Lower gastrointestinal bleeding

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Topic: Lower gastrointestinal bleeding

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	Rectal bleeding signs, symptoms and important information on MedicineNet.com
		Occult gastrointestinal bleeding refers to a slow loss of blood into the upper or lower gastrointestinal tract that does not cause changes in the color of the stool or result in visible bright red blood.
		Therefore, melena usually signifies bleeding is from the upper gastrointestinal tract (for example: bleeding from ulcers in the stomach or the duodenum or from the small intestine) because the blood usually is in the gastrointestinal tract for a longer period of time before it exits the body.
		Although the bleeding indeed may be coming from the rectum, as discussed later, it also may be coming from other parts of the gastrointestinal tract.) The severity of rectal bleeding (i.e., the quantity of blood loss) varies widely.
	www.medicinenet.com /rectal_bleeding/article.htm (1120 words)

	eMedicine - Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Surgical Perspective : Article by Burt Cagir, MD
		Acute lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding continues to be a frequent cause of hospital admission and is a factor in hospital morbidity and mortality.
		Bleeding from diverticular disease was the most common reason for lower GI bleeding (42%), followed by colorectal malignancies (9%), and ischemic colitis (8.7%).
		Lower GI bleeding in patients with Crohn disease is not as common as in patients with ulcerative colitis; 1-2% of patients with Crohn disease may experience massive bleeding.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic2818.htm (7258 words)

	Gastrointestinal Bleeding
		If the bleeding is suspected to be originated in the lower GI tract or colon, then a colonoscopy is usually performed which is passage of a video colonoscope through the rectum and across the entire colon while the patient is sedated.
		Many bleeding episodes resolve spontaneously but it is imperative that the bleeding site be determined as an exact diagnosis may prevent a recurrence of bleeding and may facilitate therapeutic maneuvers on future episodes.
		In the case of chronic low grade or occult bleeding which may result in anemia, the work-up to discover the source of the bleeding is usually done on an outpatient basis.
	www.gastromd.com /education/gastrointestinalbleeding.html (1023 words)

	GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING
		Lower GI bleeding - Bleeding in the small intestine, large intestine (colon), rectum, or anus.
		Gastrointestinal (gas-troh-in-TES-ti-nal) bleeding may happen when you have another disease or condition.
		GI bleeding may happen after an injury, such as a blow to the stomach or hard vomiting (throwing up).
	www.medformation.com /ac/mm_qdis.nsf/qd/nd0507g.htm (958 words)

	Virtual Naval Hospital: General Medical Officer Manual: Clinical Section
		Any patient with brisk, gross bleeding or less dramatic blood loss with either a sharp drop in hematocrit or whose vital signs show postural change, must be admitted.
		An important complication of military, casualty medicine (burns, head injury) is GI bleeding (stress gastritis and ulceration).
		Regardless of a positive or negative NGT aspirate, if lower vs. upper bleed is uncertain, leave the tube in for 12-24 hours to detect a rebleed or duodenal reflux of blood.
	www.vnh.org /GMO/ClinicalSection/24AcuteGIBleeding.html (758 words)

	Digestive System : Virtual Hospital - Health Topics A-Z
		Radiology Resident's Case of the Week: Gastrointestinal Bleeding (Lower)
		Electric GINucs: Nuclear Medicine Imaging of the Gastrointestinal Tract: GI Bleeding
		The Vomiting Infant: Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease: Gastroesophageal Reflux
	www.vh.org /navigation/vh/topics/adult_provider_digestive_system.html (942 words)

	p990805a - Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
		CONCLUSIONS: The causes of gastrointestinal bleeding remain little changed over the past several decades, though in our large series the need for surgical therapy and the mortality from both upper and lower GI bleeding were low.
		Title: Causes and outcome of upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding: the Grady Hospital experience.
		Question: What are the causes of gastrointestinal bleeding at Grady as shown in a study by Wilcox?
	www.emory.edu /WHSCL/grady/amreport/litsrch99/p990805a.html (942 words)

