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Topic: Low density amorphous ice

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	Ice - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The ice caps of the polar regions are of significance for the global climate and particularly the water cycle.
		Density of ice increases slightly with decreasing temperature (density of ice at −180 °C (93 K) is 0.9340 g/cm³).
		When ice melts, it absorbs as much heat energy (the heat of fusion) as it would take to heat an equivalent mass of water by 80 °C, while its temperature remains a constant 0 °C. It is also possible to superheat ice beyond its equilibrium melting point.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ice (2248 words)

	Amorphous ice - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Amorphous ice is an amorphous solid form of water, meaning it consists of water molecules that are randomly oriented like the atoms of common glass.
		Amorphous ice is produced by cooling liquid water very quickly (around 1,000,000 K/s), so the molecules don't have enough time to form a crystal lattice.
		Amorphous ice is used in some scientific experiments, especially in electron cryomicroscopy of biomolecules.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/High_density_amorphous_ice (761 words)

	Ice - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Ice, water, and water vapor can coexist at the triple point, which for this system is 273.16 K at a pressure of 611.73 Pa.
		Ice also plays a role in winter recreation, namely the sports of ice skating, ice hockey, ice fishing, ice climbing and bobsledding and luge sled racing.
		Ice scrapers are tools designed to break the ice free and clear the windows, though removing the ice can be a long, labor-intensive, and stressful process—especially when a driver ends up running late for work as a result.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Ice (1470 words)

	Learn more about Ice in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Ice can be formed at higher temperatures in pressurized environments, and water will remain a liquid or gas until -30°C at lower pressures.
		Ice, water and water vapour can coexist at the triple point, which for this system is 273.16K at a pressure of 611.73 Pa.
		An unusual feature of ice frozen at a pressure of one atmosphere is that the solid is less dense than liquid water (10% less).
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /i/ic/ice.html (541 words)

	High-density amorphous ice, the frost on interstellar grains. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Most water ice in the Universe is in a form which does not occur naturally on Earth and of which only minimal amounts have been made in the laboratory.
		Several features of astrophysical ice analogs studied in laboratory experiments are readily explained by the structural transition from high-density amorphous ice into low-density amorphous ice.
		While the 3.07 mu m ice band in various astronomical environments can be modeled with spectra of simple mixtures of amorphous and crystalline forms, the contribution of the high-density amorphous form nearly always dominates.
	exobiology.nasa.gov /ssx/biomod/papers990823/ice.s11/ice.s11.html (279 words)

	Phase diagram of water and ice
		All the crystalline phases of ice involve the water molecules being hydrogen bonded to four neighboring water molecules.
		Cubic ice (Ic) is metastable with respect to hexagonal ice (Ih).
		Ice Ih may be metastable with respect to empty clathrate structures of lower density under negative pressure conditions (i.e.
	www.lsbu.ac.uk /water/phase.html (1211 words)

	Amorphous ice and glassy water
		These amorphous ices are not required to obey the 'ice rules' and may contain a significant number of dangling bonds.
		There is a recent comprehensive review of the amorphous phases of ice and their transitions [569] and an interesting simulation study of this polymorphism [590.
		An interesting property of HDA is that the thermal conductivity decreases from that of ice Ih, ice Ic or LDA during their pressurized densification, as usually the thermal conductivity of materials increases with increasing pressure [618b].
	www.lsbu.ac.uk /water/amorph.html (1839 words)

	Ice
		When ice melts, it absorbs as much heat energy (the heat of fusion) as it would take to heat an equivalent mass of water by 80 В°C, while its temperature remains a constant 0 В°C. As a crystalline solid, ice is considered a mineral.
		Ice also plays a role in winter recreation, in sports such as ice skating, ice hockey, ice fishing, ice climbing and sled racing on bobsled and luge.
		Ice is also a slang word for things that are cold, hard, and clear in some way, such as diamonds and some forms of the drug amphetamine.
	www.paleorama.com /Disney-I/Ice.php (1738 words)

	ICE
		Ice, the frozen form of liquid water, is abundant on the earth's surface, in the planetary system, and in interstellar space.
		Ice II is a completely proton-ordered phase for which the proton-disordered version is unstable and is not observed.
		Ice Ic is related to ice Ih in the same way as cubic diamond is related to hexagonal diamond, the cubic and hexagonal forms having almost the same density.
	skua.gps.caltech.edu /hermann/ice.htm (1983 words)

	* News @Guelph *
		Because amorphous ices don't form crystals, they have the potential to be used to preserve fragile organisms.
		The researchers came across this discovery when they were doing lengthy experiments with the high-density form of amorphous ice, which is made by putting ice into a metal press and squeezing it at 13,000 times atmospheric pressure, then cooling it to -196 C using liquid nitrogen.
		The high-density amorphous ice samples used in the study came from the National Research Council in Ottawa and were then shipped to the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Lab in Illinois, where the experiments were carried out using high-energy X-ray and neutron scattering.
	www.uoguelph.ca /atguelph/02-09-25/articles/ice.html (598 words)

