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Topic: Lower heating value

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	Renewable Resources Glossary of Energy Terms
		Wood heated in an oven at a constant temperature of 212 degrees F or above until its weight stabilizes is considered bone dry or oven dry.
		British thermal unit: (Btu) A unit of heat energy equal to the heat needed to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit at one atmosphere pressure (sea level).
		Heat is stored in the refractory and radiated to a conical fuel pile in the center of the furnace.
	www.leds.state.or.us /ENERGY/RENEW/glossary.shtml (12553 words)

	Heating value - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Heating value (or calorific value) is used to define the amount of heat released during the combustion of a fuel or food.
		Heating value in commonly determined by use of a bomb calorimeter.
		The quantity known as lower heating value (or net calorific value) is determined by subtracting the heat of vaporization of the water in the by-product from the higher heating value results.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Heating_value (279 words)

	[No title]
		The heat of reaction, hr, is the useful heat transferred from the combustion chamber during the combustion reaction.
		The heat of reaction depends on the phase of the water in the exhaust gasses.
		In this case, the heat of reaction equals the lower heating value (LHV) of the fuel.
	www.engr.udayton.edu /udiac/Documents/ProcHeat_CombustionEff.doc (682 words)

	Laboratory 2: The Bomb Calorimeter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Determining heating values is profoundly important; fuels are one of the biggest commodities in the world, and their price depends primarily on their heating value.
		The lower heating value (LHV) assumes the water vapor is not condensed.
		This heating value is consequently "lower" by the enthalpy of vaporization of the amount of steam produced.
	eng.sdsu.edu /courses/me395/thermo/bomb_html/Bomb_Spring_1997.html (3029 words)

	RTI
		Therefore, the gross heating value of a pound of wet wood is obtained by adjusting HHV for the wood moisture content as follows:
		Recoverable heat (RH) is important in comparing costs of fuels and fuel systems and represents the heat energy that, for example, produces steam for industrial purposes.
		H4. Heat required to raise the temperature of the vaporized water to the temperature of the exhaust gases.
	www.ruraltech.org /projects/conversions/briggs_conversions/briggs_ch09/briggs_chapter09_complete.asp#higher (2035 words)

	WVU's NAFTPC - CNG Review Article
		The heating value in another word, (heat of combustion, calorific value,) of a fuel is the amount of heat produced when the fuel is burned completely.
		It is calculated by dividing the lower heating value of the fuel by the air/fuel ratio.
		It is calculated by dividing the heating value of the fuel by the square root of specific gravity.
	www.naftc.wvu.edu /technical/indepth/CNG/CNG1.html (3687 words)

	Higher Heating Value (HHV) and Lower Heating Value (LHV) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Some engine manufacturers rate their engines using Lower Heating Values (LHV) which can be both confusing and potentially misleading to the casual user of their product literature.
		Lower heating values neglect the energy in the water vapor formed by the combustion of hydrogen in the fuel.
		Therefore the lower heating values for natural gas are typically 900 - 950 Btu per cubic foot.
	tristate.apogee.net /cool/cfmfh.asp (273 words)

	Brake specific fuel consumption - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The lower heating value is used for energy density.
		The lower heating value for vehicle fuels are:
		Note: A realistic value for a passenger car engine is 0.53 pounds of fuel consumed for every horsepower generated during one hour of operation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Brake_specific_fuel_consumption (358 words)

	How combustion takes place in a model engine.
		All heat engines are based on the fact that hot gas expands more than cold gas.
		There is also a higher heating value, but when talking about piston engines, always and only look at the lower heating value.
		The simplest alcohol is a liquid with low heat content compared to gasoline and it has also a significant higher heat of vaporization.
	members.tripod.com /myles_sheehy/id26.htm (1477 words)

	KARACHI: SSGC rejects plea for compensation -DAWN - Local; January 22, 2002
		The SSGC officials that Dawn spoke to shrugged off blame for lower heating value of natural gas, arguing that under the terms and conditions stipulated in the contract the SSGC was not supposed to provide natural gas of a certain heating value, also referred to as calorific value in technical parlance.
		According to an SSGC presentation report, the calorific value of the Zamzama gas field is 808 British Thermal Units, and that of the Sui gas field is 984 British Thermal Units.
		Analysts argued that during the period the SSGC had supplied natural gas of lower heating value to its consumers, it had made a lot of money because it purchased natural gas from exploration and production companies in terms of its calorific value and not in terms of its volume.
	www.dawn.com /2002/01/22/local6.htm (474 words)

