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| | FRANCIA |
 | | As the authority of the German Emperors declined, and that of the Kings of France grew, the "Middle Kingdom" (Francia Media) of Lorraine, Burgundy, and Italy began to pass either from German to French control (Upper Lorraine, Burgundy) or from German control to separate status (Lower Lorraine, i.e. |
 | | As neat halves of Charlemange's empire eventually formed, France in the West and Germany in the East, the stage for the greatest battles of modern war in the 19th and 20th centuries would be set along the seam, from Waterloo (1815) to Verdun (1916) to the Bulge (1944). |
 | | This was the essence of modern totalitarianism, later theoretically formulated by Marx, and it enabled France to wash over her enemies -- all except England, which had had its Revolutions back in the 17th century. |
| www.uncg.edu /rom/courses/dafein/civ/kings.htm (2665 words) |
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