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	Low Intensity Warfare The New Interventionism
		Korea was the first manifestation of Washington's commitment to wage conventional conflict in the nuclear age; it was also the first manifestation of the American reluctance to embrace a protracted military campaign of unclear purpose and meaning.
		LIC theorists have made no secret of their belief that an active press and Congress represent a significant obstacle to military effectiveness.
		In their preface to the LIC Final Report, the members of the Joint Low-lntensity Conflict Project affirm that their intention was to initiate an "enlightened debate" on, the type of conflict most likely to engage American forces in the years ahead.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /US_ThirdWorld/Low_Intensity_Warfare.html (4670 words)

	Low intensity conflict - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Low intensity conflict (LIC) is the use of military forces applied selectively and with restraint to enforce compliance with the policies or objectives of the political body controlling the military force.
		Low-intensity conflict ranges from subversion to the use of the armed forces.
		Throughout the conflict there is a general need for the armed forces to operate in a manner to which they are not well-suited or adequately trained - police-work, individual assassination, arrests, interrogations and torture being problematic and often leading to human rights abuses and unnecessary deaths.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Low_intensity_conflict (630 words)

	Low Intensity Conflict Intelligence: Lessons From Vietnam
		Low intensity conflict is generally confined to a geographic area and is characterized by constraints on the weaponry, tactics, and level of violence.
		One of the unique intelligence requirements that makes LIC different from mid and high intensity conflict is the predominance of the political dimension over the military component and the requirement for a sharp appreciation of history, cultural, and population characteristics that comprise the Third World LIC environment.
		LIC operations are normally conducted in conjunction with the U.S. Ambassador of the target country whose primary concern would be carrying out national objectives of a political and economic nature.
	www.globalsecurity.org /intell/library/reports/1990/LRW.htm (6331 words)

	low-intensity conflict
		The criterion of "low intensity" as part of the definition thus presupposes that one adopts the perspective of the country applying the force rather than the one on which it is applied.
		LIC is generally confined to a specific geographical area and is often characterized by limitations of armaments, tactics and level of force.
		LIC is thus a reaction to a perceived strategic stalemate between the superpowers, which makes direct confrontation between them seem too risky and impracticable, encouraging a shift of venue for possible conflicts to the Third World.
	www.jochen-hippler.de /Aufsatze/low-intensity_conflict/low-intensity_conflict.html (6511 words)

	John M. Gates, Ch. 11, The Continuing Problem of Conceptual Confusion - Title
		For the military officer, however, the problem with the term "low intensity conflict" was not only that it created a public relations liability, but also that it proved too lacking in descriptive specificity to be useful in the creation and implementation of doctrine.
		Since the casualty statistics of many "low intentisy conflicts" have been too high for the term to be an accurate description of output, one must assume that when used as a doctrinal category it described input.
		Concepts like "low intensity conflict" and "military operations short of war" appear to be based on wishful thinking and a desire to avoid unpleasant situations, such as that which developed in Vietnam, where the goal was not achieved despite the significant involvement of American forces in sustained combat.
	www.wooster.edu /history/jgates/book-ch11.html (6269 words)

	Chapter 14: Morning inAmerica and the Special Warfare Revival
		Low-intensity conflict doctrine was presented as a cure-all for the United States' troubles on the periphery.
		Mid- intensity conflict was distinguished primarily by the major commitment of American forces, as in the Korean War, with a high potential cost: Heavy casualties could be expected and defeat was a possibility, although national survival would not be in the balance.
		Although low-intensity conflict doctrine per se was to cover a multitude of scenarios, the bulk of the debate over the doctrine and its practical application in the Reagan years centered OTI the traditional Cold War enterprise of counterinsurgency and unconventional warfare.
	www.statecraft.org /chapter14.html (8548 words)

