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Topic: Low voltage differential signaling

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	Low voltage differential signaling
		In the past most signalling schemes relied on detecting the presence of a signal in a single wire, compared to ground.
		The high voltage levels are used to make them largely immune to noise, as there are few naturally occurring signals that can create that sort of voltage.
		Prior to that point it could signal faster than the computers it was running in, and the need to run twice as many wires for the same amount of data was too high a price to pay.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/lv/LVDS.html (528 words)

	Low voltage differential signaling - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		LVDS is a differential signaling system, which means that it transmits two different voltages which are compared at the receiver.
		The small amplitude of the signal and the tight electric- and magnetic-field coupling between the two wires reduces the amount of radiated electromagnetic noise.
		The low common-mode voltage (the average of the voltages on the two wires) of about 1.25 V allows LVDS to be used with a wide range of integrated circuits with power supply voltages down to 2.5 V or lower.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Low_voltage_differential_signaling (925 words)

	Understanding LVDS for Digital Test Systems- Developer Zone - National Instruments
		Differential signals contrast to traditional single-ended signals in that two complementary lines are used to transmit a signal instead of one line.
		This voltage is the absolute value of the difference in voltage measured between the two output lines of the driver and is specified to be between 247 and 454 mV, with 350 mV being typical.
		The offset voltage is the common-mode voltage of the differential signal and is essentially the average voltage of the two lines of the differential pair with respect to ground.
	zone.ni.com /devzone/cda/tut/p/id/4441 (2761 words)

	High-Speed Digital I/O Logic Families- Developer Zone - National Instruments
		Differential logic families use differential voltage levels to measure the voltage difference between a pair of wires.
		The differential voltage at the receiver is either positive or negative, depending on the direction of the current.
		For example, since the received voltage is a differential between two signals, the voltage swing between the logic high level and low level state can be smaller, allowing for faster rise and fall times and thus faster toggle and data rates.
	zone.ni.com /devzone/cda/tut/p/id/3406 (784 words)

	EDN Access — 09.02.96 Low-voltage differential signaling yields megatransfers per second with milliwatts of power
		Properly routed single-ended signals for differential performance having parallel, equal-length traces incur little EMI noise, because it interferes with all signals that are referenced to a given voltage that is supposedly stable.
		Equation 3 describes the backward-coupled voltage; Equation 4, the forward-coupled voltage to the signal path that the field is influencing.
		The LVDS standard is independent of power-supply voltage as low as 2V, because the differential signals center at 1.2V.
	www.edn.com /archives/1996/090296/18df4.htm (3201 words)

	Low-Voltage Differential (LVD) Signaling
		This is a differential signaling method that was designed to use the advantages of differential signaling to allow long cable lengths, while reducing implementation cost and allowing for electrical compatibility with single-ended devices.
		In fact, LVD signaling is required for Ultra2 or Wide Ultra2 SCSI (unless HVD is used), and LVD is the exclusive signaling method for all SCSI modes faster than Ultra2.
		Warning: Low voltage differential devices are not electrically compatible with high voltage differential hardware; do not mix them on the same SCSI cable or damage to the LVD devices may occur.
	www.pcguide.com /ref/hdd/if/scsi/protLVD-c.html (956 words)

	LVD SCSI Cables and Terminators
		Low Voltage Differential, LVD SCSI is defined under the Ultra subset of the SCSI-3 standard.
		LVD bulk cable, meeting the spec for shielded external LVD cables, is required for low voltage external applications.
		LVD bulk cable, meeting the spec for internal ribbon LVD cables, is required for low voltage internal applications.
	www.cable-connection.com /lvd100.html (813 words)

	LVDS Splitter Simplifies High-Speed Signal Distribution - Maxim/Dallas
		LVDS is seeing increased use in high-speed systems where signal integrity, low-jitter (jitter can be defined as the deviation in a signal's output transitions from their ideal positions in time) and good common-mode performance are required.
		Many of the advantages of LVDS are due to its differential nature: it is immune to common-mode noise and, in theory, emits no noise itself (this assumes completely symmetrical differential signals - i.e., no skew between the positive and negative outputs).
		With this scheme, the problems of signal integrity are reduced to ensuring that the impedance of the medium is as uniform as possible; the disturbance that stubs could potentially cause is eliminated.
	www.maxim-ic.com /appnotes.cfm?an_pk=872 (1049 words)

	Single-Ended (SE) and Differential (High Voltage Differential, HVD) Signaling
		Conventional logic is used: a positive voltage is a "one", and a zero voltage (ground) is a "zero".
		It is called differential signaling, after the technique used to determine the value of each signal by the recipient.
		High voltage differential signaling has been around since the earliest SCSI-1 standard, so devices have been theoretically available as either SE or HVD since the start of SCSI use on the PC--of course, whether any particular model has been implemented in HVD is another story altogether.
	www.storagereview.com /guide2000/ref/hdd/if/scsi/protDiff.html (1005 words)

