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	Lower Manhattan Expressway (I-78 and I-478, unbuilt)
		The first proposal for a controlled-access highway across lower Manhattan appeared in the 1929 Regional Plan Association report, "Plan of New York and Its Environs." As an integral part of the tri-state network of expressways and parkways, the Lower Manhattan Expressway was to connect the Holland Tunnel with Brooklyn.
		Lower Manhattan Crosstown Highway: This is a much-needed crosstown connection between the Manhattan and Williamsburg bridges, and the Holland Tunnel, serving local cross-Manhattan traffic as well as traffic from the bridges and the tunnel.
		The elevated expressway, which was expected to handle 120,000 vehicles per day (AADT), was to have been constructed within a 250-to-350 foot-wide right-of-way, with a clearance of 50 to 60 feet between the edge of the expressway and the nearest buildings.
	www.nycroads.com /roads/lower-manhattan (3556 words)

	Lower Manhattan Expressway - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Lower Manhattan Expressway (also known as the Canal Street Expressway or LOMEX) was a controversial plan for an expressway through lower Manhattan conceptualized by master builder Robert Moses in the early 1960s.
		It was to be an eight-lane elevated highway, stretching from the East River to the Hudson River, connecting the Holland Tunnel on the west side to the Williamsburg and Manhattan Bridges to the east.
		The route from the Holland Tunnel to the Williamsburg Bridge was planned as part of Interstate 78, and the main line from the split to the Manhattan Bridge was to be Interstate 478 (later assigned to the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel and West Side Highway).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lower_Manhattan_Expressway (598 words)

	NYCDOT - Lower Manhattan Traffic and Transit Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		For comprehensive information on Lower Manhattan, please visit www.LowerManhattan.info which includes information for area residents, workers and visitors on topics including transportation and transit, health, safety and security; rebuilding plans and progress; assistance and incentives; community involvement opportunities; things to do; and Lower Manhattan history.
		Use the Lower Manhattan interactive transportation map for up to date information on the area's subways, trains, ferries, buses, parking, and bike and pedestrian information.
		Ferry service between Lower Manhattan and various points in Queens, Brooklyn, the East Side and West Side of Manhattan, and New Jersey is provided by New York Waterway, Seastreak, NY Water Taxi and Liberty Water Taxi.
	www.nyc.gov /html/dot/html/motorist/emergencyinfo.html (709 words)

	sociology - New York City
		Manhattan and the Bronx, though still one county, were established as two separate boroughs and joined together with three other boroughs created from parts of adjacent counties to form the new municipal government originally called "Greater New York".
		Upper New York Bay is surrounded by Manhattan, Brooklyn, Staten Island, and the coast of New Jersey, and is connected by the Narrows between Brooklyn and Staten Island to Lower New York Bay, which is partially surrounded by Brooklyn, Staten Island, and the coast of New Jersey, and opens to the Atlantic Ocean.
		Manhattan's Madison Avenue is synonymous with the American advertising industry, while Seventh Avenue is nicknamed "fashion avenue" as it serves as an important center for the fashion industry.
	www.aboutsociology.com /sociology/New_York_City (7813 words)

	Manhattan Bridge
		The Manhattan Bridge was first planned as a traditional wire-cable suspension bridge to be used exclusively by trains.
		The hearings come after Nada Chakravartti, the chief engineer on the Manhattan Bridge project, was charged in March 2001 with soliciting a bribe from a contractor after a period of investigation by the Manhattan district attorney's office.
		The Lower Manhattan Expressway proposal was killed in 1971, shifting the I-478 designation to Westway, another Manhattan highway proposal that eventually was killed.
	www.nycroads.com /crossings/manhattan (2616 words)

	Gotham Gazette: New York City's Big Planning Projects: Avoiding the Public?
		The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC) is a subsidiary of the state's Empire State Development Corporation, and effectively operates outside local planning procedures.
		While the mayor has stated his desire to gain more local input in the planning of lower Manhattan, now controlled by the state-dominated Lower Manhattan Development Corporation, the new input would apparently be tightly controlled by the mayor.
		Thus, instead of launching a 197-a plan for lower Manhattan that would have to involve broad participation, the mayor chose to cook up his own plan.
	www.gothamgazette.com /print/317 (1054 words)

