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Topic: Louis Paul Cailletet

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	Cailletet, Louis Paul (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Cailletet was born in Chatillon-sur-Seine and educated in Paris at the Ecole des Mines, after which he returned to Chatillon to manage his father's ironworks.
		Investigating the causes of accidents that occurred during the tempering of incompletely forged iron, Cailletet found that many were due to the highly unstable state of the iron while it was hot and had gases dissolved in it.
		Cailletet's other achievements included the installation of a 300-m/985-ft high manometer on the Eiffel Tower; an investigation of air resistance on falling bodies; a study of a liquid-oxygen breathing apparatus for high-altitude ascents; and the construction of numerous devices, including automatic cameras, an altimeter, and air-sample collectors for sounding-balloon studies of the upper atmosphere.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/C/Cailletet/1.html (194 words)

	Famous Scientists
		Paul Ehrlich - German chemist and bacteriologist; proposed a chemical explanation of immunity.
		Louis LePrince-Ringuet - French physicist; obtained the first cloud chamber photograph of a meson-electron collision, from which the mass of the meson could be deduced.
		Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac - English physicist; published Principles of Quantum Mechanics (1930); received Nobel Prize for physics for his research in wave mechanics (1933).
	www.3rd1000.com /history.htm (8161 words)

	Louis Paul Cailletet \| Scienca (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Cailletet studierte am Lycée Henri IV und an der École des mines.
		Bahnbrechend waren seine Erkenntnisse zur Verflüssigung der sogenannten permanenten Gase (wie Sauerstoff und Stickstoff).
		Zu diesem überraschenden Ergebnis kam 20 Tage nach ihm auch der Physiker Raoul Pictet in Genf, jedoch wandte dieser eine andere Methode hierzu an, die später von Heike Kamerlingh Onnes verfeinert wurde und zur Entdeckung der Supraleitfähigkeit des Edelgases Helium führte.
	www.scienca.de /wiki/Louis_Paul_Cailletet (168 words)

	Cryogenics - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		The inversion temperatures of hydrogen and helium, two primary cryogenic gases, are extremely low, and to achieve a temperature reduction through expansion, these gases must first be precooled below their inversion temperatures, the hydrogen by liquid air and the helium by liquid hydrogen.
		This method is generally not able to bring about liquefaction in one step, but by cascading the effects, the French physicist Louis Paul Cailletet and the Swiss scientist Raoul Pierre Pictet were able in 1877 to produce droplets of liquid oxygen.
		The success of these experimenters marked the end of the idea of permanent gases and established the possibility of liquefying any gas by moderate compression at temperatures below the critical temperature.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761563758___2/Cryogenics.html (424 words)

	Cryogenics - Early Research, The Cooling Process
		In 1877, French mining engineer Louis Paul Cailletet announced that he had liquefied oxygen and nitrogen.
		Cailletet was able to produce only a few droplets of these liquefied gases, however.
		In his research with oxygen, Cailletet collected the oxygen in a sturdy container and cooled it by evaporating (drying up) sulphur dioxide in contact with the container.
	www.discoveriesinmedicine.com /Com-En/Cryogenics.html (972 words)

	(EIFFEL, G.) CAILLETET, L. & EIFFEL, G., Manomètre à air libre de 300 mètres établi à la Tour Eiffel. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		He collaborated with the distinguished physicist, Louis Paul Cailletet, well known for his work on the liquefaction of gases, to build a giant manometer the entire height of the tower in order to measure the pressure of up to 400 atmospheres.
		In this paper given to the Académie des Sciences in 1891, Cailletet describes this remarkable instrument, explaining its advantages, describing its construction (using a steel, rather than a glass, tube on account of its size), and showing how it was arranged within the tower’s structure.
		A laboratory was installed in the western leg of the tower at the manometer’s base.
	www.polybiblio.com /elton/5117.html (221 words)

	September in Chemistry
		Burris Cunningham and Louis Werner isolated first microscopic amount of a compound of americium (Am, element 95) at wartime Metallurgical Laboratory, University of Chicago, 1945.
		Louis Pasteur sampled pure air of French Alps, 1860.
		His experiments comparing this air to city air contribute to germ theory of disease and demise of the theory of spontaneous generation.
	web.lemoyne.edu /~giunta/September.html (1471 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Linus Pauling is awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry “for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances.”
		Louis Pasteur publishes a paper, “Physiological Theory of Fermentation,” designed to counter the theory of spontaneous generation.
		Paul Ehrlich is born in Strehlen, Germany (later part of Poland).
	www.chemheritage.org /explore/dateline04/timeline.html (2405 words)

	"C" Famous People
		Cailletet, Louis Paul (1832-1913) Ironmaster, born in Châtillon-sur-Seine, NE France.
		Celan, Paul (1920-70) Poet, born in Cschernowszy, Romania...
		Claudel, Paul (Louis Charles Marie) (1868-1955) Catholic poet, essayist, and playwright, born in Villeneuve-sur-Fin...
	www.jonathanselby.com /Cfam.html (17660 words)