	Gastrointestinal
		Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Surgical Perspective - Acute lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding continues to be a frequent cause of hospital admission...
		Gastrointestinal bleeding: Vomiting of blood (hematemesis), passage of gross...
		Gastrointestinal motility is defined by the movements of the digestive...
	www.healthinquire.com /gastrointestinal.html (942 words)

	Hematochezia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is commonly associated with lower gastrointestinal bleeding, most often due to either hemorrhoids or diverticulosis; however, it can be related to colon cancer, which is a potentially fatal illness.
		Hematochezia is rarely due to upper gastrointestinal bleeding, as the blood from upper bleeding is usually chemically modified by action of acid and enzymes, resulting in melena.
		However, since blood is a cathartic, sufficiently brisk bleeding from an upper source can be seen as hematochezia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hematochezia (116 words)

	EBM Syllabi - Critical Care Medicine
		You explain that a recent clinical trial suggests that the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding is lower with the use of ranitidine.
		You search Best Evidence that you loaded on the computer in the ICU, using the terms 'Upper GI bleeding' and 'H2 blockers' and find the randomized clinical trial that assesses the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in mechanically ventilated patients receiving sucralfate compared to ranitidine.
		A comparison of sucralfate and ranitidine for the prevention of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients requiring mechanical ventilation.
	www.cebm.utoronto.ca /syllabi/crit/print/therapy.htm (595 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Gastrointestinal bleeding
		Lower GI bleeding: The lower GI tract is located from the outflow tract of the stomach to the anus (small and large bowel included).
		Gastrointestinal bleeding can range from microscopic bleeding (the amount of blood is so small that it can only be detected by laboratory testing) to massive bleeding (pure blood is passed).
		Upper GI bleeding: The upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract is located between the mouth and outflow tract of the stomach.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/003133.htm (621 words)

	Gastrointestinal Bleeding
		Lower gastrointestinal bleeding: Lower GI bleeding originates in the portions of the GI tract farther down the digestive system—the segment of the small intestine farther from the stomach, large intestine, rectum, and anus.
		The many causes of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding are classified into upper or lower, depending on their location in the GI tract.
		Upper gastrointestinal bleeding: Upper GI bleeding originates in the first part of the GI tract—the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum (first part of the intestine).
	www.emedicinehealth.com /gastrointestinal_bleeding/article_em.htm (212 words)

	eMedicine - Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Surgical Perspective : Article by Burt Cagir, MD
		Acute lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding continues to be a frequent cause of hospital admission and is a factor in hospital morbidity and mortality.
		Therefore, helical CT could be a good diagnostic tool in acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding to help the physician identify the bleeding site.
		Longstreth GF: Epidemiology and outcome of patients hospitalized with acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a population-based study.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic2818.htm (7258 words)

	Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms
		On Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding [Cagir and Ciricione] - eMedicine
		Gastrointestinal bleeding: an emergency [Goldsack et al.] - Student BMJ, Mar 1999 (UK)
		Some clinical notes about Rectal bleeding - Well Close Square Surgery (UK)
	www.mic.ki.se /Diseases/C23.html (7258 words)

	showartikel.asp?id=303
		Even though endoscopic visualization of the lower gastrointestinal tract in the presence of profuse lower gastrointestinal haemorrhage may not be possible, this important procedure should not be omitted as the bleeding source may be lying in a low and accessible location for prompt interventional haemorrhage control.
		It may present with massive and life threatening bleed and although more common in the upper gastrointestinal tract, it is being increasingly reported as affecting the lower gastrointestinal tract.
		Dieulafoy’s lesion is an uncommon cause of gastrointestinal haemorrhage.
	www.belsurg.org /showartikel.asp?id=303 (179 words)