	Preparing America to Win Low-Intensity Conflicts
		A LIC czar at the NSC should be empowered to I enforce cooperation between the various U.S. agencies responsible for carry ing out U.S. policy on LIC 1 Raise funding for manpower, equipment, and training for intelligence activities in theThird World, and expand the range of U.S. intelligence ac tivities.
		The intensity of a particular kind of conflict is defined by the degree of violence employed by its participants.
		The boundaries of LIC on the conflict spectrum are ambiguous.
	www.heritage.org /Research/MiddleEast/bg786.cfm (6296 words)

	FM 100-20 Chapter 1 Fundamentals Of Low Intensity Conflict (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Low intensity conflict is a political-military confrontation between contending states or groups below conventional war and above the routine, peaceful competition among states.
		Low intensity conflicts are often localized, generally in the Third World, but contain regional and global security implications.
		When LIC threatens friends and allies, the aim of security assistance is to ensure that their military institutions can provide security for their citizens and government.
	earthops.org /sovereign/low_intensity/100-20.1.html (4579 words)

	Letter to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President of the Senate on Low Intensity Conflict Policy
		Low intensity conflicts, which take place at levels below conventional war, but above routine peaceful competition among states, can be particularly troublesome.
		In that regard, in June of this year, I approved a new national policy and strategy for low intensity conflict and established a Board for Low Intensity Conflict that is chaired by my National Security Adviser.
		The essential elements of our low intensity conflict policy and strategy are described in the report.
	www.reagan.utexas.edu /archives/speeches/1987/121687a.htm (311 words)

	Second Submission to the TRC - Last
		Low Intensity Conflict was born out of this search for alternatives, although many of the elements of the new military strategy had been formulated earlier.
		The perception of what any particular liberation movement is trying to do may be wrong, but LIC is thought of as giving terrorists a dose of their own medicine with disinformation, sabotage, death squads, hitmen, assassinations, planting bombs in buildings, killing civilians and generally destabilising communities.
		Today the most sophisticated use of LIC to destabilise the left and the communities that might support them is being planned and executed in South Africa.
	www.anc.org.za /ancdocs/misc/trc2f.html (1625 words)

	Articles: Low Intensity Conflict and the War on Drugs - Historical Text Archive
		LIC proponents assert that police techniques cannot overcome the traffickers because the police, unlike the military, do not have sufficient discipline or adequate technology, nor a unified command and control system.
		Certainly, the proposed increases in military aid in 1990, which included the training of strike battalions, was part of this new interest in using LIC doctrine although it is possible that the Thurman plan was just one more instance of contingency planning by the military.
		David Silverstein asserts that the maintenance of an intimidating, large military force is LIC because it threatens potential opponents, a definition which means that the U.S. has been engaged in low-intensity conflict with virtually every nation in the world since each nation is a potential opponent of the U.S. This is nonsensical.
	www.historicaltextarchive.com /sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=112 (6096 words)

	Strategies for Resisting Low-Intensity Conflict in Mexico
		Besides poor coverage of LIC campaigns, both in Mexico and generally, the U.S. mass media has been and continues to be a propaganda tool and sounding board for the Pentagon.
		Since the nature of LIC is to obscure the direct role that the U.S. military plays, creating an environment in which military advisors advise and intelligence analysts surveil and observe well outside of public view, there is even less concern on the part of the general public.
		Despite a valid concern that even a U.S. public well informed about the nature and extent of LIC in Mexico would not be moved in to action, it is still worth pursuing a campaign to educate the public through the mass media.
	flag.blackened.net /revolt/mexico/solid/strat_liw_jul97.html (1265 words)

	Article - Air Operations in Low Intensity Conflict (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Perhaps the reality is that army aviation has a limited role in LIC as a combat element, since ground-attack aircraft like Su-25s offer more protection (both for the cockpit and for preventing the release of information that might give away their position) and versatility.
		The participation of attack helicopters in it was limited, and front fighters and bombers could not operate effectively at low altitudes and so were not used due to their high airspeed and the shortage of time to search for targets, aim and employ weapons.
		It represents one of the first examples of a protracted conflict involving one of the former superpowers and is worthy of close attention and consideration.
	www.amina.com /article/thomas_mili.html (4885 words)

