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	Nubia - Crystalinks
		Nubia, the hottest and most arid region of the world, has caused many civilizations to be totally dependent on the Nile for existence.
		Nubia as a whole was governed by a viceroy, usually a member of the royal entourage, who was responsible to the Egyptian pharaoh.
		Nubia was inhabited by a people called the Nobatae by the ancient geographers and the X-Group by modern archaeologists, who are still at a loss to explain their origins.
	www.crystalinks.com /nubia.html (4330 words)

	NUBIA
		Nubia was a golden city trading in gold, ebony, ivory, exotic feathers, copper, precious metals and slaves.
		The Kings of Nubia invaded Egypt and established the 25th dynasty.
		The Nubian Empire encompassed Syria in the north to Nubia in the south.
	www.internetpuppets.org /afrnubia.html (1518 words)

	Lower Nubia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Lower Nubia is the northern portion of Nubia, downstream on the Nile from Upper Nubia.
		Perhaps around 591 BCE the capital of Kush was transferred south to Meroe and Lower Nubia became dominated by the Island of Meroe.
		Most of Lower Nubia was formally annexed by Egypt during the Ottoman conquest of 1517, and it has remained a part of Egypt since then, with only the far south being in Sudan.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lower_Nubia (340 words)

	Nubia - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		NUBIA, a region of north-east Africa, bounded N. by Egypt, E. and W. by the Red Sea and the Libyan Desert respectively, and extending S. indefinitely to about the latitude of Khartum.
		Hamitic) family of tribes (the Ababda, Bisharin, Hadendoa, Beni-Amer, andc.), everywhere between the Nile and the Red Sea; and the Nubians (Nuba or Barabira), in Lower Nubia, where they are now almost exclusively confined to the banks of the Nile, from Assuan southwards to Dongola.
		In the 7th century the Arabs who had conquered Egypt penetrated into Lower Nubia, where the two Jawabareh and Al-Gharbiya tribes became powerful, and amalgamated with the Nubas of that district.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Nubia (1722 words)

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		Egypt's relationship with Lower Nubia and with Kerma to the south also included an important diplomatic element, as evinced by the amount of trade with the latter and by the fact that Mentuhotep II himself took several Nubian princesses as his wives and queens.
		The Egyptian advance into Nubia during the Middle Kingdom was not merely a prolonged military thrust, but was planned as a permanent penetration of the Egyptian bureaucracy there--the complete pacification of Lower Nubia and the creation of Egyptian settlements, so that Nubia would become a de facto department of Egypt.
		In the Eighteenth Dynasty, rebellions and attacks in Nubia were usually sparked by the death of the Egyptian king and the accession of the new king.
	www.sahar7.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk /5.htm (15193 words)

	Ancient Nubian Queens
		Nubia is an area of scholarship that was largely overlooked in favor of its splendid neighbor, Egypt.
		In modern day Africa, Nubia would be a five-hundred mile long stretch of land along the Nile river that is one-third in modern day Egypt and two- thirds in the modern day Sudan (3).
		Another example of the reverence of Isis was the "co-sponsorship" by Egypt and Nubia of her temple at Philae (23).
	www.homestead.com /wysinger/nubianwomen.html (2794 words)

	blog.myspace.com/darryl_interested_parent
		Once the ancient kingdom of Kush, Nubia is the stretch of land next to the Nile from Aswan down to Khartoum in the south.
		Nubia would be a five-hundred mile long stretch of land along the Nile river that is one-third in modern day Egypt and two-thirds in the modern day Sudan (3).
		Following the construction of Aswan High dam in 1960 the land of Nubia between Aswan in Egypt and the 4th cataract in Sudan (main area of Nubians) was the subject of flooding and inundation.
	blog.myspace.com /index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.view&friendID=38581073&blogID=129474779 (2001 words)