	EPA - TTN NSR September 30, 1987 What Fuel Combustion Equipment Should be Counted Toward the 250 Million Btu/hr Cut Off ...
		With respect to the heating value used in applicability determinations involving gas turbines, the higher heating value should be used.
		Although the lower heating value is used for NSPS applicability determination, it is more consistent to use the higher heating value of gas when calculating a turbine's contribution for a PSD applicability determination for steam electric plants.
		It is, therefore, our determination that the heat input associated with the gas turbine must be included in the 250 million Btu/hr applicability limit and that the higher heating value should be used for the turbine.
	www.epa.gov /ttnmain1/nsr/psd2/p3_28.html (711 words)

	heatingoperation.de \| Heating terms
		The heat capacity of water is a constant: 1.163 Wh/KgºK. The storage effect in houses is determined by the mass of the walls.
		The heating threshold is the basis of the calculation of heating days and the number of degree days.
		The k-number is that heat output (in watts) which flows through the dry(!!) surface of a building element of 1m² at a temperature difference of 1ºK. The k-number is (as in electronic engineering) a surface-related current density which describes heat flow.
	www.heizungsbetrieb.de /en/def-hzg.html (2734 words)

	DRDB: SDAPCD 260-332 STANDARD FOR NITROGEN OXIDES
		Y = manufacturer's rated heat rate at manufacturer's rated load (kilojoules per watt hour) or, actual measured heat rate based on lower heating value of fuel as measured at actual peak load for the facility.
		Y = manufacturer's rated heat rate at manufacturer's rated peak load (kilojoules per watt hour), or actual measured heat rate based on lower heating value of fuel as measured at actual peak load for the facility.
		(c) Stationary gas turbines with a heat input at peak load equal to or greater than 10.7 gigajoules per hour (10 million Btu/hour) but less than or equal to 107.2 gigajoules per hour (100 million Btu/hour) based on the lower heating value of the fuel fired, shall comply with the provisions of Rule 260.332(a)(2).
	www.arb.ca.gov /DRDB/SD/CURHTML/R260-332.HTM (671 words)

	JAWMA Paper: Estimating the Lower Heating Values of Hazardous and Solid Wastes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A new equation is proposed to predict the lower heating value of hazardous and non-hazardous materials.
		Prediction of heating values of hazardous and solid wastes, and other hazardous and non-hazardous combustible materials, is important for several reasons, including com-bustion analysis and the design of combustion equipment.
		For mixtures of wastes, heating values often must be de-termined experimentally, which may introduce questions as to the accuracy of the testing and whether the sample being tested is representative.
	www.awma.org /journal/ShowAbstract.asp?Year=1999&PaperID=604 (231 words)

	Combustion Properties
		One might be led to believe that the lower heating values lead to lower flame temperatures.
		In the case of low heating values caused by high moisture contents, this is true.
		However, low heating values caused by high oxygen contents are not associated with low flame temperatures.
	www.et.byu.edu /~larryb/combusti.htm (137 words)

	Riley Reka Biomass Boilers
		Information on ”heating value” is used for calculation of energy contains of a certain volume of fuel.
		The heating value is measured either as Gigajoule per tons (=mega joule per kg) or as megawatt-hours per tons.
		The biofuels lower heating value is the amount of energy the fuel contains when the heat recovery from condensation of water vapour in the flue gas NOT is included.
	www.riley-reka.co.uk /heating.htm (132 words)

	Energy & Environment I
		Propane: determine the heating value (kJ/kg or Btu/pound or Btu/gallon) of the fuel in the propane tank you bought for your back-yard grill.
		The heating value of the vapor (what you burn) is given as 91,502 BTU/gallon, and the latent heat of vaporization is given as 773 BTU/gallon.
		The heating value of the liquid commercial grade propane is the sum of these two numbers: 92,275 BTU/gallon.
	courses.washington.edu /me341/hw3sol.htm (602 words)