	Low-voltage differential driver with opened eye pattern (US6590432)
		The sources of the sourcing transistors and the drains of the sinking transistors are connected to the true and complement differential outputs.
		Pulsed inputs applied to secondary-stage gates are normally low, disabling the sourcing and sinking transistors in the secondary stage to disable the secondary stage.
		However, during a switching transient, the pulsed inputs are pulsed on, allowing the secondary stage to drive a boost current to the differential outputs.
	www.delphion.com /details?pn=US06590432__ (563 words)

	EEProductCenter.com :: The design of LVDS interface for a Multi-Channel A/D Converter
		The main factors driving the trend toward a high-speed low voltage differential serial interface are increasing the transmitted data speed limitation, decreasing the transmitted power consumption, and reducing EMI created by the transmission signals.
		The main design issues are to define reasonable voltage levels to represent logic bit 1 and bit 0, single-ended or differential signaling, as well as to specify bit time.
		The differential output swing range of RocketIO interface is between 400mV and 800mV, and receiver impedance is programmable at 50 ohms or 75 ohms.
	www.eeproductcenter.com /analog/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=15000811 (2946 words)

	Differential signaling - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		At the end of the connection, instead of reading a single signal, the receiving device reads the difference between the two signals.
		The high voltage levels give the signals some immunity from noise, since few naturally occurring signals can create that sort of voltage.
		SCSI-1 variations included a high voltage differential (HVD) implementation whose maximum cable length was many times that of the single-ended version.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Differential_signaling (990 words)

	High-Speed Signal Distribution Using Low-Voltage Differential Signaling (LVDS) - Maxim/Dallas
		Low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) is well-suited for a variety of applications, including clock distribution and point-to-multipoint signal distribution.
		The MAX9150's input accepts differential signals with amplitudes as low as 100mV and as high as 1V within a 0 to 2.4V input voltage range.
		When signaling speeds break well into the tens and hundreds of MHz, LVDS devices are often a better choice for accomplishing that signaling than TTL.
	www.maxim-ic.com /appnotes.cfm?an_pk=873 (1084 words)

	Low voltage differential signaling - Free net encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Template:Mergeto Low voltage differential signaling, or LVDS, is an electrical signaling system that can run at very high speeds over cheap, twisted-pair copper cables.
		This power efficiency is maintained at high frequencies because of the low voltage swing.
		Before that, it could signal faster than the computers it was running in, and the need to run twice as many wires for the same amount of data outweighed the speed benefits.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/LVDS (822 words)

	TIA TIA/EIA-644-A Electrical Characteristics of Low Voltage Differential Signaling (LVDS) Interface Circuits - IHS, Inc
		This Standard specifies the electrical characteristics of low voltage differential signaling interface circuits, normally implemented in integrated circuit technology, that may be employed when specified for the interchange of binary signals between:
		The electrical characteristics of the circuit are specified in terms of required voltage, and current values obtained from direct measurements of the generator and receiver (load) components at the interface points.
		Guidance is given in Annex A, Section A.2 with respect to limitations on data signaling rate imposed by the parameters of the cable length, attenuation, and crosstalk for individual installations for a typical cable media interface.
	electronics.ihs.com /document/abstract/PIMUOAAAAAAAAAAA (496 words)

	IEC: Low-Voltage Differential Signaling (LVDS)
		During the frame, the transmitter monitors the input signal for transitions.
		Without pre-emphasis, the signal coming out of a cable loses the sharp transition edges due to the cable’s high-frequency filter effect.
		GLVDS moves the differential signal’s common-mode voltage close to ground, which allows chips operating from very low supply voltages to communicate over a high-speed standard interface.
	www.iec.org /online/tutorials/low_voltage/topic09.html (406 words)

	LVDS (Low-Voltage Differential Signaling) (Linktionary term)
		LVDS cuts down on noise and boosts data rates by using extremely low voltage levels (350 mV compares to 2.4 V), which translates to low radiation and less power consumption.
		This is done by sending signals across two wires simultaneously, each with opposing current and voltage swings.
		The actual data is read as the difference in amplitude between the signals on the two wires.
	www.linktionary.com /l/lvds.html (404 words)

	Low-voltage differential-signalling output buffer with pre-emphasis (US6288581)
		The boost stage is coupled to the outputs by link transistors that are enabled by a pre-emphasis signal generated by resetable pulse generators.
		The boost current is continuously added at high frequencies, but at low frequencies the boost current only occurs during the pre-emphasis period after outputs switch.
		a pair of link transistors having control gates coupled to a boost signal, for conducting a boost current to the differential pair of outputs when the boost signal is active, but for isolating the boost current from the differential pair of outputs when the boost signal is not active;
	www.delphion.com /details?pn=US06288581__ (413 words)

	LVDS Bus Interface Description
		This drives a differential line that is terminated by a 100 ohm resistor, generating about 350 mV across the receiver.
		The +350mV voltage swing is centered on a 1.2V offset voltage.
		An additional set of differential receivers may be placed at the connector keeping the stub length short, which would then drive the following receivers.
	www.interfacebus.com /Design_Connector_LVDS.html (682 words)

