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Topic: Lorenz cipher

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Lorenz cypher

Geheimfernschreiber

SIGABA

Typex

Enigma machine

Colossus computer

Stream cipher

Baudot code

Bletchley Park

Bletchley Park Museum

MI5

Edward Lorenz

Jane Barbe

Arne Beurling

Isadore Singer

	Computer Science for Fun - cs4fn: Who Built The First Modern Computer?
		The Lorenz cipher was used by Hitler to communicate between his centres of command.
		The ideas behind the Lorenz cipher are very similar to the type of stream ciphers used to encrypt large data quantities in modern devices, such as your mobile phone.
		The ideas behind Colossus which broke the Lorenz cipher had to be kept secret because govenments continued using ciphers based on the same principles as Lorenz for a long time.
	www.cs4fn.org /history/colossus.php (988 words)

	Lorenz SZ 40/42 - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Lorenz SZ 40 and SZ 42 (Schlüsselzusatz, meaning "cipher attachment") were German cipher machines used during World War IIfor teleprinter circuits.
		While the well-known Enigma machine wasgenerally used by field units, the Lorenz machine was used for high-level communications which could support the heavy machine,teletypewriter and attendant fixed circuits.
		The Lorenz machine output groups of five pseudorandom bits to be XORed with the plaintext.
	www.free-web-encyclopedia.com /?t=TUNNY (544 words)

	Lorenz SZ 40/42 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		British cryptographers at Bletchley Park were able to break the cipher.
		The Lorenz SZ 40 and SZ 42 (Schlüsselzusatz, meaning "cipher attachment") were German cipher machines used during World War II for teleprinter circuits.
		While the well-known Enigma machine was generally used by field units, the Lorenz machine was used for high-level communications which could support the heavy machine, teletypewriter and attendant fixed circuits.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lorenz_cypher (707 words)

	Lorenz cypher (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Lorenz Schlüsselzusatz cipher machine was a World War II German teleprinter stream cipher.
		While the well-known Enigma machine was generally used by field units, Lorenz was used for high-level communications which could support the heavy machine, teletypewriter and attendant fixed circuits.
		Like any XOR based stream cipher, this could be cracked relatively easily by Bletchley Park, especially if the message was fairly long.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/L/Lorenz-cypher.htm (347 words)

	My Math page
		A cipher (or cypher) is a pair of algorithms for encryption and decryption.
		Essentially all ciphers remained vulnerable to cryptanalysis using this technique until the invention of the polyalphabetic cipher by Leon Battista Alberti around the year 1467, in which different parts of the message (often each successive plaintext letter) are enciphered using a different key.
		Most ciphers, apart from the one-time pad, can be broken with enough computational effort (by brute force attack if nothing else), but the amount of effort needed to break a cipher may be exponentially dependent on the key size, as compared to the effort needed to use the cipher.
	www.lrc.edu /cimas2006/sa9/math.htm (6509 words)

	Lorenz
		Two different cipher machines were involved - the Siemens und Halske T52; a stand-alone enciphering teletype device and the Lorenz SZ40 - and later the SZ42 - which was an enciphering attachment intended for use with a standard teleprinter and named Schlüsselzusatz [key-addition] by the German military authorities.
		The Lorenz SZ40/42 was a very complex cipher device and no brief presentation such as this can do justice to its complexity or attempt to do more than just present an overall, much simplified, view of its operational principles.
		It is hoped that simulations of the Lorenz machine and also of Colossus and Tunny will be released shortly by the Crypto Simulation Group.
	www.eclipse.net /~dhamer/lorenz.htm (1069 words)

	Encyclopedia: Colossus computer
		The Colossus computers were used in the cryptanalysis of high-level German communications, messages which had been encrypted using the Lorenz SZ 40/42 cipher machine; part of the operation of Colossus was to emulate the mechanical Lorenz machine electronically.
		To encrypt a message with the Lorenz machine, the plaintext was combined with a stream of key bits, grouped in fives.
		The main problem with the Heath Robinson was synchronising two paper tapes, one punched with the enciphered message, the other representing the patterns produced by the wheels of the Lorenz machine, that tended to stretch when being read at over 1000 characters per second, resulting in unreliable counts.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Colossus-computer (4187 words)

	ipedia.com: Lorenz cypher Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		While the Enigma machine was generally used by field units, Lorenz was used by headquarters units...
		While the Enigma machine was generally used by field units, Lorenz was used by headquarters units which could support the heavy machine, teletypewriter and attendant fixed circuits.
		The Lorenz machine in particular was codenamed Tunny.
	www.ipedia.com /lorenz_cypher.html (335 words)