	Scenes from an Unfinished War: Low-Intensity Conflict in Korea, 1966-1968
		Low-intensity conflict is war, deadly as any, but different in that its adherents stress the achievement of political goals by insurgency, terrorism, and provocation rather than traditional force-on-force military operations.
		The "low" aspect of LIC refers directly to the degree of American commitment (certainly not to the level of violence or degree of enemy commitment).
		Their low numbers could be deceptive, however, since each skilled operator-agitator had the potential to choose, train, and supervise up to a hundred informants and guerrilla recruits.
	www-cgsc.army.mil /carl/resources/csi/Bolger/bolger.asp (14961 words)

	POLS972 Discussion Questions: Low Intensity Conflict (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The obvious big question here is whether low intensity conflict (LIC) is or is not significantly different from the conventional conflicts between states that I call "Clausewitzian.".
		Assess the extent to which the LIC that we have seen in the past twenty years is a uniquely modern phenomenon, and the extent to which it is simply continuing patterns that have been around for centuries.
		• The low level of LIC during the period 1860-1960 was due to the temporary concentration of military power that occurred due to the Industrial Revolution; with the end of that concentration, the system will return to earlier patterns.
	people.ku.edu /~schrodt/pols972/06.LIC.Discussion.html (683 words)

	Low Intensity Conflict & Law Enforcement - Abstracts
		The main purpose of this study is to portray the transformation that the concept of low intensity conflict (LIC) has undergone in recent times.
		Although there have been learned contributions characterizing LIC by distinguishing this type of confrontation from modern war, most of the literature tends to lump LICs in a single category, thereby failing to elaborate on their specificity and diminishing the possibilities for analyzing, solving and managing them.
		In response to the escalation of the drug conflict, Colombia has secured additional US military aid and has formulated a plan, known as Plan Colombia, which aims at restructuring the country’s economy as well as its national military strategy in order to combat better the illegal armed forces involved in the drug industry.
	www.tandf.co.uk /journals/archive/flic-abs.asp (6917 words)

	NVSD -- Low Intensity Conflict: Central America
		The following are excerpts from an interview with Julio, as well as comments he made during various workshops on low intensity conflict and on applying social defence in Third World countries.
		LIC became the most important strategy adapted by our military, along with the help of these countries.
		If LIC's aim is at a false consciousness based on lies, then nonviolence is exactly the opposite: nonviolence is based on the truth and the creation of a real consciousness of the people.
	www.wri-irg.org /nonviolence/nvsd14-en.htm (2303 words)

	War Against the Poor: Low-Intensity Conflict and Christian Faith
		Low-intensity conflict is the key strategy by which the United States seeks to project its power in the third world in order to protect perceived vital interests.
		Low-intensity conflict is a comprehensive, totalitarian project through which the United States seeks to manage social change in the third world in order to protect perceived vital interests.
		Since low-intensity conflict defines the poor as enemy, it is clearly in conflict with a biblical God who takes sides with the poor.
	www.religion-online.org /showbook.asp?title=2288 (299 words)

	ReliefWeb » Document Preview » Policy brief: Chechnya - low intensity conflict persists
		At the same time, the threat of internationalisation of the conflict in Chechnya (earlier warning by FEWER in August 2001) is likely to decrease.
		According to many observers, a multiplicity of interests exists at the federal and regional level for preserving the conflict at the current low intensity level.
		Stabilising the conflict at this level will ensure the federal centre’s political influence on Chechnya’s neighbours and pave the way for a `timely' conflict resolution in the near future when the political effects may be maximised (for example, in the run-up to the federal elections).
	www.reliefweb.int /rw/rwb.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/5ea6f716b22588c585256b28007116b7 (1586 words)