	FRANCE on Your Own Newsletter
		Louis Braille, in 1829, created the printed language for the blind, and, also related to printing, Xavier Progin created a machine with separate type bars for each letter or symbol activated by lever keys - the forerunner of the typewriter.
		Rudolph Diesel (born in Paris of Bavarian parents) invented the diesel engine in 1898 and Louis Paul Cailletet was the French physicist who invented the altimeter and the high-pressure manometer in the late 19th to early 20th century.
		Most famous for his 1864 experiments with diseases in France's vineyards which led to Pasteurization, Louis Pasteur is also credited with discovering fermentation, which paved the way for the study of germs that cause septicemia and gangrene, among other infections.
	www.franceonyourown.com /News_8_2_03.htm (1654 words)

	History Timeline for Technologies by John Giudice
		Three years later when they sold the company they still had not caught up with the customer demand and were backordered.
		The computer caught the attention of two Harvard students (Bill Gates and Paul Allen) who were able to convince the folks at MITS they could make the computer more functional by writing some software for it.
		Paul Allen was hired to head up software development for Altair.
	jgiudice.tripod.com /history/history-timeline.htm (5617 words)

	Thermodynamics, Temperature, Heat, Entropy - Numericana
		This appears as equation 14-4 in the 1967 doctoral dissertation of Abdelmalek Guessous (supervised by Louis de Broglie).
		In 1967, under the supervision of Louis de Broglie, Guessous completed a full-blown attack, using the whole machinery of statistical mechanics, which left no doubt that thermodynamic temperature must indeed transform as stated above (in modern physics, other "flavors" of temperature should not be welcome).
		Equating heat with a form of energy was once a major scientific breakthrough, but the fundamental relativistic distinction between heat and energy noted by most pioneers (including Einstein in his youth) was later butchered by many others (including Einstein in his old age) before its final rehabilitation...
	home.att.net /~numericana/answer/heat.htm (6314 words)

	April 4 - Today in Science History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		He produced liquid oxygen, working independently of the French scientist, Louis Paul Cailletet, who is also credited with its discovery in 1877.
		In 1972, the first electric power generated in the U.S. fueled by municipal solid waste was produced at the Meramec Plant of the Union Electric Company, St. Louis, Missouri.
		The venture was a cooperative effort with the city of St. Louis, with financial support from the Environmental Protection Agency.
	www.todayinsci.com /4/4_04.htm (3554 words)

	theage.com.au - The Age
		SCF brings temperature and pressure of any given compound to the point where its fluid is neither gas nor liquid but an intermediate of the two extremes.
		It was first tried in 19th century Paris when the scientist Louis Paul Cailletet installed 100 metre tall mercury-filled tubes that extended from top to bottom of the Eiffel Tower.
		The SCF process was first used in food technology, most famously in the extraction of caffeine to make decaffeinated coffee, and by the perfume industry to extract fragrances.
	www.theage.com.au /articles/2002/08/18/1029114049400.html (827 words)

	Absolute Zero and the Conquest of Cold
		William Thomson and Rudolf Clausius separately articulate the first and second laws of thermodynamics.
		Louis-Paul Cailletet liquefies oxygen and nitrogen, setting the stage for the descent toward absolute zero.
		Measureable quantity of liquid oxygen is made by Syzgmunt von Wróblewski and Karol Olszewski in Kraków, at 90 K. Oxygen is solidified by James Dewar, Robert Lennox and James Heath, London, reaching temperatures of 54 K. James Dewar develops a vacuum-insulated, silver-plated glass flask -- essentially the first thermos bottle.
	www.absolutezerocampaign.org /get_involved/historical_timeline.htm (698 words)

	Sketching the History of Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Louis Victor Pierre Raymond duc de Broglie (1892-1987) applies
		Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger (1887-1961) developes a second formulation of quantum theory in terms of wave mechanics independently.
		Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (1902-1984) relates the symmetry of quantum mechanical wave functions to the statistics of Bose, Einstein and
	history.hyperjeff.net /statmech.html (6788 words)

	Diamond anvil cell Summary
		The French scientists Louis Paul Cailletet and Emile Hillaire built devices for studying the behavior of materials under pressures up to three thousand atmospheres (44,000 pounds per square inch).
		Their devices failed at about three thousand atmospheres, however, and a limit to such research seemed to have been reached.
		Bridgman's first diamond anvil cell was able to produce pressures four times greater than those achieved by Cailletet and Hillaire.
	www.bookrags.com /Diamond_anvil_cell (1113 words)

