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	Napoleon III of France - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte (20 April 1808, Paris, France - 9 January 1873, Chislehurst, Kent, England) was a President of France, and later, Emperor of the French.
		The father of record, however, was Hortense's husband, Louis Bonaparte, a younger brother of Napoleon.
		In a situation that resembles the case of Louis XVIII of France, the numbering of Napoléon's reign assumes the existence of a legitimate Napoléon II of France who never actually ruled, but was briefly recognized as emperor from June 22 to July 7, 1815.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Napoleon_III_of_France (1226 words)

	Louis Bonaparte - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (September 2, 1778 - July 25, 1846) was the fifth surviving child and fourth surviving son of Carlo Buonaparte and Letizia Ramolino.
		Louis was married on January 4, 1802 to Hortense de Beauharnais, daughter of deceased general Alexandre, Vicomte de Beauharnais and his wife Josephine Tascher de la Pagerie.
		Napoleon Charles Bonaparte, born December 10, 1802, Prince Royal of Holland.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Louis_Napoleon_Bonaparte (446 words)

	MSN Encarta - Napoleon III
		Napoleon III (1808-1873), emperor of the French (1852-1870), who revived the Napoleonic empire in the mid-19th century and led France to defeat in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871).
		Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was born in Paris, the third and last son of King Louis and Queen Hortense of Holland, and thus a nephew of Napoleon I.
		During the dictatorship, Napoleon limited the freedom of the press and the freedom of intellectual thought; he censored newspapers and exiled many writers, including Victor Hugo, banning their works.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761575670 (740 words)

	Napoleon III. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The nephew of Napoleon I, Louis Napoleon spent his youth with his mother, Hortense de Beauharnais, in Switzerland and Germany and became a captain in the Swiss army.
		A long-time supporter of Italian nationalism, he met the Sardinian premier Camillo Cavour at Plombières and secretly agreed on a joint campaign by France and Sardinia to expel Austria from Italy and to establish an Italian federation of four states under the presidency of the pope; France was to be compensated with Nice and Savoy.
		Less fortunate was Napoleon’s intervention (1861–67) in the affairs of Mexico; the French troops finally withdrew upon the demand of the United States, leaving Emperor Maximilian to his fate.
	www.bartleby.com /65/na/Napoleon3.html (1108 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (April 20, 1808 - January 9, 1873) was the son of King Louis Bonaparte and Queen Hortense de Beauharnais; both monarchs of the Kingdom of Holland.
		In a situation that resembles the case of Louis XVIII of France, the numbering of Napoleon's reign assumes the existence of a legitimate Napoleon II of France who never actually ruled.
		Napoleon's challenge to Russia's claims to influence in the Ottoman Empire led to France's successful participation in the Crimean War (March 1854-March 1856).
	www.informationgenius.com /encyclopedia/n/na/napoleon_iii_of_france.html (573 words)

	Bonaparte. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Napoleon’s youngest brother, Jérôme, 1784–1860, served in the navy and was sent to the West Indies.
		Napoleon refused to recognize the marriage and had little difficulty in changing the mind of the flighty Jérôme, for whom he made (1807) a new match with Catherine of Württemberg.
		Of the second generation of the family the most important was Louis Bonaparte’s son, Louis Napoleon, who became emperor as Napoleon III (see also separate article for Napoleon II, son of Napoleon I and Marie Louise).
	www.bartleby.com /65/bo/BonapartFam.html (1266 words)

	Napoleon
		Certain of Napoleon Bonaparte's detractors declared that he was not French because he was born in 1768 and not 1769, and that his date of birth had been falsified, it being unthinkable that the emperor of the French not be French himself.
		According to Thibaudeau, Napoleon used this term (in the same speech containing the famous remark that men could be led 'by baubles') in the debate in the Conseil d'Etat on the creation of the Légion d'Honneur.
		Napoleon III was the third son of Louis Bonaparte (1778-1846), who himself was the third brother of Napoleon I. Hortense de Beauharnais (1783-1837), daughter (by her first marriage) of Josephine, was the mother of Napoleon III.
	www.napoleon.org /en/essential_napoleon/faq/index.asp (1157 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Napoleon III
		Napoleon then dreamed of settling the affairs of Italy by means of a congress, and Arthur de la Guéronniére's pamphlet, "Le pape et le congrés", demanded of Pius IX, in advance, the surrender of his temporal power.
		Napoleon III was annoyed, and ordered his ambassador at Rome to enter into negotiations for the withdrawal of the French troops: on 11 May, 1860, it was decided that within three months the soldiers given to the pope by Napoleon III should return to France.
		This arrangement caused profound sorrow at the Vatican; Pius IX drew the conclusion that Napoleon was preparing to leave the States of the Church at the mercy of the Italians.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/10699a.htm (3572 words)