	SoHo - NYWiki
		Since the late 1940s, the specter of a Lower Manhattan Expressway (LoMEX), first proposed in 1929 and revived by Robert Moses in 1941, increasingly discouraged landlords from either tearing down or improving buildings in a 30-square block south of Houston Street.
		Moses's plans for the Lower Manhattan Expressway, also known as the Broome Street Expressway were on the city maps by 1963 and this tangible threat further accelerated the neglect and decay of the area by its landlords.
		When the expressway was killed in 1971, Mayor Lindsay finally legitimized SoHo by modifying the zoning laws to allow the artists to live as well as work in the area.
	www.nywiki.com /new-york-city/index.php/SoHo (1148 words)

	lowrr NYC exprssway
		This expressway was to connect the Williamsburg and Manhattan Bridges with the fabric of the city, cutting a swath just north of Broome street, and link to the west side highways and the Holland tunnel.
		The provocative notion of the road maintaining an intimate relationship with a zone of housing is one usually eschewed in favor of urban purging and dissection.
		This integration of a lower level of traffic, flowing under a series of perforated, open 'pancakes' which provide pedestrian circulation between buildings and city areas, begins to suggest a solution to the incomplete urban connections made by the thin pedestrian links over, for instance, the Cross Bronx expressway near the George Washington Bridge.
	www.basilisk.com /L/lowrr_NYC_exprssway_347.html (1410 words)

	Big Apple History . Building the Big Apple . Landmark Preservation \| PBS KIDS GO!
		The Cross-Bronx Expressway was just the beginning in Robert Moses' plans to create highways that flowed through the city itself.
		Demonstrators against the Lower Manhattan Expressway were armed with her philosophy.
		Manhattan natives resisted his idea of "flow." To this day, residents can still live their whole lives in Manhattan without cars.
	pbskids.org /bigapplehistory/building/topic30.html (559 words)

	Click opera - Expressway (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		I'm sure this expressway really exists in Osaka somewhere, one of Japan's many elevated urban motorways, but somehow this photo emphasised how radically strange it is to put roads on top of your buildings rather than at the base.
		Jane Jacobs is a much more sympathetic figure than Robert Moses, and I'm glad her citizens' activism won the day (well, actually it was declining economic activity in Lower Manhattan, and especially the docks, that changed the minds of the municipal authorities).
		As NYC Roads says: "Since the late 1940's, the specter of the proposed Lower Manhattan Expressway discouraged landlords from either tearing down or improving buildings in a 30-square block south of Houston Street.
	imomus.livejournal.com /163753.html (2050 words)

	Eye Weekly - Editorial - 04.27.06
		In it she criticized the then-prevailing urban renewal movement that championed highways and suburban tract development, using Greenwich Village as an example of her idealized neighbourhood -- vibrant, organic and slightly messy, where commercial and residential life existed side-by-side, where the economy was local, where the streetscape was of paramount importance.
		The ultimately successful fight to stop the expressway saw her arrested twice, but saved the internationally celebrated neighbourhoods of SoHo, West Greenwich Village and Chinatown from the wrecker's ball.
		That levelling such neighbourhoods to make room for expressways is unthinkable today is a tribute to her influence.
	www.eye.net /eye/issue/issue_04.27.06/op/editorial.php (588 words)

	The Last Days of New York - The New York Review of Books
		Apprehensive residents of the area soon recognized that the federally funded expressway was consistent with schemes to redevelop all of lower Manhattan from Greenwich Village to the Battery.
		Along the western part of the route which the expressway was to have taken were several blocks of abandoned loft buildings, handsome, spacious structures, many of them a century old, with powerful façades of stone or iron.
		It was the abandonment of the expressway that led to SoHo's revival and to the continuing vitality of the Italian and Chinese neighborhoods nearby, with their crowds of tourists, their innumerable shops and restaurants, their live poultry markets, their small manufacturing plants, and their surplus electronics and secondhand machinery dealers.
	www.nybooks.com /articles/8940 (6300 words)