	Z.F. Wroblewski
		While working in Paris, Wroblewski purchased liquefaction apparatus designed by Louis Paul Cailletet from the instrument making firm E. Ducretet.
		Using a modified form of Cailletet's apparatus and working with Karol Olszewski, Wroblewski succeeded in obtaining significant amounts of liquid oxygen on the 9th April 1883.
		While working in his laboratory he upset a kerosene lamp and was burnt to death.
	www.teachersparadise.com /ency/en/wikipedia/z/z_/z_f__wroblewski.html (133 words)

	Superconductor Technologies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In 1987, Paul Chu of the University of Houston announced the discovery of a compound, Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide (YBCO), that became superconducting at 90K.
		These gases first must be cooled below their inversion temperatures--the hydrogen by liquid air, and the helium by liquid hydrogen.
		By cascading these processes, French physicist Louis Paul Cailletet and Swiss scientist Raoul Pierre Pictet produced droplets of liquid oxygen in 1877.
	www.suptech.com /htsuniversity.html (2497 words)

	Physical Chemistry
		Then, too, Gibbs's work was translated into French in 1899 by Henri Louis Le Chatelier (1850-1936).
		A number of men contributed to the new technique, including the French physicist Joseph Nicephore Niepce (1765-1833), the French artist Louis Jacques Mandes Daguerre (1789-1851), and the English inventor William Henry Fox Talbot (1800-1877).
		Using this technique, the French physicist Louis Paul Cailletet (1832-1913) and the Swiss chemist Raoul Pictet (1846-1929) were able to liquefy such gases as oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon monoxide by 1877.
	www.3rd1000.com /history/physical.htm (5629 words)

	Nothingandall: 2006/11/26 - 2006/12/02 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		1615 - Louis des Balbes de Berton de Crillon dies.
		Goodman, who was white, became one of the first bandleaders to use both fl and white musicians.
		1934 - Billy Paul was born in Philadelphia.
	nothingandall.blogspot.com /2006_11_26_nothingandall_archive.html (4177 words)

	Browse Scientist: Smith Image Collection
		Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc comte de, 1707 - 1788
		Duhamel, Henry Louis du Monceau, 1700 - 1782
		Guyton de Morveau, Louis Bernard baron, 1737 - 1816
	imagesvr.library.upenn.edu /s/smith/bscientist.html (296 words)

	This day in history..... [Archive] - Page 2 - Off Topic Central (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		With the death of German President Paul von Hindenburg, Chancellor Adolf Hitler becomes absolute dictator of Germany under the title of Führer, or "Leader." The German army took an oath of allegiance to its new commander-in-chief, and the last remnants of Germany's democratic government were dismantled to make way for Hitler's Third Reich.
		Although the Nazis suffered a decline in votes during the November 1932 election, Hindenburg agreed to make Hitler chancellor in January 1933, hoping that Hitler could be brought to heel as a member of his cabinet.
		1660: Saint Vincent de Paul, founder of the Congregation of the Mission, which preaches to and cares for the poor, dies in Paris, France, at the age of 79.
	www.otcentral.com /forum/archive/index.php/t-18250-p-2.html (15937 words)

	Scientific Discovery November 2004 - February 2005 - Page 3
		Cailletet was an ironworker in his father’s iron foundry and was the First person to liquefy these natural gases.
		Jobs was an orphan adopted by Paul and Clara Jobs.
		After comprehending were the world was going Jobs started work in his father’s family garage making the new computers that would change his life for ever and managed to make his first "killing" when the Byte Shop in Mountain View bought his first fifty fully assembled computers.
	www.thewif.org.uk /version2/nlett/28/page3.html (6001 words)

	Amazon.com: "ice trade": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		See all pages with references to ice trade.
		., 5 r Ie ns~ ~~sn,~,d,v s~a, 1850-1875 1859 1877 1892 Heyday of the Ferdinand Carr Louis-Paul Cailletet James Dewar natural-ice trade.
		1150-1875 1659 lazz 92 - Heyday of the Ferdinand Carr Louis-Paul Cailletet James Dewar natural-ice trade.
	www.amazon.com /phrase/ice-trade (525 words)

	1877: Anti-Duhring - Editors notes
		The second and third editions bore the same title.
		In 1880, at Paul Lafargue's request, Engels used three chapters of Anti-Dühring (Chapter I of the Introduction and chapters I and 11 of Part III) to provide a separate popular pamphlet, first published under the title Socialism Utopian and Scientific, and later as The Development of Socialism from Utopia to Science (see present edition, Vol.
		19 A reference to the works of the Irish physicist Thomas Andrews (1869), the French physicist Louis Paul Cailletet and the Swiss physicist Raoul Pierre Pictet (1877).
	www.marxists.org /archive/marx/works/1877/anti-duhring/footnotes.htm (7172 words)

	SCIENTISTS
		Louis Paul Cailletet (French Physicist)----produced drops of liquid oxygen with Raoul Pierre Pictet
		Raoul Pierre Pictet (Swiss Scientist)----worked with Loius Paul Cailletet
		If you want to know more about these scientists go to thispage
	expage.com /page/crazydd3 (103 words)

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