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Topic: Lower Palaeolithic

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	Stone Age - MSN Encarta
		Throughout the Palaeolithic, humans were hunters, fishers, and gatherers; in fact for the greater part of the Lower Palaeolithic, early humans (Australopithecus, Homo habilis, and Homo erectus) were probably scavengers rather than hunters.
		In the Lower Palaeolithic, simple windbreaks or crude huts (as in the sand dunes at Terra Amata in Nice, southern France) were erected, but by the Upper Palaeolithic there is evidence for light tents, and—in central and eastern Europe—for sophisticated huts made of hundreds of mammoth bones.
		It is in the Upper Palaeolithic that burial becomes more elaborate (the world's oldest known cremation, at Lake Mungo, Australia, dates back to 26,000 years ago), with red ochre, grave goods, and in some cases hundreds of beads which were probably attached to clothing, as well as other forms of ornamentation, and tools.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761555928/Stone_Age.html (1756 words)

	11 July 2001
		A large number of the artifacts were assigned to the Palaeolithic, specifically to the Middle Palaeolithic (MP), and are broadly similar to the artifacts found elsewhere in Albania, for instance at Xara near Butrint (Korkuti 1983).
		The Lower Palaeolithic from Southwest Asia to Europe is represented both by assemblages with bifaces (handaxes) and by core-chopper groups.
		The reason or reasons for the lack of human use of Mallakastra in the periods before the Middle Palaeolithic, between the MP and the Mesolithic, and after the Mesolithic period are at this stage of our research entirely unknown, and will be the principal object of our continuing study of the lithics from the region.
	river.blg.uc.edu /mrap/lithics01.html (3926 words)

	Archaeology: The Lower Palaeolithic Age \| British History Online
		The greater part of the evidence for the Lower Palaeolithic in Middlesex was collected at a time when the acquisition of specimens was of more interest than the geological context from which they came.
		The Taplow stage is represented in the lower Thames by thick deposits of brickearth, which are assumed to have been the result of either estuarine conditions or a very slowrunning stream.
		In the lower stage at Furze Platt, Lent Rise, and Baker's Farm the material is unrolled and is similar to the Middle Acheulian from the Middle Gravels at Swanscombe, and is clearly earlier than Burnham.
	www.british-history.ac.uk /report.asp?compid=22095 (6124 words)

	A Critical Look, 1986
		Several obviously Jomon artifacts are being called Palaeolithic, the oldest lithics are probably not artifacts, and the dates being assigned to the geological strata by the archaeologists disagree with the actual age measurements published by the dating specialists.
		These artifacts are assigned to the Upper Palaeolithic and are said to resemble artifacts found in the lower part of Stratum IV in sites on the Musashino Upland in Tokyo; their correlation with the Eai River chronology is not specified in the excavation report.
		Palaeolithic cultural layers occurred on the surfaces of Strata 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, and in four layers cutting across Strata 21 to 31.
	www.ao.jpn.org /kuroshio/86criticism.html (12882 words)

	Archeological periods as found at Har Karkom
		The most important feature of Palaeolithic ages at Har Karkom is the presence of several sites primarily lying on the surface, due to the desert conditions, that allow the investigation of site morphology related to the prehistoric culture in a large number of sites.
		The relative chronology of Palaeolithic at Har Karkom is based on the comparison of the material culture with literature data of the Negeb and the Near East, as the conformation of the territory, lack of stratigraphy and of organic remains, does not allow an absolute chronology by standard methods.
		Lower Palaeolithic cultures included Acheulian, Clactonian or Micocqian; in the Middle Palaeolithic sites Mousterian and Aterian flints were collected; finally, early Upper Palaeolithic cultures were abundant, while only few sites were represented for late Upper Palaeolithic [Mailland 1992:3-10, 1993:4, 1995:4-6, 1996:31, 1998:9-14].
	www.harkarkom.com /HKsurveyPeriods.phtml?more=all (2503 words)

	Antiquity, Project Gallery: Hosfield & Chambers
		The Lower Palaeolithic site at Broom, in the valley of the River Axe on the border between Devon and Dorset in southern England (NGR ST 328025 and NGR ST 326020; Figure 1) has been re-excavated over three seasons between 2000 and 2002.
		However, the current studies (http://www.arch.soton.ac.uk/Research/Aggregates/arch-intro.htm) of the extant assemblage have indicated that the artefacts show greater evidence of fluvial transport than has previously been claimed, and that at least some of the artefacts from the middle beds were not in situ.
		The results of extensive clast fabric analyses suggest that the main agent of transport was a north-south flowing ancestral River Axe, for both the lower and upper gravels.
	antiquity.ac.uk /ProjGall/hosfield/hosfield.html (1040 words)