	Nubia
		Nubia was an important neighbour to Egypt as early as the 1st Dynasty (both AHA and Djer attacked villages in Nubia), Egypt could trade for ivory, gold, ebony, ostrich feathers and eggs, leopard skins, copper, amethyst, carnelian, feldspar, oils, gum resins, cattle, dogs and many wild animals.
		Egypt was to invade Nubia many times to take advantage of her natural resources - in the Middle Kingdom, Egyptian fortresses lined the Nile as mines and quarries were opened, and caravan routes brought the rich bounty of Nubia to Egypt.
		The chief city of Nubia in the 6th century BC (although it was used as a royal residence as early as the 8th century BC), the rulers of Nubia were buried here in steeply sided pyramids.
	members.tripod.com /~ib205/nubia.html (1070 words)

	Egypt: Nubia History
		At this time, Nubia was known to the Egyptians as "Ta Sety," the "Land of the Bow," because of the fame of Nubian archers.
		The purpose of the union, undoubtedly, was to resist Egyptian penetration and colonization of Nubia.
		Nubia was also an important source of valuable hard stone and copper, both of which were necessary for Egypt's monumental building projects.
	www.touregypt.net /historicalessays/nubiac1.htm (1490 words)

	Egypt: Nubian Geography
		Nubia was the country that bordered ancient Egypt on the south, and through much of its history was politically dominated by the Egyptian state.
		Indeed, the Egyptians gave that same name to their southernmost nome which bordered on Nubia, either because it was adjacent to that country, or else because that portion of southern Upper Egypt was originally part of an earlier kingdom of Nubia with the same name, and which would have existed before the unification of Egypt.
		Lower Nubia is the northern region extending nearly 400 km.
	www.touregypt.net /historicalessays/nubiae1.htm (1441 words)

	Ancient Nubia
		During this period, the Egyptians called this area "Kush." Kush was the general term for Upper Nubia and was considered to be a province of Nubia (7).
		The Egyptians began to call "Lower Nubia the land of Wawat and Upper Nubia refers to the entire regionbetween the first and fifth cataracts.
		In the Nubian valley, worship of the queen of all goddesses, Isis, was paramount.
	www.angelfire.com /oh/AncientKnowledge/NUBIA.html (3610 words)

	The Gateway of Nubia
		The region of Nubia is in "the hottest and most arid region of the world" and civlizations that live and have lived there depend "wholly on the Nile" (Trigger 14).
		The importance of Nubia as a link between two sides of the world, that of "the cradle of western civilzations" and that of the shadowy continent out of which came many desirable and exotic commodities", is reflected in the formation of its culture as seen in the archaeological record.
		Although the people of ancient Nubia were greatly influenced by other civilizations, it should be noted that the Nubians themselves had control and influence over surrounding cultures at certain points in their history (Taylor 5-7).
	www.utexas.edu /courses/wilson/ant304/projects/projects97/laurenzop/laurenzop.html (614 words)

	nubia
		Throughout Nubia, the flow of the river was periodically broken up by cataract, areas where outcroppings of enormous granite rocks which prevent easy water navigation.
		The Nile Valley in Lower Nubia is similar to the Nile Valley in Egypt.
		Nubia is the homeland of Africa's earliest fl culture with a history which can be traced from 3100 B.C. onward through Nubian monuments and artefacts, as well as written records from Egypt and Rome.
	www.tt.fh-koeln.de /semesterprojects_extern/reg_plan/nubia.htm (1353 words)

	1987 NUBIAN EXHIBITION: BROCHURE
		The land of Nubia is a desert divided by the river Nile.
		South of the Blemmyes, the Meroitic province of Lower Nubia collapsed by about A. 300, and by 375, the kingdom of the Noubades, now known as Nubians was established with its capital near the modern Sudanese Border.
		A.D. Nubia first became Christian in the time of the Roman emperor Justinian, but soon after, the Moslem Arabs conquered Egypt, and the Nubians were isolated from direct contact with the Christian world north of the Mediterranean.
	oi.uchicago.edu /OI/PROJ/NUB/NUBX/NUBX_brochure.html (1977 words)