	Gastrointestinal Bleed - continuing education course for nurses, EMTs and paramedics - © Wild Iris Medical Education
		Tell Howard one pearl to remember is that an upper-tract source of bleeding may be identified endoscopically in 10% to 15% of all patients who present with what appears to be a lower-tract bleed.
		In some studies, pre-emptive elective surgery after endoscopic control of bleeding in high-risk patients has been reported to decrease the rate of recurrent bleeding, morbidity, and mortality, but this strategy is not universally accepted and requires further study.
		Howard announces that this is obviously a left sided diverticular bleed arising from diverticulitis.
	www.nursingceu.com /courses/46/index_ems.html (3660 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Gastrointestinal bleeding
		Lower GI bleeding: The lower GI tract is located from the outflow tract of the stomach to the anus (small and large bowel included).
		Gastrointestinal bleeding can range from microscopic bleeding (the amount of blood is so small that it can only be detected by laboratory testing) to massive bleeding (pure blood is passed).
		GI bleeding is diagnosed by a doctor -- you may or may not have been aware of its presence.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/003133.htm (621 words)

	eMedicine - Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Surgical Perspective : Article by Burt Cagir, MD
		Acute lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding continues to be a frequent cause of hospital admission and is a factor in hospital morbidity and mortality.
		Hemorrhage was arrested in 84% of the patients with GI bleeding.
		Because the rebleeding rates fluctuated between 27-71%, vasopressin infusion was used in the acute event to stabilize patients prior to surgery.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic2818.htm (621 words)

	Colon: Diverticula, hemorrhage in Atlas of Gastroenterological Endoscopy by A. Freytag, T. Deist
		A bleeding diverticulum is a common cause of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage (20-50 %).
		Since the localisation of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage in an emergency setting very much depends on unobstructed vision, we use an automated rinsing device (endo washer®) fixed to the working channel.
		This huge arterial vessel on the ground of a diverticulum led to a massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
	www.endoskopischer-atlas.de /k14e.htm (621 words)

	Indian Pediatrics - Editorial
		In infants and younger children, painless lower gastrointestinal bleed is the commonest manifestation.
		The child had also undergone upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy and a technetium99m pertechnetate scan, which were all reported as normal.
		Laparoscopy for definitive diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding of obscure origin in children.
	www.indianpediatrics.net /july2004/july-747-748.htm (502 words)

	Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding and Anal Bleeding - New Treatments, October 2, 2005
		The spontaneous remission rate for lower gastrointestinal bleeding, even with massive bleeding, is 80% (the same as for upper gastrointestinal bleeding).
		Sticky, black, foul-smelling stools suggest a source proximal to the ligament of Treitz, but it can also result from bleeding in the small intestine or proximal colon.
		Patients may have a history of hemorrhoids, diverticulosis, inflammatory bowel disease, peptic ulcer, gastritis, cirrhosis, or esophageal varices.
	www.ccspublishing.com /journals2a/lower_gastrointestinal_bleed.htm (400 words)

	THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 3, Ch. 22, Gastrointestinal Bleeding
		Colonoscopy is generally preferred in lower GI bleeding, but the combination of air contrast barium enema and sigmoidoscopy is an alternative when colonoscopy is unavailable or the patient refuses it.
		GI bleeding may originate anywhere from the mouth to the anus and may be overt or occult.
		Should a bleeding lesion be identified, the catheter may be left in place for infusion of vasopressin or embolic therapy.
	www.merck.com /pubs/mmanual/section3/chapter22/22a.htm (1953 words)

	Gastrointestinal bleeding - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gastrointestinal bleeding can be roughly divided into two clinical syndromes: upper gastrointestinal bleeding (from a source between the pharynx and the start of the duodenum; for example, hematemesis) and lower gastrointestinal bleeding (from a source between the duodenum and the rectum; for example, melena and hematochezia).
		Gastrointestinal bleeding or gastrointestinal hemorrhage describes every form of hemorrhage (loss of blood) in the gastrointestinal tract, from the pharynx to the rectum.
		Gastrointestinal bleeding can range from microscopic bleeding, where the amount of blood is so small that it can only be detected by laboratory testing, to massive bleeding where pure blood is passed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gastrointestinal_bleeding (293 words)

