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Topic: Atmospheric lows

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	Low pressure area - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A low pressure area, or a low for short, is a region where the atmospheric pressure is lowest with relation to the surrounding area.
		Lows are frequently associated with stronger winds and atmospheric lift.
		Surface low pressure systems will tend to be smaller in area and have stronger surface winds than a given high pressure system, due to the addition of surface friction to the pressure gradient force and coriolis effect that drive the circulation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Atmospheric_lows (370 words)

	Meteorology - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Meteorology is the scientific study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting.
		Meteorology, climatology, atmospheric physics and atmospheric chemistry are sub-disciplines of the atmospheric sciences.
		Early in the 20th century, theoretical studies of atmospheric phenomena usually were performed analytically, that is by taking the fluid-dynamical equations that govern atmospheric flow, simplifying them by neglecting lesser terms, and looking for solutions to these equations.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Meteorology (1676 words)

	Pressure: High and Lows - Project Atmosphere Canada - [Meteorological Service of Canada - The Green Lane]
		For example, atmospheric pressure pushing down on the surface of a bucket of water is transmitted equally through the liquid to the walls of the bucket and is balanced by the same atmospheric pressure acting on the outside walls of the bucket.
		Atmospheric pressure can also be expressed in other units such as "pounds per square inch" and "inches of mercury" which refers back to the historical use of the mercury barometer in measuring air pressure.
		Lows are weather systems characterized by warm and cold sectors, air-mass boundaries called fronts (labelled warm, cold, or stationary depending on their movement), and a variety of weather including cloudy and stormy conditions which can change rapidly over short distances across the fronts.
	www.msc.ec.gc.ca /education/teachers_guides/module8_high_and_lows_e.html (5082 words)

	Low Pressure Centers: also known as cyclones
		A low pressure center is where the pressure has been measured to be the lowest relative to its surroundings.
		A low pressure center is indicated on a weather map by a red "L" and winds flow counterclockwise around a low in the northern hemisphere.
		Rising motion in the vicinity of a low pressure center favors the development of clouds and precipitation, which is why cloudy weather (and likely precipitation) are commonly associated with an area of low pressure.
	ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu /(Gh)/guides/mtr/fw/prs/lwdef.rxml (123 words)

	Meteorology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Meteorology, climatology, atmospheric physics, atmospheric dynamics, and atmospheric chemistry are sub-disciplines of the atmospheric sciences.
		Early in the 20th century, advances in the understanding of atmospheric dynamics led to the foundation of modern numerical weather prediction.
		At this time in Norway a group of meteorologists led by Vilhelm Bjerknes developed the model that explains the generation, intensification and ultimate decay (the life cycle) of midlatitude cyclones, introducing the idea of fronts, that is, sharply defined boundaries between air masses.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Meteorology (1569 words)

	7(p) Global Scale Circulation of the Atmosphere
		Atmosphere pressure values are adjusted for elevation and are described relative to sea-level.
		The formation of this band of low pressure is the result of solar heating and the convergence of the trade winds.
		The subpolar lows form a continuous zone of low pressure in the Southern Hemisphere at a latitude of between 50 and 70° (Figures 7p-4 and 7p-5).
	www.physicalgeography.net /fundamentals/7p.html (1741 words)

	3.2 Form and growth mechanism of coupled mode
		The symbols H and L denote highs and lows of atmospheric pressure, with the amplitude of the pressure anomaly increasing with height.
		The atmospheric and oceanic wave components need not be in phase with one another, and the degree of phase-matching determines the rate at which the coupled mode grows.
		This mode resembles the ``QG atmosphere over a copper plate'' discussed by Frankignoul (1985): it is characterized by rapidly-damped patterns in SST and atmosphere which propagate eastward or westward depending on the phase of the atmosphere's response to SST.
	www.mit.edu /people/goodmanj/coupled/node10.html (2011 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Low (atmospheric)
		A low, or a low pressure area, is a region where the atmospheric pressure is lowest with relation to the surrounding area.
		This is due to less incoming shortwave solar radiaion and lower temperatures, since the clouds reflect sunlight.
		Surface low pressure systems will tend to be smaller in area and have stronger surface winds than a given high pressure system, due to the addition of surface friction to the pressure gradient and coriolis effect that drive the circulation.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Atmospheric_lows (419 words)