	Untitled Document
		Lower Nubia in the late Third Millennium B.C.: the Arrival of the "C-Group" and the Kingdoms of Wawat, Irtjet, and Setju.
		Between about 2800 and 2400 BC, the Egyptians were able to occupy Lower Nubia, or certain key parts of it, with some success, but their control eventually deteriorated as new peoples pushed into the region, apparently from the western desert.
		The presence of the newcomers in Lower Nubia is revealed everywhere there by their distinctive cemeteries of low round tombs, and by a unique sort of fine red or fl, pottery decorated with incised designs filled with white pigment.
	www.nubianet.org /about/about_history3_1.html (475 words)

	The New Kingdom
		Three archaeological groups probably corresponding to different groups dominate the picture of lower Nubia during the time of the Hyksos and the early New Kingdom, the C Group, the Kerma group, and the Pan-Grave group representing a desert tribe called the Medja.
		His main duties were the running of the administration of Nubia and the exploitation and collection of the valuable resources obtained from Nubia itself and from the south.
		They occur most commonly in the personal monuments, the prayer-stelae cut on the rocks of Nubia and the inscriptions of the funerary monuments, both of them places where an effort is made to accentuate the honourable position of the man in question.
	www.numibia.net /nubia/new_kingdom.htm (1209 words)

	Christian Nubia
		During the late antique and medieval period Nubia was divided into three kingdoms, from North to South: Nobadia, which largely corresponds with the modern Lower Nubia, Makouria in the middle, and Alwa in the south.
		Apart from the early basilicas the western end of these churches was always divided into three sections: an open bay in the centre connected usually in its full width with the central nave of the church and two lateral chambers, of which one is usually occupied by a staircase leading up to the roof.
		The end of Christianity in Nubia started with the Mamluk in Egypt period under whose rulers the religious politic was changed and the religious tolerance of the Fatimid rulers was not practised anymore.
	numibia.net /nubia/christian.htm (1661 words)

	[No title]
		Since no textual records or cemeteries have been detected in Nubia for this period, most archaeologists believe that Lower Nubia was fairly deserted at this time, perhaps due to low Nile levels and increased desiccation of the region.
		They suggest that Lower Nubia was not deserted at this time, but contained various indigenous polities that were absorbed even earlier than previously suspected by the growing Kushite state at Napata.
		Rather, their interest was to secure Lower Nubia and control the stretch of territory that the Greeks called, the Dodekaschoenus, the "Twelve-schoenus Stretch" (1 schoenus=10.5 km.).
	members.lycos.co.uk /AnnePowell/queen_resources/history_nubia.html (4121 words)

	A New Look at Ancient Egypt @ UPMAA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		A civilization at least as old as that of Egypt to the north, Nubia has its own distinctive series of cultures lasting more than 3000 years, but the northern part of Nubia was always in close interaction with Egypt, and its art and religion were at times influenced by Egypt.
		This statue was found in the temple of Horus at Buhen, where it had been presented to the temple with the hope that Amenemhat could be near the god Horus and could share in the temple rituals after his death.
		The giraffe was not native to this part of Nubia and the artist may have based his painting on verbal descriptions of the animal.
	www.museum.upenn.edu /new/exhibits/online_exhibits/egypt/nubiagallery.shtml (434 words)

	Nubia
		Ameni, a prince from Beni Hasan, recorded in Senusret's 43rd year two incursions into Nubia he had participated in, the purpose of the first one was seemingly the conquest of Lower Nubia.
		Nubia was only sparsely populated, and may have had a population of 100,000 during the New Kingdom.
		The ruling classes of Nubia, at least, adopted this god, and in the eighth century BCE they were to conquer Egypt in his name.
	nefertiti.iwebland.com /nubia.htm (3164 words)

	Ancient Nubia: Map and History of Rulers
		This is the end of the 25th Dynasty Egypt; withdrew to Nubia; moved their administrative center further south, from Napata to Meroe.
		Nubia pre-dates Egyptian civilization and its lifespan outlasted Egypt, Greece and Rome combined.
		Immigrants from the Near East, Libya, the Aegean, Nubia, and elsewhere settled in Egypt.
	www.homestead.com /wysinger/mapofnubia.html (3182 words)

