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Topic: Low Germanic languages

Related Topics

Low Franconian language

East Low German

Low Saxon language

Low German

High German

Low Saxon

Germanic languages

Eastern Friesland Low Saxon

Brandenburgisch

Franconian language

Old Saxon

Pommersch language

Frisian language

Saxon language

East Germanic

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	Low Germanic languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Low Germanic languages (Nederduitse talen, Nedderdüütsche Spraken) are any of a variety of West Germanic languages spoken in northern Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and Surinam.
		Middle Low German was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League.
		The Low Germanic languages are distinguished from the High Germanic languages principally in that the latter underwent the High German consonant shift in the 700s and 800s.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Low_Germanic_languages (399 words)

	Germanic languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The common ancestor of all languages comprising this branch is Common Germanic, spoken in approximately the latter mid-1st millennium BC in Iron Age Northern Europe.
		All Germanic languages are thought to be descended from a hypothetical Proto-Germanic, united by their having been subjected to the sound shifts of Grimm's law and Verner's law.
		During the early Middle Ages, the West Germanic languages were separated by the insular development of Middle English on one hand, and by the High German consonant shift on the continent on the other, resulting in Upper German and Low German, with graded intermediate Central German dialects.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Germanic_languages (1580 words)

	Germanic languages on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Strong evidence for the unity of all the modern Germanic languages can be found in the phenomenon known as the first Germanic sound shift or consonant shift (also called Grimm's law), which set the Germanic subfamily apart from the other members of the Indo-European family.
		The West Germanic dialects not affected by the second shift were the Low German dialects of the lowlands, from which Dutch and English evolved.
		Lastly, vocabulary furnished evidence of a common origin for the Germanic languages in that a number of the basic words in these languages are similar in form; however, while word similarity may indicate the same original source for a group of languages, it can also be a sign of borrowing.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/G/GermancL1an.asp (1030 words)

	A few words about Low Saxon (Low German) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Low Saxon is used as a minority language in the northern parts of Germany and in the eastern parts of the Netherlands.
		Low Saxon used to be the language of the medieval Hanseatic (Hansa) Trading League that began in the mid-13th century as a protective alliance of several port cities along the shores of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea.
		Low Saxon lost its influence with the decline of the Hanseatic League in the late 16th century or in the early 17th century.
	www.sassisch.net /rhahn/low-saxon/lowsax-engl.htm (1610 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Dutch language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Dutch is an official language of the Netherlands, Belgium, Suriname, Aruba, and the Netherlands Antilles.
		Standaardnederlands or Algemeen Nederlands ('Common Dutch', abbreviated to AN) is the standard language as taught in schools and used by authorities in the Netherlands, Flanders, Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles.
		It is not a separate language, though the term is often used to distinguish the Dutch spoken in Flanders from that of the Netherlands.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Dutch-language (749 words)

	Low Saxon language - LearnThis.Info Enclyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Low Saxon (in Low Saxon, Nedersaksisch, Neddersassisch, "Plattdüütsch" or "Nedderdüütsch") is any of a variety of Low German dialects spoken in northern Germany and the Netherlands.
		The distinction between Low Saxon, East Low German and Low Franconian (on one side) or High German (on the other side) is not precisely defined; there are several clines that vary smoothly from one dialect to another.
		It served as a standard language in many regions of northern Germany until it was replaced for that purpose by Standard German (a High German dialect) during the unification of Germany under Otto von Bismarck in 1871.
	encyclopedia.learnthis.info /l/lo/low_saxon_language.html (603 words)

	Germanic Languages
		Gutnish is a contemporary Eastern North Germanic language spoken on the island of Gotland.
		Low Franconian was the ancestor of Middle Dutch and Dutch-Flemish.
		West Norse is the western branch of the North Germanic languages used in Iceland, Ireland, Norway, the Hebrides, Orkney, Shetland, and the Faroe Islands.
	softrat.home.mindspring.com /germanic.html (3010 words)

	Verbix -- Germanic. Conjugate verbs in 50+ languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		West Germanic: Anglo-Frisian group - the English language and the Frisian language; Netherlandic-German group - Netherlandic, or Dutch-Flemish and the Low German dialects, Afrikaans, the German language or High German, and the Yiddish language.
		The Germanic languages are related in the sense that they can be shown to be different historical developments of a single earlier parent language.
		Although for some language families there are written records of the parent language (e.g., for the Romance languages, which are variant developments of Latin), in the case of Germanic no written records of the parent language exist.
	www.verbix.com /languages/germanic.asp (837 words)