	Low (atmospheric) -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This is due to less incoming shortwave (Radiation from the sun) solar radiation and lower temperatures, since the clouds reflect sunlight.
		Climatologically, low pressure forms at the Intertropical Convergence Zone ((Click link for more info and facts about ITCZ) ITCZ), as part of the (Click link for more info and facts about Hadley Cell) Hadley Cell circulation.
		Thermal lows also form over areas such as (A desert area in eastern California and southern Nevada; the lowest point in North America) Death Valley as the result of intense ground heating; they are much smaller in geographic extent than either convergence lows or frontal lows.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/l/lo/low_(atmospheric).htm (252 words)

	Global Climate and Phytogeography in the Early Mesozoic
		It is generally believed that raised levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere were responsible for global warming in the geological past, and that this in turn was related to increased volcanism associated with rapid plate tectonic motions.
		This is due to the fact that atmospheric lows develop over water bodies in mid- to high-latitudes in the cooler months and drive the circulation in a cyclonic direction (Ziegler, 1998).
		Finally, the low latitudes seem to be devoid of tropical rainforests, and the low-diversity floras that do occur are indicative of water-stressed conditions.
	www.ldeo.columbia.edu /~polsen/nbcp/phyto.html (564 words)

	Violent Tornadoes
		All of the prefrontal trough and pressure trough cases occurred south to southeast of the surface low center with the exception of the inverted pressure trough case to the northeast.
		In each graphic, the center of the atmospheric jet for each violent tornado event is in the center of the circle with each violent tornado plotted with respect to the jet's position.
		And considering atmospheric jets, most of the violent tornado episodes were clustered tightly to the left of the 850 mb jet from the middle of the left front quadrant down to the middle of the left rear quadrant out to 225 miles from the 850 mb jet center.
	www.srh.noaa.gov /ama/Research/ViolentTornadoes/Synoptic_Mesoscale.html (5924 words)

	USATODAY.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Atmospheric pressure at the Earth's surface is one of the keys to weather, which is one reason weather maps feature H's and L's, representing areas of high and low air pressure.
		High and low are pressure are important because they affect the weather.
		This is why low pressure is associated with bad weather.
	www.usatoday.com /weather/tg/whighlow/whighlow.htm (312 words)

	DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln \| Polar lows and their atmospheric environments.
		Polar lows were identified using high and low resolution satellite imagery over the Gulf of Alaska region for an eight year period between 1992 and 2000.
		Finally, polar low frequency and various indices related to atmospheric and oceanographic changes were investigated through statistical analysis to determine linkages between polar lows and atmospheric and oceanographic conditions.
		This suggests when the AO is in a negative phase, Arctic air is able to move over warmer oceanic waters and encourages polar low genesis because of the release of latent and sensible heat that aids in their development.
	digitalcommons.unl.edu /dissertations/AAI3092573 (470 words)

	Meteorology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Other advances that are usually thought of as part of the progression of physics were Robert Boyle 's investigation of the dependence of gas volume on pressure which lead to thermodynamics and Benjamin Franklin 's kite experiments with lightning.
		Early in the 20th century, theoretical studies of atmospheric phenomenausually were performed analytically, that is by taking the fluid-dynamical equations that govern atmospheric flow, simplifyingthem by neglecting lesser terms, and looking for solutions to these equations.
		For example, Vilhelm Bjerknes developed the model that explains the generation, intensification and ultimatedecay (the life cycle) of midlatitude cyclones, introducing the idea of fronts,that is, sharply defined boundaries between air masses.
	www.therfcc.org /meteorology-73.html (1615 words)