	"A Baker's Dozen of High-Speed Differential Backplane Design Tips" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		LVDS (Low Voltage Differential Signaling) based technology is revolutionizing high-performance backplanes used for multi-point communication in Datacom, Telecom, ISP and Storage applications.
		The use of a differential technology allows for a reduced voltage swing without compromising noise margins.
		This enables 100-400+ Mbps multi-point transmission, low bit error rates, live-insertion capability, and a general robustness not available from other single-ended small-swing technologies.
	www.nesa.com /bakerdoz.html (170 words)

	QualCore Logic, Inc. Semiconductor IP Listing -- D&R Silicon IP Catalog
		Low Voltage Differential Signaling (LVDS) Transceiver, 1.244 GHz, 1.2v/2.5v Pads.
		Low Voltage Differential Signaling (LVDS) Transceiver, 1.244 GHz Pad using 1.0/2.5V Low-K process.
		Low Voltage Differential Signaling (LVDS) Transceiver, 800 MHz, 1.2v/2.5v Pads using 1.2V/3.3V FSG process.
	www.us.design-reuse.com /sip/go/14510 (2836 words)

	App Note Abstract: Low-Voltage Differential Signaling (LVDS) Design Notes (Rev. A)
		Low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) is a signaling method used for high-speed transmission of binary data over copper.
		It is well recognized that the benefits of balanced data transmission begin to outweigh the costs over single-ended techniques when signal transition times approach 10 ns.
		LVDS, as documented in TIA/EIA-644, can have signal transition time as short as 260 ps turning a printed circuit board trace into a transmission line in a few centimeters.
	www.ti.com /sc/docs/psheets/abstract/apps/slla014a.htm (143 words)

	CommsDesign - Two suppliers bet on LVDS as comms bright spot (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Investments in communications infrastructure will likely remain low for several years — despite the clamor of 400 million current Internet users for higher bandwidth, a projected 27 percent per year growth in Internet host sites and a need to satisfy 1 billion Internet users in 2005, Kierstead said.
		The new model, he said, is arrays of cages and buses utilizing some sort of switching device to negotiate signals between them.
		The new repeaters include what Kierstead called 4- and 8-bit devices; that is, parallel LVDS drivers that amplify multiple differential signals (1:1, 2:2, 4:4 and 8:8).
	www.commsdesign.com /showArticle.jhtml?articleID=12804439 (950 words)

	Field-programmable gate array low voltage differential signaling driver utilizing two complimentary output buffers - US ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Field-programmable gate array low voltage differential signaling driver utilizing two complimentary output buffers
		Intermediary circuit between a low voltage logic circuit and a high voltage output stage in standard CMOS technology
		A low voltage signaling differential signaling driver comprising a first output line coupled to a delay circuit, a first multiplexer and a first output buffer.
	www.patentstorm.us /patents/7119573.html (955 words)

	STMicroelectronics \| HIGH SPEED DIFFERENTIAL LINE DRIVERS - STLVDS3487B
		The intended application of this device and signalling technique is for point-to-point baseband data transmission over controlled impedance media approximately 100.
		The STLVDS3487 is a quad differential line drivers that implements the electrical characteristics of low voltage differential signaling (LVDS).
		All voltages except differential I/O bus voltage, are with respect to the network ground terminal.
	www.st.com /stonline/products/literature/ds/9516.htm (1139 words)

	EIA-644 Bus Description, RS644 LVDS
		EIA-644 [LVDS] should not be confused with other (higher speed) Low-Voltage Differential circuits; ECL, PECL, LVPECL, or CML, all of which also use the term LVDS.
		LVDM Low Voltage Differential Signaling Multi-Point, [Proprietary], 8mA with one bus driver.
		Pullup/Down Resistors (Idle-line failsafe) are used to keep the +/- inputs of the Receiver(s) inputs at a minimum of 200mV differential or higher.
	www.interfacebus.com /Design_Connector_RS644.html (437 words)

	LVDS support becomes critical for higher speeds - News - low-voltage differential signaling - Technical Electronic News ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Market consensus has been reached on the wisdom of low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) for higher-speed system communications.
		The two say their M-LVDS devices will increase signaling rates fivefold over existing single-ended backplane technologies, making them suitable in several applications, including wireless basestations, telecom digital cross-connect data carriers, storage and clock distribution.
		Multipoint communications is when there is a backplane or cable connect between multiple drivers and multiple receivers, as opposed to a point-to-point situation, where there is a dedicated line for two devices to interface.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0EKF/is_4_48/ai_82571908 (811 words)

	IEC: Low-Voltage Differential Signaling (LVDS)
		This differential driver produces odd-mode transmission: equal and opposite currents flow in the transmission lines.
		The current returns within the wire pair, so the current loop area is small and therefore generates the lowest amount of electromagnetic interference (EMI).
		The differential receiver is a high-impedance device that detects differential signals as low as 20 mV and then amplifies them into standard logic levels.
	www.iec.org /online/tutorials/low_voltage/topic02.html (216 words)

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