	German 101 > German Language > Dialects
		The term "German" is used for the dialects of Germany, Austria, German-speaking Switzerland (that is, outside the French-, Italian-, and Romansch-speaking areas) and some areas in the surrounding countries, as well as for several colonies and other ethnic concentrations founded by German-speaking people (for example German in the United States).
		Low Franconian includes Dutch and Afrikaans, spoken primarily in the Netherlands, Belgium and South Africa; Plattdüütsch includes dialects spoken primarily in the German Lowlands and in the eastern Netherlands.
		The dialects of German which are or were primarily spoken in colonies founded by German speaking people resemble the dialects of the regions the founders came from (for example Pennsylvania German resembles dialects of the Palatinate, or Hutterite German resembles dialects of Carinthia).
	www.101languages.net /german/dialects.html (459 words)

	Germanic languages - QuickSeek Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Germanic languages, subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages, spoken by about 470 million people in many parts of the world, but chiefly in Europe and the Western Hemisphere.
		Their common ancestor is Common Germanic, probably spoken in the mid-1st millennium BC in Iron Age Northern Europe.
		Common Germanic, and all its descendants, is characterised by a number of unique linguistic features, most famously the consonant change known as Grimm's law.
	germaniclanguages.quickseek.com (2189 words)

	Low German - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Low German (also called Plattdeutsch, Plattdüütsch or Low Saxon) is a name for the regional language varieties of the Low Germanic languages spoken mainly in northern Germany, and eastern Netherlands.
		Low German is a part of the West Germanic dialect continuum.
		To the North and Northwest, it is neighboured by the Danish language and by the Frisian language.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Low_German (1595 words)

	Afrikaans - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Afrikaans is a West Germanic language mainly spoken in South Africa and Namibia with smaller numbers of speakers in Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, Zimbabwe and Zambia.
		Dutch remained an official language until the new 1961 constitution finally stipulated the two official languages in South Africa to be Afrikaans and English (although, curiously, the 1961 constitution still had a sub-clause stipulating that the word "Afrikaans" was also meant to be referring to the Dutch language).
		The official languages of the Union of South Africa were English and Dutch until it was replaced with Afrikaans on 5 May 1925.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/afrikaans_language (2350 words)

	1310 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It was the language of the Romans, thus Romance languages.
		The native populations abandoned their old languages because knowledge of the dominant language is seen as necessary when that language is the language of commerce, law, administration and it's a way to attain personal prestige.
		It's the official language in 42 countries, more than any other language...2 billion people live in a country where English is the official language even if they cannot speak it.
	www.geo.utep.edu /pub/nick_miller/1310/LECTURE_10.html (1062 words)

	High Germanic languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The German term Hochdeutsch is also used loosely, but not by linguists, to mean standard written German as opposed to dialect, because the standard language developed out of High rather than Low Germanic.
		High Germanic as used in Southern Germany, Bavaria and Austria was an important basis for the development of standard German.
		High Germanic are distinguished from other Western Germanic varieties in that they took part in the High German consonant shift (c.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/High_German (414 words)

	Low Germanic languages - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Low Germanic languages (Nederduitse talen, Niederdeutsche Sprachen) are any of a variety of West Germanic languages spoken in northern Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and Surinam.
		The Low Germanic languages are distinguished from the High Germanic languages principally in that the latter underwent a consonant shift in the 700s and 800s.
		The earliest recorded form of Low German is known as Old Saxon, a member of the Low German branch.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Low_German_languages (389 words)

	Germanic Languages
		German is a closer cousin to English than either language is to Danish or Swedish.
		In Gothic (the earliest attested Germanic language, but not the source of the others, just a member of the Eastern branch of the family), the first and second person personal pronouns are (nominative) ik, þu, weis and jus; (accusative) mik, þuk, uns and izwis; (genitive) meina, þeina, unsara, and izwara.
		Germanic languages continued to be spoken in the Germanic home lands of Scandinavia and central Germany, and are of course till spoken there today.
	www.uta.edu /english/tim/courses/4301w00/germ.html (1389 words)

	Writing English - Proofreading and Copyediting Services
		Languages of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family are usually classified on the basis of similarities in grammar, vocabulary, and phonology into three categories.
		German is the national language of Austria and Germany, as well as one of Switzerland's official languages.
		The North Germanic languages are the Scandinavian languages (Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, and Icelandic), which the Vikings carried as far west as Greenland and as far east as Russia during the early Middle Ages.
	www.writingenglish.com /germanic.htm (471 words)

