.
		At the end of the 14th century the Valley formed fraternity with the municipalities of Biscay like Castro Urdiales and Balmaseda and its ordinances formed together.
	valledemena.iespana.es /valledemena/Ingles/anexion_a_bizkaia_es.htm (1518 words)

	Basque Paganism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A 16th century legend says that Mari is the founder of the House of the Lords of Biscay.
		She also appears like a flaming tree, a white cloud, a rainbow, a gust of wind, a bird, a sickle made of fire, moving from one mountain peak to another.
		He is a rural genie, the lord of the woods or also the Wild Lord.
	www.arcadiaesoterica.it /basqueengl.html (4171 words)

	House of Commons - European Scrutiny - Eleventh Report
		The latter include the sole stocks in the Western Channel and Bay of Biscay, and, although absolute stock sizes are uncertain because of misreported and undeclared landings, it has been estimated that each is at an historically low level, with fishing mortality above that at which the stock could collapse.
		Whilst previous plans have set targets based on the biomass of spawning fish, the uncertainty over the relevant data in these two instances means that the measures proposed are based on achieving the necessary reduction in fishing mortality.
		These arrangements would however be subject to the principle that the largest annual change, in either direction, in any TAC from one year to the next should not be greater than 15% after the first year of implementation of the plan.
	www.publications.parliament.uk /pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmeuleg/42-xi/4203.htm (914 words)

	Mungiako Udala - Ayuntamiento de Mungia
		The borough of Mungia is born as a consequence of this situation given that some of the neighbours in the area, viewing the outrages made by the nobility, requested to the, at the time, Lord of Biscay, the Infante Juan, the title of borough for their town.
		This was made in order to wall in the town and defend themselves from the attacks of those who were trying to destroy their territory.
		In the same way, they possessed different seats in the Juntas of Gernika (governmental council representing the people of Biscay), being the number 69 for the anteiglesia and the number 15 for the borough.
	www.mungia.org /english/ciudad/historia.htm (986 words)

	Esculpture and painting in Bizkaia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In this brief tour of the sculptures and paintings of Biscay, we will centre chiefly on the most important pieces to be seen in the territory.
		The first works of art in Biscay date from the late Palaeolithic, in the form of carvings and paintings.
		The favourable economic situation of Biscay in the 16th century left its mark on the art of the territory.
	web.bizkaia.net /Bizkaia_Informazioa/English/general_information/art/I2ESCPIN.HTM (1845 words)

	Independent, The (London): The Essay: Sea lords
		These Basque boats were the origin of the fishing dory that was used until the 1950s in the North American cod fishing grounds by most Atlantic fishing nations.
		The Basques had extended their range in pursuit of the whale from the Bay of Biscay across the northern coast of Spain, to Galicia.
		But by pursuing northern cod, and provisioning their ships with salt cod, they then were able to start chasing the whale into its summer grounds, up to Iceland, Norway, the Hebrides, and the Faeroes.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19991009/ai_n14279041 (1607 words)

	Lords of the Earth Campaign 16, Turn 11, A.D. 955
		He forgot that he had to travel across the water when he first started out now he was stuck in Strathclyde and could not return home in time.
		Lord Zeist stayed in Friesland and watched the regent leave.
		After the fifth year was over he got the agreement from the emir to become an economic ally.
	members.aol.com /solsonesq/Lords16/L16_t011.htm (5638 words)

	General Assemblies of Biscay. The Assembly House of Gernika. Tree of Gernika (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The tree that provided shelter or shade for the early Assemblies of the Seigniory of Biscay has become, in time, the symbol of the permanence of a nation and its institutions against the historical ups and downs that the Basques have experienced in their existence as a community.
		The Tree of Gernika has spread beyond the geographical limits of Biscay to become a reference point for the whole of Euskalherria.
		As a symbol that links our past and our present, it currently witnesses such special events as the taking possession and swearing into office of the Lehendakari (President of the Basque Country) or the Diputado General (Prime Minister of the Territory).
	www.jjggbizkaia.net /english/casa_juntas/arbol_gernika.asp (379 words)

	History
		Before his time every bishop was a sort of inquisitor in his own diocese; but Dominic contrived to incorporate a body of men, independent of every human being except the pope, for the express purpose of ensnaring and destroying Christians.
		He was well aware, that however loudly the priests declaimed against heresy, the lords of the soil would not suffer them to butcher their tenants under any such vain pretenses.
		In Biscay, the priesthood was at a very low ebb, in the eleventh century, and the clergy complained to the king of Navarre that the nobility and gentry treated them very little better than their slaves, employing them chiefly only to breed up and feed their dogs.
	www.angelfire.com /ky/dodone/Auto.html (2365 words)

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