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Topic: Low Earth orbit

Related Topics

High Earth Orbit

Low Earth orbiting satellite

High Earth Orbit

Earth orbit

Geosynchronous orbit

Geostationary orbit

Intermediate circular orbit

Orbit

Hohmann transfer orbit

Space junk

Geostationary transfer orbit

Polar orbit

Molniya orbit

Earth observation satellite

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	Low Earth orbit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A low Earth orbit (LEO) is an orbit around Earth between the atmosphere and the Van Allen radiation belt, with a low angle of inclination.
		Orbits higher than this are subject to early electronic failure because of intense radiation and charge accumulation.
		Orbits with a higher inclination angle are usually called polar orbits.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Low_Earth_orbit (427 words)

	Earth Encyclopedia Article, Information, History and Biography @ NaturalResearch.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		From Earth the main apparent motion of celestial bodies in the sky (except meteors which are within the atmosphere and low-orbiting satellites) is the movement to the west at a rate of 15 °/h = 15'/min, i.e., a Sun or Moon diameter every two minutes.
		Earth is the only place in the universe where life is absolutely known to exist, and some scientists believe that biospheres might be rare.
		In Norse mythology, the Earth goddess Jord was the mother of Thor and the daughter of Annar.
	www.naturalresearch.org /encyclopedia/Earth (3048 words)

	Earth orbit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Earth orbit is an orbit around the planet Earth.
		Artificial satellites are launched into Earth orbit, and spacecraft bound for other locations in the solar system usually begin their missions by first attaining Earth orbit, before altering course to another planet, moon, or heliocentric (solar) orbit.
		Of special interest are LEO (Low Earth Orbit), HEO (High Earth Orbit) and geosynchronous orbit.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Earth_orbit (171 words)

	ESA - Launchers Home - Types of orbits
		A geostationary orbit, often referred to as a GEO orbit, circles the Earth above the equator from west to east at a height of 36 000 km.
		This is an elliptical Earth orbit used to transfer a spacecraft from a low altitude orbit or flight trajectory to geostationary orbit.
		Generally these orbits are used for Earth observation, solar study, weather forecasting and reconnaissance, as ground observation is improved if the surface is always illuminated by the Sun at the same angle when viewed from the satellite.
	www.esa.int /SPECIALS/Launchers_Home/ASEHQOI4HNC_0.html (509 words)

	High Earth orbit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Highly Elliptical Orbit (HEO) (often referred to as the Molniya orbit, after the former Soviet communications satellite network which used such an orbit) is a satellite orbit characterized by a relatively low-altitude perigee and an extremely high-altitude apogee.
		This extremely elongated orbit has the advantage of long dwell times (often exceeding twelve hours of dwell with a one-hour perigee phase) during the approach and descent from apogee while offering visibility over the polar regions, which most geosynchronous satellites lack.
		Along with the aforementioned geosynchronous orbit, highly elliptical orbit is used extensively by communications satellites.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/High_Earth_orbit (146 words)

	Providing Global Broadband Internet Access Using Low-Earth-Orbit Satellites
		LEO satellite systems can help meet the demand for information by providing global access to the telecommunications infrastructure currently available only in advanced urban areas of the developed world.
		A low orbit altitude is used to meet the requirements for low end-to-end delay and reliable communication links that use low power and small antennas.
		However, if this small cell pattern swept the Earth's surface at the velocity of the satellite (approximately 25,000 km per hour), a terminal would be served by the same cell for only a few seconds before a channel reassignment or "hand-off" to the next cell would be necessary.
	www.isoc.org /inet97/proceedings/F5/F5_2.HTM (3086 words)

	Satellite Orbits
		Throughout a satellites orbit there is a perfect balance between the gravitational force due to the Earth, and the centripetal force necessary to maintain the orbit of the satellite.
		The orbits are sometimes described by their inclination - this is the angle between the orbital plane and the equatorial plane.
		One part of the orbit is closest to the centre of Earth (perigee) and another part is farthest away (apogee).
	www.satcom.co.uk /article.asp?article=11 (799 words)

	Low Earth orbit microsatellites for data communications using small terminals
		Low Earth orbiting satellites utilise altitudes between 600km and 2000km.
		The polar sun-synchronous circular orbit which is a common low Earth orbit choice for remote sensing satellites has a number of advantages for simple communications services.
		Although the satellite is mainly visible at low elevation angles the change of range between satellite and ground station gives rise to a change in path loss of some 12dB greater at the horizon than at nadir for an 800km orbit.
	www.ee.surrey.ac.uk /EE/CSER/UOSAT/papers/icdsc10/icdsc10.html (3294 words)

	Zoom Astronomy Glossary: L
		Leo is seen along the Milky Way in the Northern Hemisphere along the ecliptic between Virgo and Cancer.
		The lithosphere is the solid, rocky, outer part of the Earth consisting of the crust and the upper mantle.
		The shape varies from a full moon (when the Earth is between the Sun and the moon) to a new moon (when the moon is between the sun and the Earth).
	www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/astronomy/glossary/indexl.shtml (2571 words)

	Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Exposure Abstracts
		Polymers on the exterior of spacecraft in the low Earth orbit (LEO) environment are exposed to energetic atomic oxygen.
		The use of moderate to high volatility silicones in low Earth orbit has resulted in a silicone contamination arrival at surfaces which are simultaneously being bombarded with atomic oxygen, thus leading to conversion of the silicone contaminant to silica.
		Materials on the surface of spacecraft in low Earth orbit (LEO) are exposed to the remnants of the Earth's upper atmosphere.
	www.grc.nasa.gov /WWW/epbranch/other/leoabs.htm (8164 words)

	Low Earth Orbit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		LEO satellites can be divided into "Big LEOS" and "Little LEOS." "Little LEOS" provide pager, cellular telephone and location services.
		Low earth orbit is approximately 300 to 1,000 miles above the earth.
		LEOs are expected to be in demand for three markets: rural conventional telephone service, global mobile service, and international broadband service.
	iml.jou.ufl.edu /projects/Fall99/Coffey/LEO.HTM (222 words)

	The Earth [encyclopedia] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Earth orbits the Sun at a mean distance of 149,503,000 kilometers, a distance that is referred to as an "astronomical unit (AU)", and is used as a yardstick for distances to other planets.
		This, along with the slight eccentricity of the Earth's orbit, accounts for the Earth's seasons, with the tilt axis causing the Sun to be low in the sky in each hemisphere in alternating cycles during the year.
		The mass of the Earth is about 6 x 10^21 tonnes, an unimaginable value, and in considering the planets it is generally more useful to define this value as an "Earth mass (Me)" and to compare the mass of the larger worlds relative to this mass.
	www.kosmoi.com /Science/Earth/more.shtml (3557 words)

	LEO (Low Earth Orbit) Satellite (Linktionary term)
		An LEO satellite orbits in a relatively low earth orbit of a few hundred miles.
		In this orbit, the round-trip time for transmission is minimal, as are the power requirements for earth-bound communication devices.
		Because of their low orbit, they move faster relative to a point on the surface, so a fleet of LEO satellites is required to maintain communications over a single point.
	www.linktionary.com /l/leo.html (270 words)

	CD Baby: LOW EARTH ORBIT: Pushed
		Low Earth Orbit began as the musical vision of guitarist/songwriter Anthony "Hollywood" Mcbrayer in 2000 and after several line-ups settled into the current line-up of Anthony, Dan Milas (drums), Dave (bass) and Josh (vocals).
		LEO is straight-up hard rock that would definately appeal to the classic rock favoring crowd.
		Low Earth Orbit began as the musical vision of guitarist/songwriter Anthony "Mad Max" Mcbrayer in 2000 and after several line-ups settled into the current line-up of Anthony, Dan Milas (drums), Dave Damewood (bass) and Josh Calhoun (vocals).
	www.cdbaby.com /cd/lowearthorbit (851 words)

	The Earth's Atmosphere
		The present atmosphere of the Earth is probably not its original atmosphere.
		The atmosphere of the Earth may be divided into several distinct layers, as the following figure indicates.
		The formation of this layer is a delicate matter, since only when oxygen is produced in the atmosphere can an ozone layer form and prevent an intense flux of ultraviolet radiation from reaching the surface, where it is quite hazardous to the evolution of life.
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr161/lect/earth/atmosphere.html (655 words)

	Space Future - Activities in Space
		And provided you're in a high inclination orbit (that is one which is at a large angle to the equator, and so goes over places at high latitudes) then you get to see most of the Earth as it rotates below you.
		According to those who have been to orbit, the stars don't twinkle in space (because there's no atmosphere between you and them) - they're much brighter and "closer", and their colours are clearer.
		Compared to the earlier rate of evolution on Earth, it took them no time at all to discover agriculture and then engineering - enabling them to travel over the seas and through the atmosphere, and to talk and see each other wherever they were.
	www.spacefuture.com /tourism/activities.shtml (2110 words)

	Moon Miners' Manifesto: Low Earth Orbit Resorts
		Individuals who have spent up to a year or more in orbit have needed weeks to regain their Earth-honed muscle tone and strength - no way to spend the preciously short time of a vacation.
		To put the challenge in perspective, Earth's surface gravity is more than twice as forbidding, gravity wise, for the Moon-acclimatized as Jupiter's surface (if it had one) would be, gravity-wise, for us terrestrials.
		Sixthweight orbitel wings that cater to Lunans might be lavishly and expensively furnished Earth style (plenty of wood, leather, fabrics horrifically expensive on the Moon) to enhance the Earth-visit experience.
	www.asi.org /public/asi/09/03/02/107/leo-resorts.html (855 words)

