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	Love Canal@Everything2.com
		In 1896 William Love began construction on a canal connecting Lake Ontario and Lake Erie that bypassed Niagara Falls to be used to generate hydroelectric power.
		In 1953 the company was approached by the city to "donate" the land on Love Canal for a new school (it stands abandoned, the 93rd Street School).
		By 1977 the dangers were obvious and Love Canal was a disaster area as chemical odors filled the Love Canal neighborhood.
	everything2.com /index.pl?node_id=365184 (1244 words)

	The Love Canal Tragedy \| EPA History \| US EPA
		Love felt that by digging a short canal between the upper and lower Niagara Rivers, power could be generated cheaply to fuel the industry and homes of his would-be model city.
		When the citizens of Love Canal were finally evacuated from their homes and their neighborhood, pregnant women and infants were deliberately among the first to be taken out.
		Love Canal can now be added to a growing list of environmental disasters involving toxics, ranging from industrial workers stricken by nervous disorders and cancers to the discovery of toxic materials in the milk of nursing mothers.
	www.epa.gov /history/topics/lovecanal/01.htm (1452 words)

	CNN - Despite toxic history, residents return to Love Canal - August 7, 1998
		Love Canal is buried under a plastic liner, clay and topsoil and is off limits to everyone
		Love Canal, which once symbolized hidden toxic wastelands, is now known as Black Creek Village.
		Christman moved into the home of former Love Canal resident Leulla Kenny, whose seven-year-old son died of kidney disease before the family relocated.
	www.cnn.com /US/9808/07/love.canal (384 words)

	Love Canal Revisited \| Editorial
		Erin Brockovich is set in 1996, so the movie cannot allude to the 1998 outcome of the Love Canal case, but there are a number of similarities between Hinkley and the toxic dump disaster that became synonymous with harmful chemical exposures and their adverse human health effects.
		The neighborhood of Love Canal in Niagara Falls, New York, was named after William Love who, in 1896, began digging a canal between Lakes Ontario and Erie to serve as a water power conduit.
		In the 1960s and 1970s, people living adjacent to the canal increasingly complained of strange odors and residues in their homes; there were also numerous reports of chemical burns and mysterious ailments from the children who attended 99th Street School.
	www.commonwealthclub.org /archive/01/01-02brockovich-lovecanal.html (794 words)

	Love Canal. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-07
		In the 1940s and 50s the empty canal was used by a chemical and plastics company to dump nearly 20,000 tons (c.18,000 metric tons) of toxic waste; the waste was sealed in metal drums in a manner that has since been declared illegal.
		The canal was then filled in and the land given to the expanding city of Niagara Falls by the chemical company.
		Families were evacuated from the area in 1978, and in 1980 the Love Canal area was declared a national emergency.
	www.bartleby.com /65/lo/Lovecana.html (305 words)

	Case Study 6: Love Canal - Online Ethics Home
		Love Canal soon became the first hazardous waste site to be featured in TV news reports and to get front page, headline billing in newspapers and magazines in New York State and nationally.
		Another aspect of the Love Canal case that is characteristic of such events is that the victims, although hostile to Hooker Chemical, directed most of their rage at an indecisive, aloof, often secretive and inconsistent public health establishment.
		In the Love Canal case, the initial population of the neighborhood was not poor nor did it have a high percentage of minority members.
	www.onlineethics.diamax.com /CMS/edu/precol/scienceclass/sectone/cs6.aspx (3816 words)

	Learning from Love Canal: A 20th Anniversary Retrospective
		The situation at Love Canal, New York, led this "ordinary" woman to do extraordinary things, and when all was said and done she had become a symbol of what happens when citizens, provoked by injustice and emboldened by outrage, stand up for themselves and their families.
		The words "Love Canal" are now burned in our country's history and in the memory of the public as being synonymous with chemical exposures and their adverse human health effects.
		Love Canal Homeowners Association (LCHA) deliberately focused pressure on elected representatives to make the Love Canal crisis a campaign issue, protesting at political conventions and giving hundreds of interviews to the news media, always singling out candidates by name, and always asking for their positions on hazardous-waste issues--Love Canal specifically.
	arts.envirolink.org /arts_and_activism/LoisGibbs.html (2329 words)

	Love Canal :: Start of a Movement
		Love Canal Homeowners Association (LCHA) was established in August of 1978 to give the community a voice in the decisions made during the Love Canal environmental crisis.
		The study also showed that during the 5-year period from 1974 to 1978, 56% of the children in the Love Canal neighborhood were born with a birth defect (9 birth defects among 16 children born) that included three ears, double row of teeth, and mental retardation.
		For these same reasons, in September 1988, the Love Canal was declared "habitable," not to be confused with "safe." The 239 homes closest to the canal have been demolished and the remaining homes may be sold to new families.
	www.bu.edu /lovecanal/canal/index.html (2906 words)