	PLAYAHATA.COM
		In Lower Nubia, near the modern Egyptian-Sudanese border, Qutsul was home to what archaeologists called the A-Group culture.
		Williams argues that this is evidence of three separate kingdoms existing in the Nile Valley in pre-dynastic times: Lower Egypt, Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia, with Lower Nubia being the oldest.
		Williams states, “the obvious interpretation is that the man is saluting the name for Nubia - Ta-Seti, or 'Land of the Bow.'” This indicates that Ta-Seti was indeed an established kingship and state.
	www.playahata.com /pages/bhfigures/bhfigures24.html (1061 words)

	African Culture Online - African Culture Forums, News, Articles, Photos, Radio - Egypt in Nubia and Vice Versa
		An incense burner was found in Nubia that dated to the dawn of history, 3100 BC or even earlier, and which caused great curiosity because of its engraving.
		What is known as the A-group cemeteries found in Nubia represent its Neolithic culture of between 3500 and 2800 BC, and extended along the whole length of Lower Nubia and even beyond the Second Cataract about 200 kilometres south of Aswan.
		An interesting and important observation made by missions working in Nubia in the 1960s was an apparent attempt by the early Pharaohs to control Lower Nubia by creating centres of permanent occupation, even as far south as Kerma, the gateway to the vast riches of the inner Africa.
	www.africancultureonline.com /forums/showthread.php?t=123 (2853 words)

	assemblage 4 -- The Nubia Museum (review)
		The museum is devoted to the Egyptian part of Nubia, or Lower Nubia, which was entirely drowned by the waters of Lake Nasser, after the building of the Aswan dam.
		The terms Old, Middle, and New Kingdom are used throughout, which is rather artificial but it has the advantage, apart from being familiar terms of reference for the visitor, of highlighting the intimate association of the Nubian culture with the Egyptian.
		The Meroitic culture was centred in Sudanese Nubia, and this important historical phase has, as a consequence, received only scant attention in the current museum display.
	www.assemblage.group.shef.ac.uk /4/4nubia.html (1909 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : The Decorated Houses of Nubia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Her book House Decoration in Nubia (1972, University of Toronto Press), which applied the methods of art criticism to social anthropology, established the chronology of design motifs and techniques in Upper Nubia during the 20th century.
		Starting with the supposition that no artwork is anonymous and no folk tradition is truly timeless, she determined that the iconography of Nubian house décor was a 20th-century phenomenon, traceable to the handiwork of a few known builders-turned-artists.
		Batoul, who was born in Lower Nubia before moving to Sudan in the 1920’s, established the accepted images and treatments for decorating exterior walls, and his style became so recognizable that, decades later, Wenzel could spot his handiwork throughout the Halfa and Mahas districts.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/200604/the.decorated.houses.of.nubia.htm (2459 words)

	Nubia
		The etymology of the name of Nubia is uncertain but some researchers believe it is derived from the ancient Egyptian word Nbu, meaning gold, referring to the gold mines for which Nubia was famous.
		At the end of the new kingdom the province of Nubia was controlled directly by the priests of god Amon.
		In Nubia marriage is usually the responsibility of the parts and also uncles shared the responsibility.
	www.ask-aladdin.com /nubia.htm (1149 words)

	KEMET1.HTM
		The lower banks of the Nile river, between the fifth cataract in modern Sudan to the Delta in modern Egypt served as the birthplace of a number of advanced developments.
		Anthropological evidence suggests that the lower Egyptian population was a predominately Semitic (mainly caucasian) population, who emigrated to lower Egypt from southwest Asia (or the Middle East) as early as 8,000BCE.
		Because of the Greek invasion of Lower Nubia and the sack of its capital Napata, the Nubians transferred its capital to the island city (in the middle of the Nile river) of Moroe in upper Nubia.
	clcpages.clcillinois.edu /home/soc460/KEMET1.HTM (5580 words)

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