	2 - The Lower, Middle and Early Upper Palaeolithic periods
		Since palaeolithic materials are often found in caves or, on occasions, encased in travertine or stalagmitic concretions, this technique has proved extremely useful in Europe and in Asia.
		During the later Middle Palaeolithic period, which lasted from 130,000 to 35,000BP, tool designs changed with the introduction of the small Micoquian handaxes and knives and the classic triangular handaxes/knives which are commonly found in England and elsewhere.
		Increasingly, the Late Upper Palaeolithic period is being being seen as a continuum with the succeeding Mesolithic period and the time of the greatest glaciation as a dividing line between archaeological periods.
	www.btinternet.com /~ron.wilcox/onlinetexts/onlinetexts-chap2.htm (1713 words)

	The Lower Palaeolithic Palaeosurfaces at Isernia-La Pineta and Notarchirico - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
		However, it is only starting from about 700,000 years ago that human traces from the lower Palaeolithic become more frequent and document a more widespread kind of settlement, which was bound to become more pervasive during the mid-Pleistocene.
		The Palaeolithic site at Notarchirico was found in 1979 in the upper part of the hill bearing the same name, which is located on the border of the Venosa basin.
		Palaeosurfaces from the lower Palaeolithic have been found in several archaeological sites in Europe and are widely known in literature.
	whc.unesco.org /pg_friendly_print.cfm?id=5020&cid=326& (981 words)

	Beads and the origins of symbolism, Robert G. Bednarik
		The Neanderthals used dwellings similar to those of later Upper Palaeolithic peoples in Russia and the Ukraine (such as the mammoth bone huts), and there is ample evidence, in eastern as well as central Europe, for a continuous technological as well as phylogenetic evolution of humans from Middle to Upper Palaeolithic times (Bednarik 1995a).
		The technology of Lower Palaeolithic wood working has never been examined in a consistent and comprehensive fashion, even though we know that the period’s stone tools were primarily used to work wood (Keeley 1977).
		An example of sophisticated woodworking from the Lower Palaeolithic is the Acheulian plank of willow wood, shaped and bearing anthropic polish, from Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Israel (Belitzky et al.
	www.semioticon.com /frontline/bednarik.htm (10566 words)

	Archeological sites 200-299 in Har Karkom corpus
		Of 3 hut floors, 1 is very large (m 14 x 9) and irregular in shape, and is most likely the remains of the older (late Lower Palaeolithic) settlement.
		Coordinates: 124.3/966.7 Description: Remains of agricultural terracing in the bed of the wadi and 3 oval bases of stone structures which were probably temporary dwellings of nomads of the RBY period.
		Coordinates: 124.1/967.0 Description: A group of 5 Palaeolithic hut floors (m 1.5-3.4 in size) on the peak of a spur of the mountain surrounded on 3 sides by precipices.
	www.harkarkom.com /Hkcorpus200-299.phtml?more=all (4875 words)

	Introduction
		The primary goal of the project is to produce a regional synthesis of the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic archaeology of south-west Britain.
		For the purposes of this project, south-west Britain is defined as the region west of the headwaters of the River Frome and River Piddle (Dorset) and south-west of the River Avon (Somerset).
		The project complements regional and national studies of the British Quaternary and Palaeolithic archaeology such as The National Ice Age Network, The Lower and Middle Palaeolithic Occupation of the Middle and Lower Trent Catchment, and The Medway Valley Palaeolithic Project.
	www.personal.rdg.ac.uk /~sgs04rh/SWRivers/arch-intro.htm (530 words)

	Kents Cavern (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The history of man in Britain goes back to the Lower Palaeolithic period, the Stone Age, when homo erectus, the first hominid to migrate and survive outside the African continent, dispersed into Asia and to the edge of Europe about 700,000 years ago.
		The upper palaeolithic period is associated with the evolution of modern man, homo sapiens.
		This period is the lower palaeolithic period, the Old Stone Age.
	www.kents-cavern.co.uk /achaeology.html (1536 words)

	History of Afghanistan
		Lower Palaeolithic tools made more than 100,000 years ago were collected from terraces to the east of the perennial brackish lake called Dasht-i-Nawur west of Ghazni (L. Dupree, 1974).
		These are the first Lower Palaeolithic tools to be identified in Afghanistan.
		Evidence of Upper Palaeolithic man was subsequently expanded when other American archaeologists excavated over 20,000 stone tools from several rock shelters beside the Balkh River at Aq Kupruk in the hills some 120 kin; 75 mi.
	www.afghanan.net /afghanistan/prehistory.htm (1883 words)