	Reason Magazine - Happy Birthday, Love Canal
		Love Canal became a symbol for the "poisoning of America" by heedless corporations as a muckraking 1979 article in The Atlantic Monthly put it.
		The studies are ongoing, but preliminary results indicate that Love Canal's effects have fortunately been somewhat less than "devastating." The April 2002 NYSDOH Love Canal newsletter reports, "Based on information so far, Love Canal residents have the same life expectancy and cancer incidence rates as upstate New York and Niagara County residents.
		The good news, though, is that as far as medical science and epidemiology can determine, the health of the residents of Love Canal and that of their children is not significantly worse than the health of their fellow citizens who lived elsewhere.
	www.reason.com /news/show/34786.html (1240 words)

	Love Canal Summary
		Love Canal is not the only hazardous waste site in the country that has become a threat to humans--only the best known.
		By 1978, Love Canal became a national media event with articles referring to the neighborhood as "a public health time bomb." On August 7, 1978, United States President Jimmy Carter declared a federal emergency at Love Canal, and those living closest to the site were relocated.
		With the growing evidence and two years of effort by Lois Gibbs and other residents, President Carter declared a state of emergency at Love Canal on May 21, 1980 and the EPA agreed to evacuate all Love Canal families temporarily until permanent relocation funds could be secured.
	www.bookrags.com /Love_Canal (1960 words)

	Online Ethics Center: Love Canal - An Introduction
		The Love Canal neighborhood is located in the city of Niagara Falls, in western New York state.
		To ensure that their concerns were properly represented, citizens began to organize the Love Canal Homeowners Association, the LaSalle Renters Association (representing a particular housing project), the 93rd Street Group (representing residents outside of the official study area) and the Concerned Area Residents Group.
		Love Canal was the first hazardous waste disposal case to draw national attention, and thus remains a landmark case.
	temp.onlineethics.org /environment/lcanal/index.html (1207 words)

	Events at Love Canal
		Love's investors take their money out of the canal project, and the work stops---leaving a rectangular trench 20 m wide, 3 m deep, and 1000 m long.
		The abandoned canal is located 500 m from the Niagara River and drains directly into it by means of a trench.
		The canal, according to Hooker management, is an ideal dump site, as it is located in a thinly populated area and the canal walls are made of impermeable clay.
	gotoscience.com /lessons/lovecanaltimeline.html (1124 words)

	Bestselling author Michael Fumento reports: "Footnotes in the Love Canal."
		The second part of the Love Canal myth is that residents began suffering a health disaster in the late 1970s.
		As I documented in my book Science Under Siege, nobody at Love Canal complained of any exceptional illnesses until a muckraking environmentalist reporter for the local paper began a series of articles telling the people that they were sitting on a toxic waste site.
		Love Canal led to the creation of the Superfund for the cleanup of environmental hazards.
	www.fumento.com /lovecanal.html (888 words)

	Love Canal Collections, University at Buffalo
		An introduction to the history and background of the events that occured at Love Canal.
		Love Canal Area Revitalization Agency Records -- MS 74
		Love Canal Repository Grant Records -- MS 89
	ublib.buffalo.edu /libraries/specialcollections/lovecanal (188 words)

	Love Canal
		Love Canal, NY hexachlorocyclohexane (known as Lindane), chlorobenzenes, chlorinated hydrocarbons, benzene, chloroform, trichloroethylene, methylene chloride, benzene hexachloride, phosphorous rocks, polychlorinated biphenyls, and dioxin
		Love Canal is a trench in the ground nearly two miles long, named for William Love who began digging in 1896.
		Starting in 1942, the canal was filled with nearly 21,000 tons (42 million pounds) of benzene, toluene, chloroform, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, hexane, xylenes and leftovers from the manufacture of pesticides, such as hexachlorocyclohexane (Lindane) and hexachlorocyclopentadiene (used in the manufacture of Mirex and Kepone).
	www.headlice.org /lindane/lindane/love_canal.htm (564 words)

	The Legacy of Love Canal
		Love had the trench dug during the 1890s as part of an industrial project to channel water from Niagara River.
		Of the fifteen babies born to Love Canal families between January 1979 and January 1980, the Love Canal Homeowner's Association reported that only two were normal.
		A more frightening unknown concerning families who fled the Love Canal is what the long-term health effects will be for themselves and children yet to be born.
	www.lalc.k12.ca.us /uclasp/ISSUES/landfills/case_love.html (806 words)

	Love Canal :: Community Training and Workshops
		May 19, 1980 - Love Canal residents, frightened by the news of chromosome damage and angered by the lack of government action to relocate their families from the serious public health risks of living near Love Canal, "detained" (held hostage) two Environmental Protection Agency representatives.
		Love Canal families challenged the White House to relocate all families by Wednesday (May 21st) at noon or "What we've done here today, will look like a Sesame Street picnic compared to what we'll do then," said Lois Gibbs, President of the Love Canal Homeowners Association.
		August 15, 1990 - Love Canal Revitalization Agency renamed a portion of Love Canal, Black Creek Village, and announced that 9 homes were available for sale to the general public.
	www.bu.edu /lovecanal/canal/date.html (1006 words)