	OSB: Ice sorbets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Ice, water, and water vapor can coexist at the triple point, which for this system is 273.16 K at a pressure of 611.73 Pascal.
		Ice is a common metaphor for things that are cold, hard, and clear in some way; for instance, "ice" is a colloquial term for diamond, and also for some forms of the drug amfetamine.
		It is troublesome to remove this form of ice, so people often open their windows slightly when the vehicle is parked in order to let the moisture dissipate, and it is now common for cars to have s to combat the problem.
	www.onesimpleband.com /ice-cream-makers/ice-sorbets.html (1829 words)

	Publication List (Ingrid Kohl) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Loerting, and K. Liedl, Chemistry-A European J. "High-density amorphous ice and its phase transition to ice XII."; I.
		"The Raman spectrum of ice XII and its relation to that of a "new phase of H2O-ice"."; C. Salzmann, I.
		"Ice XII forms on compression of hexagonal ice at 77 K via high-density amorphous water."; I.
	www-c724.uibk.ac.at /staff/kohl/publications.php (368 words)

	Publication List (Andreas Hallbrucker) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		"Structure of a new dense amorphous ice."; J.
		"The Raman spectrum of ice XII and its relation to that of a "new phase of H2O-ice"."; C. Salzmann, I. Kohl, T. Loerting, E. Mayer, and A.
		"Ice XII forms on compression of hexagonal ice at 77 K via high-density amorphous water."; I. Kohl, E. Mayer, and A.
	www-c724.uibk.ac.at /staff/hallbrucker/publications.php (564 words)

	Work on ice at NASA/Ames Research Center's Space Science Microscopy Lab (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		A numerical model of High Density Amorphous ice made by quenching configurations of liquid water, shows that this form of ice lacks the large cavities.
		High density amorphous ice is the most abundant ice in the universe, where it is found as a frost on interstellar grains.
		This ice is the craddle where small inorganic molecules combine into large organic molecules that may be at the origin of life.
	exobiology.nasa.gov /ice/high.html (417 words)

	Campus News: U of G physicists discover new form of ice
		Because amorphous ices don’t form crystals, they could potentially be used to preserve fragile organisms.
		The researchers came across this discovery when they were doing lengthy experiments with the high density form of amorphous ice, which is made by putting ice into a metal press and squeezing it at 13,000 times atmospheric pressure and then cooling it to —196 C using liquid nitrogen.
		The high density amorphous ice samples used in the study came from the National Research Council in Ottawa and were then shipped to the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Lab in Illinois where the experiments were carried out using high energy x-ray and neutron scattering.
	www.uoguelph.ca /mediarel/archives/001772.html (632 words)

	Re: VRD - amorphous ice on Mars? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		An amorphous solid is one whose molecules and atoms are aligned more or less randomly, rather than in a regular crystalline lattice.
		As you say, much of the ice in the universe is in an amorphous state.
		Strangely, water ice is not visible at the south pole; the ice cap there is composed of carbon dioxide ("dry" ice).
	web.mit.edu /~goodmanj/OldFiles/www/madsci/955220421.As.r.html (229 words)

	Ice Encyclopedia Article @ HotAndCold.com (Hot and Cold) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		However, it can also sublime from a vapor with no intervening liquid phase such as in the formation of frost.
		It is also possible to superheat ice beyond its equilibrium melting point.
		However, the strong hydrogen bonds in water make it different: water freezes at a temperature below 0 °C under a pressure higher than 1 atm.
	www.hotandcold.com /encyclopedia/Ice (1841 words)

	Summary, Amorphous and Crystalline Ice Growth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The simulations will focus on ice growth, both amorphous and crystalline, and will be coupled with laboratory experiments using atomic force microscopy, molecular beams and IR reflection spectroscopy.
		The simulations will, furthermore, be used to study ice, ice surfaces and supercooled liquid water at higher temperature (above 150 K) where experimental measurements with molecular resolution are more limited.
		A method for systematic analysis of many-body correlations in the ordering of water molecules in amorphous ice, liquid water and around defects in crystalline ice will be developed.
	www-theory.chem.washington.edu /~hannes/KDI-Ice/summary.html (335 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		Structures of high and low density amorphous ice by neutron diffraction
		Neutron diffraction with isotope substitution is used to determine the structures of high (HDA) and low (LDA) density amorphous ice.
		Both 'phases' are fully hydrogen bonded, tetrahedral networks, with local order similarities between LDA and ice Ih, and HDA and liquid water.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=20438763 (250 words)

	Electrofreezing of Liquid Water: A Microscopic Perspective (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		In the presence of an electric field the transformation of a liquid into a crystalline solid is observed for a narrow range of density and temperature on a time scale of a few hundred picoseconds.
		at a temperature of 250 K. Intermediate structures emerging during the electrofeeezing of water closely resemble a low-density amorphous ice.
		Constant density conditions were found to be more favorable than constant pressure conditions for producing polar ice crystals.
	pubs.acs.org /subscribe/journals/jacsat/118/i03/abs/ja951624l.html (191 words)

