Loschmidt number - Factbites

Loschmidt number - Factbites
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Topic: Loschmidt number

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	Jan Josef Loschmidt (1821-1895)
		Loschmidt Number, N, is defined as the number of atoms in a gram-atom or the number of molecules in a gram-molecule.
		The first actual estimate of the number of molecules in one cubic centimetre of a gas under standard conditions was made in 1865 by Loschmidt, and from this the number of molecules (atoms) in a gram molecule (atom) was later evaluated.
		From the quantitative view-point it thus seems preferable to speak of "Loschmidt's number per gram-molecule (atom)," and of "Loschmidt's number per cubic centimetre," as is almost invariably done in the German scientific literature.
	www.loschmidt.cz /physics.html

	Untitled Document
		The actual numerical value of Avogadro's number was first calculated by Johann Josef Loschmidt, a professor at the University of Vienna in 1865.
		In many countries where German is the dominant language, Avogadro's number is sometimes refered to as Loschmidt's number.
		Avogadro's number corresponds to the number of atoms or molecules needed to make up a mass that is equal to the substance's atomic weight in grams.
	subteam1.hightechhigh.org /Science%20Behind%20the%20Sub/J_Reyes/avogadro%27s%20number.htm

	Avogadro's Hypothesis
		As a result, Avogadro's Number is called Loschmidt's Number in German speaking countries.
		Johann Josef Loschmidt (1821-1895) devised a method to determine the diameter of a gas molecule from the density of the liquified gas and and the mean free path of a molecule in the gaseous phase.
		To determine Avogadro's Number, it is first necessary to deterrmine the characteristic size and mass of a molecule.
	www.hypertextbook.com /physics/matter/avogadro

	ipedia.com: Johann Josef Loschmidt Article
		In 1865 Loschmidt first calculated the Avogadro's number, which in the German language countries is still sometimes referred to as the Loschmidt number.
		Johann Josef Loschmidt was an Austrian physicist and chemist.
		Johann Josef Loschmidt (March 15 1821 - July 8 1895) was an Austrian physicist and chemist.
	www.ipedia.com /johann_josef_loschmidt.html

	Johann Josef Loschmidt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1865 Loschmidt first calculated the Avogadro's number, which in the German language countries is still sometimes referred to as the Loschmidt number.
		He retired from university in 1891 and died in 1895 in
		Karlovy Vary Region of the Czech Republic), he became professor for physical chemistry at the
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Johann_Loschmidt

	May in Chemistry
		Johann Josef Loschmidt born 1821: space-filling formulas of many organic compounds; Loschmidt number (number of molecules per unit volume of gas); size of atoms.
		Friedrich Karl Johannes Thiele born 1865: organic chemistry; unsaturated and nitrogenous compounds (particularly derivatives of hydrazine and guanidine).
		Johann Jakob Balmer born 1825: Balmer series in hydrogen atom spectrum.
	web.lemoyne.edu /~giunta/May.html

	Johann Josef Loschmidt - Result for Johann Josef Loschmidt - Meaning of Johann Josef Loschmidt - Definition of Johann Josef Loschmidt - Dictionary of Meaning - www.mauspfeil.net
		In March 15 Loschmidt first calculated the Avogadro's number (now called March 15, which in the German language countries is still sometimes referred to as the ''Loschmidt number'' (now March 15 has another meaning).
		'''Johann Josef Loschmidt''' ( March 15 March 15 - March 15 March 15) was an March 15 n physicist and chemist.
		In March 15 he determined the size of the molecules of air, in March 15 he found the structure of March 15, before the much more well known discovery by March 15.
	www.mauspfeil.net /Johann_Josef_Loschmidt.html