	Gastrointestinal hemorrhage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gastrointestinal hemorrhage can be roughly divided into two clinical syndromes: upper gastrointestinal bleed, characterized by hematemesis and lower gastrointestinal bleed, characterized by melena or hematochezia.
		Other types of gastrointestinal bleeding can include arteriovenous malformation.
		This page was last modified 23:08, 20 May 2005.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gastrointestinal_hemorrhage (293 words)

	THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 3, Ch. 22, Gastrointestinal Bleeding
		Gastrointestinal bleeding: Vomiting of blood (hematemesis), passage of gross blood through the rectum (hematochezia), passage of black tarry stool (melena), or occult chronic bleeding from the GI tract.
		Colonoscopy is generally preferred in lower GI bleeding, but the combination of air contrast barium enema and sigmoidoscopy is an alternative when colonoscopy is unavailable or the patient refuses it.
		GI bleeding may originate anywhere from the mouth to the anus and may be overt or occult.
	www.merck.com /pubs/mmanual/section3/chapter22/22a.htm (1953 words)

	Upper GI bleed: an elevated urea: creatinine ratio helped diagnosis.
		Mortensen PB, et al: The diagnostic value of serum urea/creatinine ratio in distinguishing between upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding.
		A urea:creatinine ratio of 100 or more helped diagnose an upper gastrointestinal bleed.
		For patients with an upper GI bleed, the volume of blood lost correlates with the height of the value (rho=0.40, p<0.001).
	www.eboncall.org /CATs/2191.html (156 words)

	Case Summary: 6316 from the MedPix Medical Image Database and Teaching File
		Most important causes of lower gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage includes diverticular disease, angiodysplasia, neoplasm (to include polyps and adenocarcinoma), iatrogenic causes (e.g.
		Scintigraphic methods are usually one order of magnitude more sensitive than angiography, able to detect bleeding rates ranging from 0.05 to 0.4 mL/min (compare that to angiography, which can detect rates of about 0.5 mL/min).
		Scintigraphy would also give clues as to which artery would be studied first, based on the location of the bleed.
	rad.usuhs.mil /medpix/medpix.html?mode=tf_case&pt_id=6316¬hing= (381 words)

	USATODAY.com - Boy attacked by shark has internal bleeding
		Jesse Arbogast, whose arm was reattached after being bitten off by a 7-foot bull shark July 6, was immediately treated for the lower gastrointestinal bleeding, said Rob Patterson of Sacred Heart Children's Hospital.
		PENSACOLA, Fla. (AP) — An 8-year-old boy whose right arm was torn off by a shark suffered internal bleeding Monday, complicating his recovery, doctors said.
		After the bleeding was discovered, he was returned to intravenous nourishment.
	www.usatoday.com /news/nation/2001/07/16/sharkboy.htm (381 words)

	Upper GI bleed: an elevated urea: creatinine ratio helped diagnosis.
		Mortensen PB, et al: The diagnostic value of serum urea/creatinine ratio in distinguishing between upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding.
		For patients with an upper GI bleed, the volume of blood lost correlates with the height of the value (rho=0.40, p<0.001).
		Upper GI bleed: an elevated urea: creatinine ratio helped diagnosis.
	www.eboncall.org /CATs/2191.html (156 words)

	Gastrointestinal hemorrhage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gastrointestinal hemorrhage can be roughly divided into two clinical syndromes: upper gastrointestinal bleed, characterized by hematemesis and lower gastrointestinal bleed, characterized by melena or hematochezia.
		Other types of gastrointestinal bleeding can include arteriovenous malformation.
		This page was last modified 23:08, 20 May 2005.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gastrointestinal_hemorrhage (60 words)

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