	War Against the Poor: Low-Intensity Conflict and Christian Faith
		Low-intensity conflict is so broad in scope, so cynical in outlook, so damaging in practice that it presents Christians and churches in the United States with a situation similar to that faced by the Confessing churches in Nazi Germany.
		I shall analyze how low-intensity conflict is a comprehensive, totalitarian-like project through which the United States seeks to manage social change in the third world in order to protect perceived vital interests.
		Low-intensity conflict, which defines the poor as enemy, is clearly in conflict with a biblical God who takes sides with the poor.
	www.religion-online.org /showchapter.asp?title=2288&C=2186 (1551 words)

	NVSD -- Low Intensity Conflict: South Africa
		Struggling against one's own government and against low intensity conflict (LIC) is precisely what Jacqui Boulle, Lawrence Sibisi and Rob Goldman from South Africa are faced with.
		Jacqui was active with the once-banned End Conscription Campaign, Lawrence is chair of the Natal Anglican Justice and Reconciliation Committee, and Rob is the Justice and Reconciliation worker for the Anglican Church and is also active in the war resisters' movement.
		There was a legitimacy crisis within the state, and the economic crisis meant that the state could no longer afford the welfare programmes and the upgrading of townships.
	www.wri-irg.org /nonviolence/nvsd15-en.htm (3407 words)

	Air Operations in Low Intensity Conflict (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Perhaps the reality is that army aviation has a limited role in LIC as a combat element, since ground-attack aircraft like Su-25s offer more protection (both for the cockpit and for preventing the release of information that might give away their position) and versatility.
		The participation of attack helicopters in it was limited, and front fighters and bombers could not operate effectively at low altitudes and so were not used due to their high airspeed and the shortage of time to search for targets, aim and employ weapons.
		It represents one of the first examples of a protracted conflict involving one of the former superpowers and is worthy of close attention and consideration.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/apj/apj97/win97/thomas.html (4839 words)

	Middle East Newsline -
		A new report said the U.S. military could face a rising insurgency by a range of forces in the wake of the fall of the regime of Iraqi President Saddam Hussein.
		The report said the conflict would be joined by elements of the Saddam regime who had fled Iraq and were still in the Middle East.
		"The bottom line is that a definitive end to the current conflict is unlikely," the Washington Institute for Near East Policy said in its report.
	www.menewsline.com /stories/2003/april/04_23_2.html (199 words)

	PULSED RADIO WAVES AND THE HUM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Specific absorption rate is the intensity of the internal electric field or quantity of energy absorbed per unit mass.
		Also, classical theory indicates that the body should be completely invisible to extremely low frequencies of light where a single wave length is thousands of miles long.
		A windowing effect was also noted with the exposure intensities, some effects were noted at low intensities but not at higher intensities.
	homepages.tesco.net /~John.Dawes2/usaf.htm (3885 words)

	[No title]
		Low Intensity Conflict: Old Threats in a New World.
		Operational Considerations for Military Involvement in Low Intensity Conflict.
		Analysis of 60 LIC's of 20th Cent, each summarized in a few paragraphs, pp.
	www.carlisle.army.mil /usamhi/bibliographies/referencebibliographies/war/lic.doc (696 words)

	Small Wars Journal
		The ideal aircraft in a counter insurgency war has to be able to fly low and slow enough to detect insurgents and terrorists...
		Western correspondents saw in the Liberian war a primeval, savage Africa-a 'heart of darkness.' They focused on sensational 'primitive' aspects of the conflict, such as the prevalence of traditional healers and soothsayers, and shocked the international community with tales of cannibalism, especially the eating of the body parts of defeated opponents, which was widespread.
		Low intensity conflicts have been a predominant form of engagement for the military over the past 45 years.
	www.smallwarsjournal.com /reading_list.htm (14068 words)

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