	Johann Josef Loschmidt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1865 Loschmidt first calculated the Avogadro's number (now called Avogadro's constant, which in the German language countries is still sometimes referred to as the Loschmidt number (now
		Peter M. Schuster: From Curiosity to Passion: Loschmidt's Route from Philosophy to Natural Science, in: W. Fleischhacker and T. Schönfeld (Editors): Pioneering Ideas for the Physical and Chemical Sciences, Proceedings of the Josef Loschmidt Symposium, held in Vienna, Austria, June 25-27, 1995; Plenum Press, 1997, New York.
		He retired from university in 1891 and died in 1895 in
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Josef_Loschmidt

	Timeline 1821-1830
		What we call "Avogadro's number" is, in German-speaking countries, called "Loschmidt's number."
		1821 Mar 15, Josef Loschmidt (d.1895), a pioneer of 19th-century physics and chemistry, was born in Putschim (Pocerny), Bohemia.
		In his first publication (1861) Loschmidt proposed the first structural chemical formulae for many important molecules, introducing markings for double and triple carbon bonds.
	timelines.ws /1821_1830.HTML

	Physics Today March 2001
		An immediate consequence of Loschmidt's calculation of the diameter of a molecule was a reasonably good estimate of molecular mass and the number of molecules per unit volume of a gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP).
		The main sources of error in Loschmidt's estimate of the molecular diameter were errors in the measurements of the mean free path and in the estimate of the density of liquid air.
		Moving to Vienna at the age of 20, Loschmidt was attracted by the lectures in chemistry and physics at the Polytechnic Institute and the university.
	www.physicstoday.org /pt/vol-54/iss-3/p45.html

	LOSCHMIDT'S NUMBER
		LOSCHMIDT's number, N, is defined as the number of atoms in a gram-atom or the number of molecules in a gram-molecule.
		It seems probable that the most exact value of Loschmidt's number is to be obtained by some method which does not depend on the measurement of a fluctuating quantity, the individual values of which are distributed purely by chance.
		The first actual estimate of the number of molecules in one cubic centimetre of a gas under standard conditions was made in 1865 by Loschmidt, and from this the number of molecules (atoms) in a gram molecule (atom) was later evaluated.
	gemini.tntech.edu /~tfurtsch/scihist/loschmid.html

	Proceedings of the Josef Loschmidt Symposium 1995
		The Precise Deterrnination of Loschmidt's Number (Avogadro Constant) as a Step towards a Redefinition of the SI Unit of Mass* (p.
		Loschmidt's Achievements and Shortcomings in Elucidating the Structure of Organic Molecules (p.
		Loschmidt and Venn: Symbolic Logic in Chemistry and Mathematics (p.
	merian.pch.univie.ac.at /pch/loschm2.html

	Avogadro's Number
		Consideration of Brownian motion led to some of the more accurate determinations of Loschmidt's number around the beginning of the 1900's.
		In 1873 Maxwell estimated that Loschmidt's number (the number of molecules in 1 cm
		's value were made by calculations that estimated the number of molecules in a given volume, based on estimates of molecular diameter, and mean free path (Loschmidt 1865).
	www.carlton.paschools.pa.sk.ca /chemical/molemass/avogadno.htm

	Loschmidt on Molecular Size
		Here N is the number of air molecules contained in a unit volume, L is the mean free path between collisions, and s is the molecular diameter.
		[Reader's Note: Loschmidt used a script l where I have substituted a capital L.]
		We apply for this purpose an equation due to Maxwell (1), as slightly modified by Clausius (2).
	dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us /webdocs/Chem-History/Loschmidt-1865.html

	Avo1
		is well-known as a fairly large quantity – in some parts of the world it is called Loschmidt’s number, L, after the Austrian chemist who first estimated its value.
		If each grain is 0.1mm on a side, using our assumptions how many grains are there in a cubic metre?
		About 20 years ago a colleague in my then department rang me; he wanted to get a pile of sand with N
	www.rod.beavon.clara.net /avo1.htm