	Napoleon: Biography
		The Napoleonic idea was a "social and industrial one, humanitarian and encouraging trade," that would "reconcile order and freedom, the rights of the people and the principles of authority." Louis-Napoléon saw it as his task to accomplish this mission.
		Napoleon III intended to be always ahead of public opinion so as to be able to understand the requirements of his time and to create laws and institutions accordingly.
		Napoleon III dreamed of "opening new ways to commerce and new outlets to European products overseas," of accelerating "the progress of Christianity and civilization." He was therefore open to a colonial policy bent on furthering commercial interests and the establishment of bases.
	bahai-library.com /resources/tablets-notes/lawh-napoleon/bio.html (2907 words)

	Napoleon I of France article - Napoleon I of France Napoleon (disambiguation) 15 August 1769 1821 1799 1815 France - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		He was born Napoleone Buonaparte in the city of Ajaccio on Corsica one year after Corsica had been sold to France by the Republic of Genoa.
		His father, Carlo Buonaparte, an Italian-born attorney, was named Corsica's representative to the court of Louis XVI in 1778, where he remained for a number of years.
		His set of civil laws, the Napoleonic Code or Civil Code, has importance to this day in many countries.
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Napoleon (2313 words)

	LouisPhilippeTxt
		Louis Philippe was born in Paris in 1773 and died in 1850.
		Louis Philippe belonged to a branch of the French royal family stemming from Philippe I, duc d'Orleans, the brother of King Louis XIV.
		Louis Philippe was in sympathy with the French Revolution, and in 1790 he joined the Jacobins, members of a French radical political club.
	gallery.sjsu.edu /paris/politics/Louisphilippe00.htm (363 words)

	FRANCE: Napoleon I and Napoleon III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, aka Napoleon III was indeed more disinterested, Napoleon I was the second of eight children.
		Napoleon III was the son of the fifth sibling, Louis, and Hortense de Beauharnais, although it was suspected that Louis was not his father.
		When Napoleon's only son died in 1832, he claimed to be the heir of Napoleon and led unsuccessful revolts against the monarchy of Louis Philippe; he fled to England, where he picked up liberal ideas.
	wais.stanford.edu /France/france_napoleonIandIII112302.html (398 words)

	First empire - Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Louis was sent to report to the Directorate on the evening of the Battle of Castiglione.
		When Napoleon became emperor Louis became great chamberlain, a dignity of which his brother often reminded him after he became a king, to motivate him not to neglect the interests of France.
		Napoleon retorted that it was better to die a king than to live a prince.
	histofig.com /history/empire/personnes/france_bonaparte_louis_en.html (955 words)

	French royalty--Napoleon III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Napoleon III had an unusual family tree in that Emperor Napoleon was his uncle, but the Emperess Josepine was his gramdmother.
		Louis' eraliest education is entrusted to Philippe Bottom, son of a friend of wire of the conventional friend of Robespierre.
		Napoleon III himself was released by the Germans in 1871 and joined the Emperess at Chiselhurst, Kent in England where he resided until his death 2 years later.
	histclo.hispeed.com /royal/fra/royal-frn3.htm (2985 words)

	NapoleonIIITxt
		Louis Napoleon Bonaparte,was born in 1808 and died in 1873.
		The successes of Napoleon Bonaparte in government were associated with Louis Napoleon, giving him a greater chance in the election.
		Napoleon III took the field himself and was captured at Sedan.
	gallery.sjsu.edu /paris/politics/NapoleonIII00.htm (311 words)