	3-digit Interstates from I-78
		The Manhattan Bridge Expressway was cancelled in 1971, and I-478 was extended over the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel instead.
		In 1972, possibly as a result of the northern extension being cancelled, the Sheridan Expressway was renumbered I-895 and the I-278 designation was moved to its present location.
		In 1971 the Manhattan Bridge Expressway was cancelled, and I-478 was routed along the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel instead.
	www.kurumi.com /roads/3di/ix78.html (1459 words)

	The New Yorker : fact : content (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation's offices are on the twentieth floor of 1 Liberty Plaza, a skyscraper that overlooks Ground Zero.
		Robert Meyner, the governor of New Jersey, was not inclined to endorse a huge project for lower Manhattan without some benefit for New Jersey, and he suggested that the Port Authority take over the nearly bankrupt Hudson and Manhattan Railroad, a dreary, rattletrap commuter line that ran under the Hudson River.
		The main sewer pipe for lower Manhattan runs under West Street for several blocks and would have to be moved.
	www.newyorker.com /fact/content/articles/020520fa_FACT1 (7222 words)

	American Experience \| The Center of the World - New York: A Documentary Film \| Transcript \| PBS
		Saying Lower Manhattan either has to be revitalized and rejuvenated, or it's going to enter into a period of terminal decline.
		A master plan for the salvation of Lower Manhattan -- and one of the most radical and sweeping urban redevelopment projects ever conceived -- it called for the complete transformation of the entire downtown area -- and for the eradication of industries that had defined Lower Manhattan for centuries.
		They knew that Lower Manhattan was not going to come up again unless they did something so bold and outrageous that the people of Midtown couldn't ignore them.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/newyork/filmmore/pt.html (18523 words)

	Soho, New York City, neighborhood profile
		SoHo is a neighborhood in Manhattan that is bounded roughly by Houston Street on the north, Lafayette Street on the east, Canal Street on the south, and Sixth Avenue on the west.
		The young historic preservation movement and architectural critics, stung by the desctruction of Pennsylvania Station and the threat to other historic structures, challenged the plans because of the threatened loss of a huge quantity of 19th century cast-iron structures, which were not then highly valued by the general public or contemporary business community.
		After abandonment of the highway scheme, the city was still left with a large number of historic buildings that were unattractive for the kinds of manufacturing and commerce that survived in the city in the 1970s.
	www.newyorkcity-realestate.com /citytour/NY/Soho.php (888 words)

	Jewish News, Jewish Newspapers - Forward.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Edelstein understood that she could not stop the construction of the expressway; what she fought for, instead, was to prevent it from being placed in the middle of East Tremont and alternately move it to two blocks away alongside the park, where it would be less invasive — and a straighter line to boot.
		In the Bronx, Moses effectively forced all public officials to reverse their position of supporting an alternate route for the expressway, utilizing the power of his numerous positions and contracts as leverage to enforce his will.
		But a Lillian Edelstein street should not be chosen on a block in East Tremont, where she was defeated, but on a street on the Lower East Side, a neighborhood in the destructive path of Moses’s planned expressway, which was finally foiled.
	www.forward.com /article/the-forgotten-heroine (721 words)

	IN THE CAUSE OF ARCHITECTURE
		This was at a time when the Lower Manhattan Expressway [a plan to build an east-west highway across the island, circa 1955–1963] was a burning issue.
		We’ve given a lot of lip service to the lower Manhattan skyline, but I don’t think that the public understands that a lot of buildings down there were built on very ordinary looking footprints, which is not necessarily an inhibitor to good architecture.
		The question of producing residential real estate in lower Manhattan is a laudable goal, but I don’t know where the soft sites are; I don’t know how much one would be willing to pay.
	www.architecturalrecord.com /InTheCause/1002Whitaker/interview1.asp (1610 words)

	New York @ NorthEastRoads.com - Interstate 278 Verrazano Narrows Bridge / Gowanus Expressway East
		The Gowanus Expressway entails Interstate 278 between the Verrazano Narrows Bridge and the Brooklyn Battery Tunnel (Interstate 478).
		The Prospect Expressway represents the western extant of the east-west New York 27 from the Gowanus Expressway eastward to Ocean Parkway.
		The Prospect Expressway was planned in 1963 to continue south of its abrupt end at Church Avenue along the corridor of Ocean Parkway 4.2 miles to the Shore Parkway (Belt Parkway) at Coney Island.
	www.northeastroads.com /i-278b_ny.html (1870 words)