	Zinken: [04] Lower Palaeolithic [04] Lower Paleolithic
		Their discoveries, in lake sediments laid down as long as 790,000 years ago, included tool-making debris - flint chips - that were crazed and cracked by fire, as well as charred fruits and grains, and pieces of Syrian ash and wild olive evidently used as firewood...
		In the village of Tautavel, in the South of France, one of the most ancient humans presently known in Europe was found: the Tautavel Man. Tautavel is situated in the Catalan Corbières, located between the sea and the mountains, at the bottom of the foothills of the Pyrénées, and 30 km from Perpignan.
		The fossils of lower jawbone and teeth of a primitive human species and stone tools were about two million years old, according to the professor...
	zinken.typepad.com /palaeo/04_lower_palaeolithic_04_lower_paleolithic/index.html (4184 words)

	Arubo 1: Early Palaeolithic in Luzon
		One reason for that is certainly, that systematic archaeological research on the Palaeolithic was irregularly conducted due to various circumstances, including colonialism, wars and political unrest as well as sometimes a lack of interest by the responsible authorities (see Movius 1978; Loofs-Wissowa 1984:426-429).
		During the Upper Palaeolithic Dyuktai Culture of Siberia, makers of bifacial artefacts did not hesitate to cross the Movius line and reached Northern and Northeast Asia.
		In Palaeolithic technology, it should not be applicable anymore to tie technological and functional outcomes with regionalism and the author objects to such a simplistic and “regionalistic” argument but leaves it to the gentle reader to choose between Acheulean, Acheulean-like and Arubian.
	homepages.uni-tuebingen.de /alfred.pawlik/Arubian.htm (7969 words)

	British Archaeology, no 1, February 1995: Features (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Hunting and scavenging were both practised by Lower Palaeolithic hominids in different circumstances, but each method of obtaining food was followed by its own pattern of bone breakage and cutmarking - a powerful example of the application of habitual forms of behaviour to individual needs.
		We can infer from this that Lower Palaeolithic hominids did not recognise strangers, but excluded them from their social networks, constructed on a day-today basis during such activities as implement manufacture or carcass processing.
		The conditions of survival set limits both on the extent of land that could be occupied by hominids of this period, and on the permanence of occupation.
	www.britarch.ac.uk /ba/ba1/ba1feat.html (2816 words)

	Archaeology, School of Humanities, University of Southampton
		He researches in Palaeolithic archaeology, and is specifically interested in the reconstruction of hominin behaviour using lithic artefacts.
		His earlier research interests were in the British Lower Palaeolithic and he has published widely on that subject, especially on the Clactonian which was the subject of his doctoral dissertation at the Institute of Archaeology in London.
		He is the co-ordinator of the MA in Palaeolithic Archaeology and Human Origins.
	www.arch.soton.ac.uk /People/default.asp?Staff=scarab (593 words)

	[No title]
		During a transitive epoch from the Middle Palaeolithic to the Upper Palaeolithic there is a replacement such industries, including Levallua, by prismatic technology.
		The palaeolithic archaeology of Transbaikalia today has the earliest stratified for the region Middle Palaeolithic complex Khotyk (4-6) found in early Zyrian deposits (100-60 thousand years ago) with characteristics of the industries of two technological lines.
		The Upper Palaeolithic industries are variable according to their characteristics reflect, in our opinion cultural and may be specific heterogeneity of the ancient population of the region on the boundary 20-50 thousand years ago.
	sati.archaeology.nsc.ru /pages/baikal/eng.htm (556 words)

	Hort 306 - READING 2-2
		Some of the enigmatic symbols found in Palaeolithic parietal art have been interpreted as wooden animal traps (Lips, 1949), though this idea is impossible to prove, especially as one has no certainty that the ‘traps’ are contemporary with the depictions of animals with which they are ‘associated’.
		Grinding-stones/pestles and mortars have been recovered from a number of Palaeolithic sites (Kraybill, 1977) but their presence need not indicate the grinding of plant food: there is no reason why they may not have been used for the grinding of meat, bones, cartilage or ochre.
		Claims for Palaeolithic cereals continued to occur sporadically: for example, grains in a ‘Palaeolithic breccia’ in a cave at Engis in Belgium (Doudou, 1904); and Magdalenian grains and grinders mentioned by Baudouin (1932a, b).
	www.hort.purdue.edu /newcrop/history/lecture02/r_2-2.html (5672 words)