	Love Canal Revisited
		The segment of the abandoned Love Canal had been chosen by Hooker Chemical because its soil was a form of impermeable clay and there was only a sparse population in the area.
		Love Canal, the famed pit of environmental pestilence, was remarkably benign.
		Love Canal, the symbol of corporate evil, was and is a lie.
	www.conservativemonitor.com /opinion04/158.shtml (755 words)

	Love Canal, New York - Encyclopedia of Earth
		Love Canal (43° 4'50.00"N, 78°57'7.00"W) is a neighborhood located in the city of Niagara Falls in upstate New York.
		After the situation at Love Canal was publicized, action was taken at both the local and national level, including the appropriation of emergency funds to aid the Love Canal residents.
		Partially because of the incident at Love Canal, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) was enacted on December 11, 1980 as a federal law.
	www.eoearth.org /article/Love_Canal,_New_York (1126 words)

	About Us - The Center for Health, Environment & Justice
		Lois Gibbs was raising her family in Love Canal, near Niagara Falls in upstate New York, when, in 1978, she discovered that her home and those of her neighbors were sitting next to 20,000 tons of toxic chemicals.
		Lois with her neighbors on their own, by trial and error, developed the strategies and methods to educate and organize their neighbors, assess the impacts of toxic wastes on their health, and challenge corporate and government policies on the dumping of hazardous materials.
		Her leadership led to the relocation of 833 Love Canal households.
	chej.org /love_canal.htm (170 words)

	Online Ethics Center: Love Canal: Recent Information (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Love Canal Removal from Superfund List 2004: Though Love Canal has been relatively clean for a few years, the former toxic waste site was only recently, in March of 2004, recommended by the EPA for removal from the Superfund list.
		Love Canal is fast being repopulated; about 250 of the surrounding homes have been sold.
		Many residents feel that Love Canal is now a clean, safe place; however to some people such as environmental crusader Lois Gibbs, Love Canal is still as much of a toxic waste dump as ever.
	www.onlineethics.org /environment/lcanal/recent.html (480 words)

	Love Canal
		canal to within a few feet of the ground surface, and then were covered with dirt or ash.
		Based on further studies and uncertainties about the nature and extent of the risks at Love Canal, approximately five hundred additional families were relocated in 1980, and their homes were bought by the State.
		Remedial measures to cleanup Love Canal were begun in late 1978, and are nearly completed, at a total cost to the governments of over $150 million.
	www.huppi.com /kangaroo/Lovecanal.htm (1085 words)

	The Love Canal
		Love's vision was cut short by depression and other economic unpleasantries, and the final excavation never exceeded 3000 feet in total length.
		In addition, it is estimated that approximately 130 pounds of dioxin were buried in Love Canal (dioxin is remarkably toxic: 3 ounces are reported to have the ability to kill in excess of one million humans).
		The soccer field at Love Canal must have been a pretty impressive chunk of undeveloped land, and it is clear that the Municipal Powers That Be were determined to take possession of the site and use it as needed to accommodate the rapidly expanding population.
	jersey.uoregon.edu /~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/LoveCanal.html (1306 words)

	Reason Magazine - Love Canal
		But as events at Love Canal and elsewhere were ultimately to make clear, today’s far-away rural chemical dump is tomorrow’s suburb, where you may someday live and where your children may end up going to school.
		Love planned his hydroelectric canal project as a means of supplying this electrical power to nearby industry and even dreamed that his "Love’s Canal" would become the basis for a booming model city.
		And for Michael Brown to claim that the Love Canal dump in 1953 had failed to meet RCRA standards because the surrounding neighborhood was subsequently to become populous simply makes one’s mind reel.
	www.reason.com /news/show/29319.html (9819 words)

	#638 Occidental to pay $129 million in Love Canal settlement
		The Love Canal saga dates back to 1942 when the Hooker Chemical Corporation, Occidental's corporate predecessor, began dumping toxic chemicals into an abandoned canal in the city of Niagara Falls in western New York.
		Dioxin was removed from creeks and sewers adjacent to the Love Canal to ensure safety of children who played in the creeks and residents who might eat contaminated fish.
		In 1988, the state and federal government declared that most of the area was again suitable for residential use, and the Love Canal Area Revitalization Authority began selling the abandoned homes to private citizens.
	www.usdoj.gov /opa/pr/Pre_96/December95/638.txt.html (811 words)

	Damn Interesting » The Tragedy of the Love Canal
		The Love Canal was lined with clay and covered with dirt to supposedly seal it, and Hooker Chemical's experts declared it safe.
		Though I'm not really familiar with the how the Love Canal case finally ended (the DI just states that they have been persuaded to contribute 130 mil, not sure if this is from the first legal cases or government intervention in leiu of lawsuits), the residents in Waburn just pretty much got shafted.
		The chemicals were properly contained at Love Canal, it was the digging and sewer work for the school and neighborhood that broke that containment.
	www.damninteresting.com /?p=668 (6068 words)

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