	Germanic Languages and Literatures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Study for higher degrees in the Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures (this designation was instituted in 1897) is intended as preparation for a career in teaching and research.
		German was first taught in Harvard College in 1825 when Carl (Charles) Follen, a young anti-monarchist and poet, who had fled from Giessen to escape political persecution, became an instructor in German.
		Opportunities are provided to teach elementary and intermediate language classes, to tutor undergraduates in literature, and to assist in courses in literature given by members of the department.
	www.gsas.harvard.edu /programs/degree/german.html (2466 words)

	Germanic Linguistics
		The Germanic languages is a subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages, which were spoken by about 420 million people in many parts of the world (chiefly in Europe and the Western Hemisphere).
		These modern North Germanic languages are all descendants of Old Norse and have several distinctive grammatical features in common.
		French culture and language have given hundreds of loan-words and related ideas to most other Germanic languages, although their effect is not as great as on English.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Atrium/3993/germanics/grm_linguistics.htm (2365 words)

	Germanic
		The pre-history of the Germanic language family, and therefore also of Dutch, is the subject of comparative historical linguistics.
		The aim of this branch of linguistics is to show relationships between languages and to reconstruct proto-languages.
		Germanic forms one branch in the history of the so-called Indo-European language family.
	www.ned.univie.ac.at /Publicaties/taalgeschiedenis/en/germaans.htm (808 words)

	Seven Distinctive Features of Germanic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Germanic developed a preterite tense (called weak or regular) with a dental suffix, -d or -t (e.g.
		Germanic languages thus have two types of verbs, weak (regular) and strong (irregular).
		In Germanic the accent (or stress) is mainly on the root of the word, usually the first syllable.
	www.towson.edu /~duncan/germanic.html (340 words)

	[No title]
		Finally, it means that English, together with Low German, Dutch, Flemish and Frisian, belongs to a group of Low Germanic languages which differ from High West Germanic in that they did not undergo the Second or High-German Sound Shift.
		Middle English is characterized by its great variety of dialects in both the spoken and the written language, because before the rise of a standard language, all the writers used the dialect of the part of the country where they lived.
		West Germanic is divided into two branches, High and Low German, by the operation of the Second (or High German) Sound Shift, which occurred between 450 A.D. and 700 A.D..
	users.telenet.be /frikaatje/developmentofenglish_examquestions.doc (1906 words)

	Germanic Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Germanic languages, a branch of the Indo-European family, descend from those spoken by Germanic tribes that settled along the north and east borders of the Roman Empire.
		The oldest documents attesting to a Germanic language were preserved in Runic inscriptions.
		In the Department of Modern languages and Cultural Studies we teach German, a West Germanic language, and three North Germanic languages: Danish, Norwegian and Swedish.
	www.humanities.ualberta.ca /MLCS/department/germanic.html (235 words)

	ENG 121: The Germanic Languages
		Germanic Languages A. We know of Germanic being a major language group of Northern Europe by the records of the Romans at around 1 AD.
		The Phonology of Proto Germanic A. The placing of stress on first syllables in Germanic languages led to a gradual de-emphasis of word endings because they were not stressed, and "ease of effort" led to weaker inflectional systems (particularly in English, Barber 92-93).
		Vowel sounds are used in sequence from front to back (so /e/ and /o/ form a pairing), or low to high (so /e/ and /i/ form a pairing), and these pairs influence each other in different ways historically.
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~grabe/notes/notes32.html (760 words)

	The sci.lang FAQ: 8
		A language family is a group of languages that have been proven to have descended from a common ancestral language.
		All the Germanic languages have a common ancestor, Proto-Germanic; farther back, this ancestor was descended from Proto-Indo- European, as were the ancestors of the Italic, Slavic, and other branches.
		English is a Germanic language with a lot of Latin vocabulary, borrowed from French in the Middle Ages.
	www.zompist.com /lang8.html (939 words)

	IELan10 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		From the linguistic and archeological evidence, Germanic arose as a distinctive subgroup around the fifth century BCE.
		Large-scale writing of a Germanic language did not occur until the fourth century CE, when the missionary Wulfila assembled an alphabet from Greek, Latin, and Runic and began to translate portions of the New Testament into Gothic.
		The only language that can be placed with certainty in the Eastern subgroup is Gothic, which is now extinct, although it continued to be spoken in the Crimea into the sixteenth century CE.
	www.unlv.edu /faculty/jmstitt/Eng480/IndoEuropean/IEL10/IEL10.html (311 words)

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