	Natural environment of Sapporo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The phenomenon typically is associated with heavy snowfall in Sapporo, and is called the "futatsudama" (two laws) pressure system because it occurs when atmospheric lows appear on both the Sea of Japan and the Pacific Ocean side and air higher in the atmosphere cools to bring the heavy snowfall.
		In the atmospheric pattern of the western high and eastern low, cold dry air from over the continent blows into Hokkaido over the warm water of the Sea of Japan.
		Atmospheric lows that approach the northeast from the Sea of Japan and cut across Hokkaido are followed by a strong cold air mass.
	www.city.sapporo.jp /kensetsu/yuki/english/outline/natural/natural_1.html (205 words)

	THE UNSEEN HAZARDS OF CAVE PHOTOGRAPHY
		In Australia most of these atmospheres can be attributed to ‘Foul Air Type 2’, or a combination of (2+1) or (2+3), however the CO is being introduced into a relatively still cave atmosphere and molecular diffusion is insufficient to disperse the gas with an even gradient over the vertical range of the cave.
		Osborne surmises that the atmosphere is most likely due to degassing of the extensive bodies of still water in the underground lake system.
		The high atmospheric pressure compressing the gasses, thus pushing the interface deeper into the cave and the reverse with atmospheric lows.
	wasg.iinet.net.au /CO2ASFpaper.html (4581 words)

	Meteorology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The first overall correct explanation of atmospheric circulationglobal circulation was the 1735 study by George Hadley of the Trade Winds, which gave rise to calling the tropical cell of zonal mean atmospheric circulation the "Hadley cell".
		For example, Vilhelm Bjerknes developed the model that explains the generation, intensification and ultimate decay (the life cycle) of midlatitude cyclones, introducing the idea of front (meteorology)front/s, that is, sharply defined boundaries between air masses.
		The first weather forecasts derived this way used barotropic (that means, single-vertical-level) models, and could successfully predict the large-scale movement of midlatitude Rossby waves, that is, the pattern of Low (atmospheric)atmospheric lows and High (atmospheric)highs/.
	www.infothis.com /find/Meteorology (2233 words)

	Publications - a coupled atmospheric-ocean model...
		This study analyzes the importance of the dynamic of the air-sea interface during intense events characterized by an strong air-sea interaction, i.e.
		The "Mediterranean Lows" are small scale system whose deepening crucially depends on strong diabatic processes associated with the flow of northern cold continental air above the warm Mediterranean Sea, mostly during autumn and early winter.
		The analyzed quantities includes both atmospheric variables (sea level pressure, winds, precipitation, air temperature, etc.) and oceanographic variables (sea level, sea temperature, currents, surface wave spectra, etc.).
	www.pd.infn.it /AOD/ams00.html (254 words)

	Climate
		One idea is that the increased CO content in the atmosphere lead to the global increase in temperatures.
		Two effects of warming would be, a decline of the equator-to-pole temperature gradient and consequent decrease in oceanic circulation, together with the solubility of oxygen in warmer waters.
		This is due to atmospheric lows which develop over water bodies in mid to high latitudes in the cooler months and drive circulation in a cyclonic direction.
	palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk /Palaeofiles/Triassic/climate.htm (485 words)

	Under Pressure - or the Weather. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The atmospheric pressure acts on the surface of the water and causes the level in the bottle to rise during higher pressure and to fall in step with the pressure’s fall.
		So my first conjecture is that the crisis relapses are caused when the immune system perceives the fall in the ambient atmospheric pressure as a threat.
		That the approaching change in atmospheric pressure, sensed by the joints' membranes that expand as the pressure drops, causes some kind of disequilibrium in the body pressure of those people with already damaged nerves, muscles, joints or tissue.
	www.pdn-info.co.uk /Under_pressure_-_or_the_weather.html (706 words)