	Teaching South Asia
		The greatest lacuna of the Indian Palaeolithic record is the paucity of fossil faunal or hominid remains.
		From Sanghao cave in modern Pakistan, to the Luni river basin in Rajasthan, to the sand dunes of Didwana, to the Chambal, Narmada, Son and Kortallayar river valleys, to the plateaus of Eastern India to the Hunsgi valley in the south, Middle Palaeolithic hominids largely continued to occupy areas inhabited during the Lower Palaeolithic.
		She is currently a Homi Bhabha fellow for research into the Palaeolithic archaeology of Tamil Nadu, and a member of the board of editors of
	www.mssu.edu /projectsouthasia/tsa/VIN1/Pappu.htm (2751 words)

	Archaeological potential of secondary contexts : Summaries 2002-2003 : ALSF Projects : Aggregates Levy Sustainability ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Wymer, J.J. Lower Palaeolithic Archaeology in Britain, as Represented by the Thames Valley.
		Wymer, J.J. The Lower Palaeolithic Occupation of Britain.
		Explicitly state that Palaeolithic archaeological data from secondary contexts is not restricted to lithic artefacts.
	www.english-heritage.org.uk /server/show/ConWebDoc.5229 (3480 words)

	Palaeolithic Huntingdonshire
		A few implements and flakes have been found on the land surface, but these are usually on a gravel out-crop, and presumable the implements are derived from the underlying gravel beds.
		In all probability Lower and Middle Palæolithic implements could be found throughout in the gravels of the Nene valley.
		From a geological point of view the lower level gravels should be Upper Palæolithic in age, the earlier gravels being at a higher level on the slopes of the river valleys.
	www.huntingdonshire.info /history/1_1_palaeolithic.htm (980 words)

	RunnelsC_28_1-2.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Lower Palaeolithic is represented by a core-chopper/flake assemblage at one site and an assemblage with small bifaces at another.
		Middle Palaeolithic assemblages similar to the typical Balkan Mousterian were found at most sites, and an EUP assemblage similar to the Balkan Aurignacian was found on the Black Sea coast.
		Palaeolithic sites were also not found in Turkish Thrace west of Büyü'k Çekmece, and a palaeoenvironmental barrier, perhaps a channel connecting the Marmara and Black Seas, may have existed before the Bosphorus was opened in the Holocene.
	www.bu.edu /jfa/Abstracts/R/RunnelsC_28_1-2.html (224 words)

	Module 2 Introduction
		The evaluation therefore indicated both that the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic heritage of the south-west region is richer than had previously been envisaged, and initiated documentation of this ‘invisible’ resource.
		The artefact collections of the south-west region’s public museums which could be confidently assigned to the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic were dominated by handaxes, reflecting the secondary context origins of the findspots, the higher level visibility of the artefacts, and their status as a diagnostic chronological marker.
		The Regional Palaeolithic Networks Meeting (June 16th 2005) demonstrated the interest of local government archaeologists, HER officers, museum staff, local enthusiasts, and regional archaeological societies for the further development of Palaeolithic research in the south-west region.
	www.personal.rdg.ac.uk /~sgs04rh/SWRivers/arch-mod2.htm (572 words)

	The Prehistoric Society - PPS Abstract
		It fits well in the Lower Palaeolithic industry but the absence of handaxes is noteworthy.
		This paper reports on the recovery of Palaeolithic flint artefacts and faunal remains from fluvial gravels at the base of a sequence of Pleistocene sediments revealed during construction works at two sites to the south of Swanscombe village.
		The raw material characteristics of the assemblage were investigated, and it was concluded that there was no indication that the preference for pointed shapes could be related to either the shape or source of raw material.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /prehistoric/pps/abstracts/abs67.html (1721 words)

	Antiquity, Project Gallery: Biglari, Heydari & Shidrang
		During the last two decades, there have been important Lower Palaeolithic discoveries in western Asia in regions such as the Levant, the Caucasus, and Pakistan pushing the evidence for the earliest hominid occupation in the region back to about 1 to 2 million years ago (Bar-Yosef 1998 and references therein).
		In an almost flat open area located just to the south of the mound a lithic scatter was found which yielded a lower Palaeolithic assemblage characterised by the presence of large cutting tools in association with cores and other debitage.
		The assemblage is composed of high frequencies of core-choppers, along with heavy-duty scrapers, bifaces (handaxes, cleavers, and a trihedral pick), cores, and flakes.
	antiquity.ac.uk /ProjGall/biglari/index.html (1024 words)

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