	Louis Napoleon III (1808-1873) - By Miles Hodges (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Louis was the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte whom he clearly modeled himself after.
		Louis was born the last of three sons of Louis and Hortense Bonaparte, king and queen of Holland during the regime of his uncle Napoleon I. With the final Restoration of the Bourbon monarchy in 1815 he left France for exile.
		It was in the area of diplomacy that Louis Napoleon was finally undone--when the Prussian Chancellor, Bismarck, out-trumped Napoleon by drawing him into a war (the Franco-Prussian War of 1870) over the French-German borderlands in Alsace and Lorraine.
	www.newgenevacenter.org /biography/louis-napoleon2.htm (885 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		When Louis Philippe fled France February 24, 1848, a handful of Bonapartists gathered at the Vendôme column with shouts of "Long live the Emperor!" There were few other early signs of support for this 40-year-old nephew of Napoleon I. Yet, by the end of the year he was president of France.
		Despite the opposition of Lamartine and Ledru-Rollin, after a debate in the assembly Louis Napoleon was admitted as a member on June 13, with the support of Louis Blanc, Victor Hugo, and Jules Favre.
		Louis Napoleon at once moved into the Elysée palace where he hosted a private banquet for veterans of the Strasbourg and Boulogne coups.
	www.ohiou.edu /~Chastain/ip/louisnap.htm (912 words)

	Magazine Antiques: Napoleon III: the other Napoleon and his Empire - Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
		Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (Pl. I) was proclaimed Napoleon III, emperor of the French, on December 2, 1852.
		Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was born in Paris on April 20, 1808 (see Pl. II), the third son of the arranged marriage of Louis (Pl. III), one of Napoleon I's younger brothers, and Empress Josephine's daughter from her first marriage, Hortense de Beauharnais (Pl. IV).
		Louis Napoleon brilliantly exploited the subsequent unrest and its brutal suppression by the provisional government.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1026/is_6_162/ai_94773918 (1186 words)

	18th Brumaire of Louis Napoleon– I
		Caussidiere for Danton, Louis Blanc for Robespierre, the Montagne of 1848 to 1851 for the Montagne of 1793 to 1795, the nephew for the uncle.
		[day of elections — Louis Bonaparte's term was expired] In their minds that second Sunday of May had become a certain idea, a dogma, like the day of Christ's reappearance and the beginning of the millennium in the minds of the Chiliasts [4].
		The bourgeois monarchy of Louis Philippe can be followed only by a bourgeois republic; that is to say, whereas a limited section of the bourgeoisie ruled in the name of the king, the whole of the bourgeoisie will now rule in the name of the people.
	www.marxists.org /archive/marx/works/1852/18th-brumaire/ch01.htm (2700 words)

	Napoleon
		Napoleon was careful to recall it on St Helena: "When I put myself at the head of power, France was in the same state as Rome was when it was said that a dictator was needed to save the Republic.
		In the coronation ceremony, the coronation mass was less important than the oath by which Napoleon promised to defend the victories of the Revolution.
		When he married with Marie-Louise, in 1810, Napoleon (who as a result became the nephew of Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette, and the son-in-law of a Hapsburg) tried to turn his dictatorship into the beginning of a new dynasty.
	www.napoleon.org /en/reading_room/articles/files/empire_dictatorship_monarchy.asp (2330 words)

	Napoleon III Bonaparte, Empereur des Français (1808-1873) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Nephew of Napoleon I, being the son of Louis Bonaparte (the King of Holland) and Hortense the Beauhanais.
		When Louis Napoleon wouldn't continue the french military presence in Mexico in 1867, Maximilian refused to give up his throne and was soon afterwards executed by his rebellious opponents.
		Louis Napoleon joined the troops, but his personal courage was to no avail.
	www.xs4all.lu /~androom/biography/p004916.htm (648 words)

	King Louis XVI Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Married to Marie Antoinette in 1770, Louis was influenced by a variety of sources.
		In an effort to save his own life and that of his family, Louis and the royal family attempted to flee the country but were caught and promptly returned to Paris.
		Shortly after, it was discovered that Louis had been bribing French officials and was tried for treason where he was found guilty and sentenced to death.
	www.geocities.com /frenchmonarch/louisxvi (172 words)