	[No title]
		The investigation will be based on the hypothesis that the wave age dependent momentum and heat flux may have a strong impact on the development, the life cycle and intensity of small scale atmospheric instabilities when there is a considerable temperature difference between the ocean and the atmosphere (polar lows etc.).
		The total downward flux of momentum from the atmosphere to ocean current may be regarded as consisting of two contributions.
		The results will be evaluated for both atmosphere and ocean and compared with the results of the stand-alone simulations in task 4.1 and task 2.2 and with available observations of the atmosphere and ocean.
	www.gfi.uib.no /~nilsg/RegClim/forslag4.frm.html (4304 words)

	Class Notes September 13-17
		A low is labeled on a map by L or the word Low, and is associated with counter clockwise motion or wind circulation.
		Generally speaking, low pressure is associated with bad weather and clouds while high pressure is associated with clear skies and good weather.
		As the air moves from high to low pressure in a straight line (which you would notice from space), the earth turns out of its way.
	tornado.sfsu.edu /geosciences/classes/m302/ClassNotes/Notes_9_13_99_Sec1.html (957 words)

	[No title]
		atmospheric physics and atmospheric chemistry are sub-disciplines of the atmospheric sciences.
		The dependence of atmospheric pressure on height was first shown by Blaise Pascal and
		atmospheric waves such as gravity waves with short temporal and spatial scales can be represented without resorting to often overly simplified parameterizations.
	en-cyclopedia.com /wiki/Weather_prediction (1469 words)

	Homepage Jörn Behrens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Towards inverse atmospheric modeling with adaptive grid refinement, SIAM Conference on Mathematical and Computational Issues in the Geosciences, June 7-10 2005, Avignon, France.
		Atmospheric Simulation based on the Grid Generation Library amatos (invited), PARCO 2003, September 04, 2003, Dresden.
		Parallelization of an Adaptive Gridgenerator for Atmosphere and Ocean Simulations (in german), Oberseminar des Zentrums Technomathematik, April 18, 2000, Universität Bremen.
	www-m3.ma.tum.de /m3/behrens/talks.en.html (894 words)

	TOPEX/Poseidon
		Rising atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other "greenhouse gases" produced as a result of human activities could generate a global warming, followed by an associated rise in sea level.
		Both the oceans and the atmosphere transport roughly equal amounts of heat from the Earth's equatorial regions--which are intensely heated by the Sun--toward the icy poles, which receive relatively little solar radiation.
		TOGA The international Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere (TOGA) program was begun by the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) in 1985 to study the year-to-year variability of the tropical oceans and their coupling to the global atmosphere.
	www.friends-partners.org /oldfriends/jgreen/topex.html (5609 words)

	Introduction to agcm6 (GFD Dennou Club Atmospheric General Circulation Model version 6) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		To understand the dynamical structure or mechanism of atmospheric phenomenon, it is necessary to simplify the system under considering gradually, and then reveal key parameter or physical process.
		In these days when numerical computation becomes natural pass, it is necessary to master fundamental concepts of atmospheric general circulation through personal numerical experiment, as mastering physical concepts or lows of atmospheric dynamics by tracing mathematical expression.
		In order to hand down the knowledge of atmospheric general circulation to next generation, GCM which is executable anywhere easily and should just be used like a textbook is required.
	www.gfd-dennou.org /arch/dcpam/plan/intro.html.en (704 words)

	Dunk Lows (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		According to Plan of Attack by BobWoodward, Central Intelligence Agency Director George Tenet assured President George W. Bush that the intelligence supporting the contention that Saddam Hussein 's Iraq had weapons of mass destruction was "a slam dunk".
		Atlanta, Georgia 54: ool to cold for short periods, with January daily lows near freezing and highs near 47 anddeg;F (8 anddeg;C) 61: pal water and sewer systems.
		History of Guatemala 77: support for the government sank to nearly record lows by early 2001.
	www.elusiveeye.com /side22492-dunk-lows.html (529 words)

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