	Abstract
		This phase transforms at ~ 0.3 GPa into a low density amorphous ice phase (LDA), and there is evidence of a very high density form (VHDA) at higher pressures.
		Although this is the best known example of pressure-induced amorphisation and poly-amorphism, amorphous ices have so far been studied almost exclusively at ambient pressure on recovered samples.
		Here we present various recent in situ neutron diffraction studies on amorphous ice in the 0-2 GPa range, at 80-150 K. They provide for the first time a clear picture of pressure-induced structural changes of HDA in terms of radial and angular partial correlation functions over its entire stability range.
	www.ph2.uni-koeln.de /hpnp04/abst-klotz.htm (216 words)

	Ice
		Everyday ice and snow is Ice-Ih, or hexagonal ice[?].
		(links to density of various types of ice as already given in the external links section)
		The phase diagram of water, including the ice variants (http://www.sbu.ac.uk/water/phase.html)
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ic/Ice_crystal.html (431 words)

	Date: Tuesday, September 24, 2002
		Water has two known amorphous or "glassy" states; high density amorphous HDA) ice and low density amorphous (LDA) ice.
		The LDA ice transition is near the continuation of the solid-liquid phase transition line below 0 C. There has been a long debate regarding whether HDA is similarly tied to a second liquid state.
		During a high precision diffraction experiment intended to measure quantum effects in the static structure factors for water, the structures of postulated intermediate amorphous (IDA) states were measured for the first time.
	www.physics.uoguelph.ca /Seminar/031111.html (127 words)

	materials science 01
		At low temperatures, particularly in the super-cooled region, the orientational correlations are enhanced
		The situation is puzzling because the glass-transition temperature and the upper limit to the stability of bulk amorphous ice are at much lower temperatures, in the region of 140 K. Water/ice in mesoporous sol-gel silicas
		The reasons for this unusual behaviour are thought to depend on the interaction of the water molecules with the surrounding pore walls which have a low density of surface silanol groups.
	www.ill.fr /AR-99/page/34liquids.htm (817 words)

	Isotopic quantum effects on the structure of low density amorphous ice
		Isotopic quantum effects on the structure of low density amorphous ice
		The maximum observed isotope effect in LDA ice is ~ 3.4% at 40 K when compared to the magnitude of the first peak in the electronic structure factor at Q = 1.70 Å
		The isotope effect is shown to be similar to a temperature shift in the structure of light LDA ice.
	stacks.iop.org /0953-8984/15/3657 (329 words)

	Homepage of Christoph G. Salzmann (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		"Isobaric annealing of high-density amorphous ice between 0.3 and 1.9 GPa: in situ density values and structural changes" (pdf)
		”The low-temperature dynamics of recovered ice XII as studied by differential scanning calorimetry: a comparison with ice V”
		”The Raman spectrum of Ice XII and its relation to that of a “New phase of H2O-ice””
	users.ox.ac.uk /~iclb0193?S=A (403 words)

	Neutron scattering studies of the vibrational spectrum of high-density amorphous ice in comparison with ice Ih and VI
		Neutron scattering studies of the vibrational spectrum of high-density amorphous ice in comparison with ice Ih and VI A I Kolesnikov et al 1994
		In the translational band of the HDA ice spectrum, the first peak in the acoustic mode region is shifted by 2 meV towards high energies, but in the librational band the spectrum shows that the low-energy cut-off of this band shifts 13 meV towards low-energy transfers compared with ice Ih.
		Similarity of the main features of the spectra of HDA ice and ice VI have been observed and, thus, the dynamics of these ice phases should be determined by the same atomic correlations and force constants.
	stacks.iop.org /0953-8984/6/375 (262 words)

	Argonne News 10/07/02
		Many scientists believe that high- and low-density amorphous ices are the low-temperature manifestations of two different states of liquid water, and that the transition between the ice forms is sudden (i.e.
		The researchers came across this discovery while doing lengthy experiments with the high-density form of amorphous ice, which is made by squeezing "regular freezer" ice to 13,000 times atmospheric pressure in liquid nitrogen.
		The researchers were measuring this high-density form of ice over a period of days when they observed the change to the new ice forms.
	www.anl.gov /Media_Center/Argonne_News/news02/an021007.html (2160 words)

	» Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		University of Helsinki researcher Anatoli Bogdan has announced that his research suggests cryopreservation may not only be possible, but may have taken a major step forward to becoming a reality.
		Bogdan announced the discovery of a form of low-density amorphous ice called HVW produced by slowly supercooling diluted aqueous droplets.
		The ice metamorphoses into a highly viscous substance resembling glass and not water.
	www.cryonicssociety.org /futurenews/index.php?cat=2 (1184 words)

	PANZ: Ice skater (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		same partner), a level 9 ice dancer, a level 10 free skater and a level 2 coach.
		Milton Keynes Ice Skating Club www.mkisc.org MKISC brings together local iceskaters, both recreational and competitive, regardlesssecond National Open event, Milton Keynes iceskater, Deborah Bell (12) won the Morris Talbot
		Ice Princess has to be my favourite moviethought it was fantastic and as an iceskater myself I thought it was fascinationg I loved the movie!
	www.publicaccessnewzealand.org /downhill-skiing/ice-skater.html (1658 words)

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