	Low Earth Orbit
		As the celebration of the Earth’s orbit around the Sun is a major part of my own spiritual life, it seemed only appropriate that something special accompany the Solstice, particularly as it marked the "flipping of the calendar" in the grand countdown to the Eschaton, from fourteen years and a bit, to thirteen and change.
		By this, I mean to say that I study the way the Earth is coming to an end, a final culmination and consummation of the grand experiment of life.
		The End of History is not the End of Earth, for this vision did not end as a view of Earth in space, at long last united with its human component; that vision I had had before, and have had repeatedly over the last decade.
	www.hyperreal.org /~mpesce/lowearth.html (6454 words)

	FuturePundit: Anti-satellite Warfare Could Ruin Low Earth Orbit?
		With enough orbiting debris, pieces will begin to hit other pieces, fragmenting them into more pieces, which will in turn hit more pieces, setting off a chain reaction of destruction that will leave a lethal halo around the Earth.
		In addition, most Earth-observing satellites are also in low Earth orbit, both those that study changes in climate and vegetation and those for military surveillance.
		Low orbits permit the highest-resolution imaging, and are also easiest to reach with existing launch vehicles.
	www.futurepundit.com /archives/000249.html (733 words)

	LEO - Low Earth Orbit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Satellites which are located between 700km and 1500km are said to be operating in a Low Earth Orbit.
		These satellites are travelling faster than the earth is rotating and as such are moving relative to the earth.
		An example of a satellite system operating within a Low Earth Orbit is Iridium.
	www.mpirical.com /companion/Multi_Tech/LEOOrbit.htm (51 words)

	!! L5Development.com - Low Earth Orbit Construction Center
		This is the construction section for the physical low Earth orbit system, not the virtual one.
		The VRML frameworks for our Low Earth Orbit models are presently under construction.
		If you are interested in building a virtual store, home, or other piece of our models, please contact us to discuss how to integrate your model with ours.
	l5development.com /d_space_sys/b_leo/d_Construction (205 words)

	Satellites - Low Earth Orbit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Any satellite in a low Earth orbit can make observations of the Earth from fairly low down, and it can observe the clouds and weather patterns on Earth from the outside.
		A satellite in low orbit can also be looking into deep space, like the Hubble Space Telescope.
		A satellite in low altitude orbit flies within the Earth's atmosphere, but at its highest layer where there are almost no atmospheric gases to cause drag and slow the satellite down.
	collections.ic.gc.ca /satellites/english/anatomy/orbit/low.html (128 words)

	ISS EarthKAM: Educators: Resources: Orbits: Page 5
		Low Earth Orbit (LEO) is a type of earth orbits.
		On a relative scale, the shuttle orbits the Earth very close to the ground.
		The radius of the Earth is approximately 4000 miles, or about 40 times larger than the distance to the shuttle.
	www.earthkam.ucsd.edu /public/students/resources/orbits/part5.shtml (153 words)

	low Earth orbit (LEO)
		According to some, LEO includes orbits having apogees (high points) and perigees (low points) between about 100 km and 1,500 km.
		In some cases, the distinction between LEO and MEO (medium Earth orbit) is dropped and LEO is considered to be any orbit below geosynchronous altitude.
		The majority of all satellites, as well as the Space Shuttle and International Space Station, operate from LEO.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/L/LEO.html (154 words)

	Low earth orbit (LEO) - Metaweb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This is an intermediate page for Low earth orbit (LEO).
		The LEO environment is becoming congested, not least with junk.
		Although gravity at the height concerned is by itself not much less than on the surface of the Earth, people and objects in orbit are weightless (see article).
	www.metaweb.com /wiki/wiki.phtml?title=Orbit (252 words)

	Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellite Communications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		LEO technology is placing low altitude communication satellites into the earth’s orbit.
		They are in constant motion with respect to the earth’s surface, circling the globe in less than 2 hours.
		large LEO’s with enough band width to carry voice; 3.broad band LEO’s with 64 mpbs capacity for data.
	www.emory.edu /BUSINESS/et/leo/introduction.htm (82 words)

	The Teledesic Network: Using Low-Earth-Orbit Satellites to Provide Broadband, Wireless, Real-Time Internet Access ...
		There is only one geostationary orbit, and that is over the equator at 36,000 kilometers--almost 150 times further out than the space shuttle.
		With the combination of a very high minimum vertical angle to the satellite--to overcome the blocking and attenuation problems associated with the Ka band--and the low altitude, geometry takes over, and a constellation of hundreds of satellites is required to cover Earth.
		Also, because a LEO satellite has a smaller footprint within which frequencies can be reused, it is inherently more efficient in its use of spectrum resources.
	www.isoc.org /inet96/proceedings/g1/g1_3.htm (3646 words)

	LiveScience.com - The Terminator Tether Aims to Clean Up Low Earth Orbit
		Satellites or other objects in orbit higher than 700 kilometers will stay there for hundreds of years; LEO satellites have an average working life of just five years.
		Studies have shown that low Earth orbit is not a limitless resource and should be managed more carefully.
		The cable interacts with ionospheric plasma and the Earth's magnetic field; this produces a current along the tether which causes a net drag on the spacecraft, lowering its orbit until it burns up in the Earth's atmosphere.
	www.livescience.com /scienceoffiction/technovel_tether_041117.html (737 words)

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