	Physics Today March 2001
		An immediate consequence of Loschmidt's calculation of the diameter of a molecule was a reasonably good estimate of molecular mass and the number of molecules per unit volume of a gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP).
		Josef Loschmidt, a pioneer of 19th-century physics and chemistry, deserves to be better known in the English-speaking world.
		Josef Loschmidt Symp., U. Vienna, 1995, W. Fleischhacker, T. Schönfeld, eds., Plenum, New York (1997), p.
	www.physicstoday.org /pt/vol-54/iss-3/p45.html

	Avogadro's number
		In the German language countries the number is still sometimes referred to as Loschmidt's number.
		The numerical value was first calculated by Johann Josef Loschmidt in 1865 using the kinetic gas theory.
		Perrin called it "Avogadro's constant" and it is still sometimes known by that name.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/avogadro_s_number

	ScienceWeek
		An immediate consequence of Loschmidt's calculation of the diameter of a molecule was a reasonably good estimate of molecular mass and of the number of molecules per unit volume of a gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP).
		Loschmidt arrived at a size somewhat less than 10^(-7) centimeters for the diameter of the molecules in air, which is close to the accepted value of 0.3 x 10^(-7).
		Loschmidt anticipated the ring structure of benzene, so that some historians claim that the assertion of Friedrich Kekule (1829- 1896) that idea of the benzene ring came to him in a dream is probably fallacious, since Kekule most likely read Loschmidt's published paper on benzene and benzene derivatives.
	scienceweek.com /2001/sw010420.htm

	Representatives of Viennese Scholarship
		His papers "On the size of molecules of air", and the "Loschmidt Number" (a.k.a.
		Boltzmann is viewed as a pioneer of Faraday and Maxwell's electro-magnetic theory of light, developed a proof for Josef Stephan's Law of Radiation and devoted considerable attention to the kinetic theory of gases.
		He was the son of the physician Johann von Oppolzer and was born in Prague.
	www.univie.ac.at /archiv/tour/17.htm

	Avogadro's number
		In German language countries the number is still referred to as Loschmidt's number.
		The numerical was first calculated by Johann Josef Loschmidt 1865 using the kinetic gas theory.
		Avogadro's number is formally defined as the of carbon -12 atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon-12.
	www.freeglossary.com /Avogadros_number

	Avogadro's number - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In German-speaking countries, the number may still be referred to as Loschmidt's number.
		Unfortunately, in a few cases (mainly in the older literature) Loschmidt's number refers to the number of atoms (or molecules) in a cubic centimeter, a usage now disparaged, viz:
		The numerical value was first calculated by Johann Josef Loschmidt in 1865 using the
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Avogadro's_number

	Loschmidt on Molecular Size
		Here N is the number of air molecules contained in a unit volume, L is the mean free path between collisions, and s is the molecular diameter.
		[Reader's Note: Loschmidt used a script l where I have substituted a capital L.]
		We apply for this purpose an equation due to Maxwell (1), as slightly modified by Clausius (2).
	dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us /webdocs/Chem-History/Loschmidt-1865.html

	Timeline - 1800s
		1865: Johann Loschmidt calculates the number of molecules of gas in a cubic centimeter of air, obtaining a figure about 30 times smaller than modern estimates.
		This paper solves all classical problems of electric and magnetic phenomena in four equations; in doing this, it also predicts the existence of radio waves.
		1879: Josef Stefan becomes the first person following experiments by John Tyndall, to identify the relationship between the rate at which an object radiates evergy and its temperature - a relationship which becomes known as the Stefan-Boltzmann Law.
	uk.geocities.com /magoos_universe/time_19.htm

	spiked-science survey E=mc2 centenary survey Equal volumes of gases, at the same temperature and pressure, contain the same number of molecules
		This estimate was made by the Austrian physicist and chemist Johann Josef Loschmidt, who used a value for the collision cross-section of molecules.
		It was not until 1865 that an estimate was made of the number of molecules in a gas volume.
		Improvements in the theory of gas kinetics, and better measurements, increased the accuracy through to the end of the nineteenth century.
	www.spiked-online.com /articles/0000000CAA82.htm

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