	Murky.org: Lorenz Cipher (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In World War 2, the Lorenz cipher was the big brother to the Enigma machine.
		Where Enigma was used as a 'field' cipher, for communication to individual units, Lorenz was used for the German High Command.
		To my mind, Lorenz straddles the gap between 'classical' and 'modern' cryptography, as it is readily understandable, but tough to deal with.
	murky.org /archives/2004/09/lorenz_cipher.html (814 words)

	Cryptanalysis -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Frequency analysis relies on a cipher failing to hide these (A branch of applied mathematics concerned with the collection and interpretation of quantitative data and the use of probability theory to estimate population parameters) statistics.
		For example, in a (Click link for more info and facts about simple substitution cipher) simple substitution cipher (where each letter is simply replaced with another), the most frequent letter in the ciphertext would be a likely candidate for "E".
		Such ciphers invariably rely on "hard" mathematical problems as the basis of their security, so an obvious point of attack is to develop methods for solving the problem.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/cr/cryptanalysis.htm (2912 words)

	BCS Edinburgh - DATE meeting
		The resulting character is the cipher character which is transmitted by cable or wireless to the intended recipient.
		At the receiving end, another Lorenz machine set to exactly the same configuration regenerates the same additive characters which when added to the cipher character bit by bit modulo 2, cancel out the original additive characters revealing the plain text.
		The cryptographic structure of the Lorenz machine was given away by a catastrophic mistake made by a German operator on 30th August 1941.
	www.cee.hw.ac.uk /~bcsed/99-00/19apr.htm (680 words)

	Lorenz - Lorenz Cipher Machine - Tony Sale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		This is illustrated in the accompanying applet of the Lorenz Attractor.
		The "Butterfly Effect" is often ascribed to Lorenz.
		Descriptions of the Lorenz cipher machine and the Colossus computer built to crack the code.
	webinfosites.com /q/lorenz.htm (123 words)

	Colossus computer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The German machines were, essentially, attempts at an electromechanical implementation of the one-time pad cypher invented by Gilbert Vernam (Bell Labs) and Joseph Mauborgne (Signal Corps, USA) in the US at the end of WWI.
		In the case of the Lorenz machine, Col John Tiltman and Bill Tutte of Bletchley Park were sufficiently clever.
		The main problem with the Robinsons was synchronising two paper tapes, one punched with the enciphered message, the other representing the patterns produced by the wheels of the Lorenz machine, that tended to stretch when being read at over 1000 characters per second.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/c/co/colossus_computer.html (1305 words)

	Lorenz Cipher Machine
		Because this addition was bit by bit modulo 2, at the receiving end with the Lorenz machine set to the same start position, the same two characters were added again to the received characters revealing the original plain text.
		The German high command thought that the Lorenz machine was completely unbreakable and used it for their most secret messages, literally from Hitler to his generals and between generals.
		The Lorenz machine had twelve pinwheels, all of which could have all their pins set by the user.
	www.cmb.ac.lk /temp/new_science/Computer/dscs/courses/Computer/Msc/DSandC/lorenz.htm (363 words)

	Lorenz Cipher \| Murky.org
		In World War 2, the Lorenz cipher was the big brother to the Enigma machine.
		Where Enigma was used as a ‘field’ cipher, for communication to individual units, Lorenz was used for the German High Command.
		To my mind, Lorenz straddles the gap between ‘classical’ and ‘modern’ cryptography, as it is readily understandable, but tough to deal with.
	www.murky.org /blg/2004/09/26/lorenz-cipher-2 (658 words)

	The Colossus - Tony Sale
		These deciphered Lorenz messages showed that Hitler had swallowed the deception campaigns, the phantom army in the South of England, the phantom convoys moving east along the channel; that Hitler was convinced that the attacks were coming across the Pas de Calais and that he was keeping Panzer divisions in Belgium.
		The various components of Colossus were the optical reader system, the master control panel, the thyratron rings and their driver circuits, the optical data staticisors and delta calculators, the shift registers, the logic gates, the counters and their control circuits, the span counters, the relay buffer store and printer logic.
		The purpose of the span counters was to be able to ignore sections of the cipher text which were corrupted, possibly due to fading radio signals.
	www.codesandciphers.org.uk /lorenz/colossus.htm (2712 words)

	Guardian obituary
		This German cipher machine, used by all three arms of the Wehrmacht, was certainly a prime concern for the teams of mathematicians, classicists, crossword fanatics and chess players who made such huge efforts to break into enemy signal traffic.
		Penetrating the toughest Enigma ciphers was crucial, for example, to victory in the Battle of the Atlantic against the U-boats, and with it the Allies' ability to invade north Africa, Italy and France.
		The Lorenz was linked to a teleprinter, and used the 32-character teleprinter alphabet (letters plus punctuation marks) converted into patterns of punched holes on paper tape.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Obits2/Tutte_Guardian.html (880 words)