	Interstate 478 New York @ Interstate-Guide.com
		Interstate 478/Brooklyn Battery Tunnel and Interstate 278/Brooklyn-Queens Expressway (BQE) split at this point, with Interstate 478 connecting to Lower Manhattan and Interstate 278 continuing northeast to serve Brooklyn and the Bronx.
		This was part of the planned Lower Manhattan Expressway, which would have taken Interstate 78 across Manhattan from the Holland Tunnel east to both the Williamsburg Bridge (via Interstate 78) and the Manhattan Bridge (via Interstate 478).
		However, when the plans for the Lower Manhattan Expressway and Interstate 78 were canceled in March 1971, Interstate 478 was transferred to the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel and West Side Highway (New York 9A).
	www.interstate-guide.com /i-478_ny.html (1148 words)

	New York @ NorthEastRoads.com - Interstate 78
		The Bushwick Expressway would transition into the Nassau Expressway at the Belt Parkway and carry Interstate 78 east to the southern extension of the unconstructed Clearview Expressway.
		Unsigned Interstate 878 entails the dual-carriageway portion of the Nassau Expressway from Interstate 678 to the freeway end at Hangar Road.
		Interstate 295 follows the Clearview Expressway northward from the GCP to the Throgs Neck Bridge and the split with the Cross-Bronx and Throgs Neck Expressways.
	www.northeastroads.com /i-078_ny.html (895 words)

	Jane Jacobs \| Project for Public Spaces (PPS)
		In 1962 she became the chairman of the Joint Committee to Stop the Lower Manhattan Expressway, in reaction to Moses' plans to build a highway through Manhattan's Washington Square Park and West Village.
		Her efforts to stop the expressway led to her arrest during a demonstration in 1968, and the campaign is often considered one of the turning points in the development of New York City.
		Moses had previously pushed through the Cross-Bronx Expressway and other motorways despite neighborhood opposition, and the defeat of the Lower Manhattan Expressway was an important victory for local community interests and an instigator of Moses’s fall from power.
	www.pps.org /info/placemakingtools/placemakers/jjacobs (2049 words)

	Manhattan Bride New York Wedding Music Bands
		“The sound on the left side might need to be lower because there might be older people there.
		To ensure spontaneity, Expressway’s DJ’s bring their entire catalogue.
		Expressway Music can provide DJ services for the ceremony and the reception.
	www.manhattanbride.com /weddaystories/Experts-Music/Expressway.html (394 words)

	NYC - Chinatown: Manhattan Bridge Arch - Native American Buffalo Hunt on Flickr - Photo Sharing!
		That changed with the evolution of the City Beautiful movement, and one of its crowning accomplishments was the Manhattan Bridge plaza, completed in 1916, seven years after the Manhattan Bridge itself, and designed by the architect team Carrère andamp; Hastings, best known for their 1898 New York Public Library.
		Robert Moses' 1961 plans for a Lower Manhattan Expressway connecting the Manhattan Bridge and the Holland Tunnel called for the demolition of the entire plaza.
		That changed with the evolution of the City Beautiful movement, and one of its crowning accomplishments was the Manhattan Bridge plaza, completed in 1916, seven years after the Manhattan Bridge itself, and designed by the architect team Carrère and Hastings, best known for their 1898 New York Public Library.
	www.flickr.com /photos/wallyg/332962175 (773 words)

	History of SoHo
		Manhattan in the 1600s was covered with grassy hills, streams, meadows, forests, and marshes.
		The purpose of the expressway was to facilitate the flow of east-west traffic by connecting Williamsburg and Manhattan Bridges with the Westside Highway and the Holland Tunnel.
		Proponents of the expressway, under the leadership of Moses, cited the area's depressed property values and vacant buildings as justification for their plan.
	www.artnyc.com /SoHoHistory.html (1374 words)

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