	18th Brumaire of Louis Napoleon-- VII
		The "Napoleonic" property form, which at the beginning of the nineteenth century was the condition of the emancipation and enrichment of the French countryfolk, has developed in the course of this century into the law of their enslavement and their pauperism.
		If he still shares with the peasants the illusion that the cause of their ruin is to be sought not in the small holdings themselves but outside them — in the influence of secondary circumstances — his experiments will shatter like soap bubbles when they come in contact with the relations of production.
		Under Napoleon the fragmentation of the land in the countryside supplemented free competition and the beginning of big industry in the towns.
	homepages.uel.ac.uk /M.DeAngelis/18thBrumaireVII.htm (4761 words)

	WHKMLA : History of the Kingdom of Holland, 1806-1810
		In 1806, Napoleon compelled the Dutch delegation to request LOUIS NAPOLEON BONAPARTE to accept the crown of Holland (thus the Batavian Republic converted into the Kingdom of Holland).
		Napoleon was not satisfied with the observance of the Continental Blockade (smuggling still went on on a considerable scale) and with the lackluster performance of the Dutch in the defense of their country.
		King Louis Napoleon had gained the sympathy of many of his subjects by aiding the victims of floods in 1808 and 1809; however he did not stand up to his brother.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/lowcountries/kgdholl.html (837 words)

	Movers: 19th Century - By Miles Hodges (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		With the execution of his brother Louis XVI in early 1793 and the elevation (in the eyes of the royalists) of his 7-year old son to the rights of the French throne as Louis XVII, Louis declared himself French Regent.
		Louis Philippe was a distant cousin of the brothers Louis XVI, Louis XVIII and Charles X. Although he too was a Bourbon, he preferred the Orléans identity of his more immediate ancestors.
		Louis Adolphe Thiers headed a delegation which invited him to become King of the French--Louis Philippe I, the "citizen king." In a dramatic appearance before the Chamber (Louis Philippe was wearing the tricolor of French Republicanism) he accepted their invitation.
	www.newgenevacenter.org /movers/19th-cen2.htm (6409 words)

	burke (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		During the period of the Bourbon restoration, the hurricane of Napoleonic regime ebbed away and was greeted with a general sigh of relief.
		Napoleon was still too fresh in the minds of French leaders to emulate and so the monarchist movement gained popularity.
		The veterans on Napoleon's campaigns and empire were dying out and were not being replaced by the sort of patriots needed to keep the legacy alive.
	www.longwood.edu /staff/munsonjr/modfr00/burke/burke.html (2114 words)

	Edward Tufte: New ET Writings, Artworks & News
		The only sources he cites are the letters of Napoleon and others which he quotes in full in the notes.
		He made it during this campaign into the elite circle of Napoleon's military advisors, so he was a witness to the ups and devastating downs of the whole affair.
		On his map of Napoleon's march, Minard writes "Carte de Fezensac," which may refer to a map, but may also refer to one of the tables in the appendices of this volume.
	www.edwardtufte.com /tufte/minard (2200 words)

	Napoleon III
		Napoleon III: Assessment - Assessment Napoleon III was a complex figure.
		Napoleon III: Emperor of the French - Emperor of the French In Nov., 1852, a new plebiscite overwhelmingly approved the establishment of...
		Napoleon III: A Myth Fulfilled - A Myth Fulfilled After the February Revolution of 1848 Louis Napoleon returned to France.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/people/A0834843.html (300 words)

	Napoleon's Retreat Bed & Breakfast St. Louis, Missouri
		This exquisite 1880 2nd French Empire Victorian is located in the national historic district of Lafayette Square, just one mile from downtown St. Louis, the Arch, convention center, Busch Stadium and Union Station.
		As you enter through the original double set of 12-foot doors, you know that you have journeyed into an era of gracious hospitality that reflects the charm and sophistication of a by-gone era set in a relaxing and comfortable setting.
		Thirty-acre Lafayette Park is the oldest city park west of the Mississippi; this Victorian jewel offers a glimpse into St. Louis’ past with its original wrought iron fence, gazebos, park house and duck pond and is perfect for an early morning jog or evening stroll.
	www.napoleonsretreat.com (366 words)

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