	Lorenz_cipher LANGUAGE SCHOOL EXPLORER
		British cryptographers at Bletchley Park were able to break the cipher.
		While the well-known Enigma machine was generally used by field units, the Lorenz machine was used for high-level communications which could support the heavy machine, teletypewriter and attendant fixed circuits.
		The Lorenz machine output groups of five pseudorandom bits to be XORed with the plaintext.
	language.school-explorer.com /info/Lorenz_cipher (722 words)

	Bletchley Park Photos
		It is where the British, with important pre-war help from Poland, broke through the Enigma and Lorenz ciphers and read enormous amounts of German military and diplomatic radio traffic during World War II with profound results.
		Bletchley is the secret location where the British housed their cryptographers during the war when they penetrated and read enormous amounts of Enigma and Lorenz enciphered German military and diplomatic traffic that was transmitted by radio during the 1939-1945 period.
		The Lorenz was a cipher machine designed by the Germans for high-level strategic communications at the CORPS (equivalent) level and higher.
	www.frobenius.com /bletchley.htm (2940 words)

	Cryptography-Digest Digest #318
		Lorenz was a machine cipher based on Vernam's method applying a pseudorandom additive to a teleprinter code.
		The NEMA machine is a mechanical cipher machine based on the Enigma and it was manufactured by the Swiss company Zellweger AG.
		While the machine has a large number of initial settings, that means its period is only 676, but I suppose that was considered adequate, and regulations limited the length of the segment of a message that could be enciphered at a single setting.
	www.mail-archive.com /cryptography-digest@senator-bedfellow.mit.edu/msg01524.html (3228 words)

	CS200: Problem Set 4: The Lorenz Cipher and the Postman's Computer
		The Lorenz Cipher was broken by British Cryptographers at Bletchley Park.
		The Lorenz cipher was an encryption algorithm developed by the Germans during World War II.
		Since the full Lorenz cipher would be too hard for this problem set, we will implement a simplified version.
	www.cs.virginia.edu /~evans/cs200-spring2002/problem-sets/ps4 (2771 words)

	Cryptologia: LORENZ CIPHER BUST HISTORY
		LORENZ CIPHER BUST HISTORY Cragon, Harvey G. From Fish to Colossus: How the German Lorenz Cipher was Broken at Bletchley Park.
		The Lorenz cipher machine, an enciphered teleprinter system, was used by the Germans in World War II.
		Unlike Enigma's substitution cipher, Fish messages were in an additive cipher derived from the machine generating a pseudo random stream of characters that were added to the plaintext.
	newssearch.looksmart.com /p/articles/mi_qa3926/is_200401/ai_n9362070 (332 words)

	Lorenz - Lorenz Latin Dance Studio
		This is a numerical simulation of the Lorenz equations.
		Lorenz modelled the location of a particle moving subject to atmospheric forces and obtained a certain system of ordinary differential equations.
		Lorenz Hart (later 'Larry' to everyone but his mother) was born in 1895 to an affluent German immigrant family in New York.
	www.newinfoindex.com /?q=lorenz (571 words)

	Secret War 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The receiving Lorenz Cipher Machine __________ the cipher text and sent it to a receiving teletypewriter.
		There was only one weakness in the Lorenz Cipher Machine: Since it was a machine, it could not generate __________ obscuring characters.
		In the middle of 1940, when Hitler began to use his new Lorenz Cipher machine to transmit messages to his generals all over Europe, his messages were detected immediately.
	www.rit.edu /~japnce/payne/computers/questions/secretwar3Q.html (730 words)

	cipher vernam Index - Computer-Technology-Find (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The one time pad uses a keyword as a key and is secure, as long as the keyword is never used again.
		cipher data terminal cipher decipher decryption cipher definition cipher divine cipher dorabella cipher enigma cipher enigma machine cipher feedback
		cipher feistel cipher game cipher hill cipher in snow cipher jefferson thomas wheel cipher lab cipher masonic cipher monoalphabetic
	www.computer-technology-find.com /Cipher/cipher-vernam.html (512 words)

	BBC - Search results for Lorenz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Descriptions of the Lorenz cipher machine and the Colossus computer built to crack the code.
		The Lorenz Corporation: Music Publishers - Contact Us If you can’t find what you’re looking for or have other questions, please email info@lorenz.com or call (800) 444-1144 x1 to speak with a Customer Service Representative.
		Lorenz, products made for conveying is located in Cobourg, Ontario, Canada.
	search.bbc.co.uk /cgi-bin/search/results.pl?tab=web&q=Lorenz&scope=all (243 words)

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