	EGSA Powerline Magazine - Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The end result would be about 3.4 mmbtu/hr jacket heat recovery with another 4.2 mmbtu/hr of exhaust (steam) thermal recovery, for a combined thermal recovery value of approximately 7.6 mmbtu/hr or about an additional 36.2% energy recovery.
		Heating that is not coincident with the site’s needs may require that thermal storage (typically hot water) be utilized in the project.
		The decision is made to both recover the system’s jacket heat for the site’s domestic hot water and reheat HVAC system, and to also recover the engine’s exhaust heat at 100 psig steam to operate a dual affect absorption chiller.
	www.egsa.org /powerline/plarticle.cfm?article=92 (3432 words)

	Fossil Fuels
		Lignite is a brownish-fl coal with generally high moisture and ash content and lower heating value.
		This is the type most commonly used for electric power generation in the U.S. It has a higher heating value than either lignite or subbituminous, but less than that of anthracite.
		Anthracite is metamorphic coal and is thehighest grade of coal.
	www.usoe.k12.ut.us /curr/science/sciber00/8th/energy/sciber/fuel.htm (594 words)

	Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 2000 - Appendix A Footnotes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		This is commonly referred to as the "higher" or "gross" heating value and is used in EIA statistics on thermal energy.
		If the lower heating value were used, the Btu content of the fuel would be 5 to 10 percent lower, and the coefficients would be 5 to 10 percent larger, but the carbon emissions estimate would be unchanged.
		Cogenerators are further divided into conventional cogenerators that produce industrial process heat for their own use and produce electricity as a co-product or by-product and special cogenerators that produce both heat and electricity, but sell both to other parties.
	www.eia.doe.gov /oiaf/1605/gg01rpt/appa_footnotes.html (1334 words)

	Lower heating value news
		Quantity of heat liberated by the complete combustion of a unit volume or weight of a fuel assuming that the produced water remains as a vapor and the heat of the vapor is not recovered; also known as net calorific value.
		Plant was designed to fire lignite with around 2000 kcal/kg lower heating value.
		The net lower heating value of electrical efficiency of the SOFC operating at maximum current density on reformed JP-8/+100 was 67 percent.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/eco/Lower_heating_value.html (242 words)

	Purdue team fires up with soy-based oil
		Their soy heating oil mixes 20 percent soybean oil with regular fuel oil and can be used without making any changes to existing heating systems.
		Cassens said the soy heating oil has a 2 percent lower heating value than regular heating oil but that the small heat loss is more than offset by the lower product cost.
		Looking at the fuel reserves that were on hand for the most recent heating season, the team estimated that 7.4 million barrels of soybean oil could have been blended with the existing fuel oil.
	www.purdue.edu /UNS/html4ever/010327.Soycontest.2001.html (552 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In either case the first law energy balance becomes EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Fuel Lower Heating Value: The fuel lower heating value is obtained by burning a combustible mixture at constant pressure, and then measuring the heat transfer necessary to return the mixture to the inlet temperature and pressure.
		EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Fuel Higher Heating Value: The same as the lower heating value except that the state of the water molecules is assumed to be liquid.
		Determine the lower heating values per kilogram of fuel for a stoichiometric mixture of H2, CH4, C2H6O (ethanol), C8H18, C16H34.
	mae.ucdavis.edu /Courses/Spring04/MAE163/me163_prob_2_4_12_04.doc (357 words)

	Slide 1
		Anthracite: The ”hard coal," formed from bituminous coal when great pressures developed in folded rock strata during the creation of mountain ranges; has the highest energy content of all coals and is used for space heating and generating electricity.
		A dull fl coal with a higher heating value than lignite that is used primarily for generating electricity and for space heating.
		Lignite: Increased pressures and heat from overlying strata caused buried peat to dry and harden into lignite, a brownish-fl coal with generally high moisture and ash content and lower heating value.
	www-rcf.usc.edu /~meshkati/fea03/powerpoint_html/Coal_files/slide0004.htm (196 words)

	DRDB: SDAPCD X-GG STDS.OF PERF.FOR STATIONARY GAS TURBINES
		(b) "Simple Cycle Gas Turbine" means any stationary gas turbine which does not recover heat from the gas turbine exhaust gases to preheat the inlet combustion air to the gas turbine, or which does not recover heat from the gas turbine exhaust gases to heat water or generate steam.
		(h) "Efficiency" means the gas turbine manufacturer's rated heat rate at peak load in terms of heat input per unit of power output based on the lower heating value of the fuel.
		(Effective 11/24/82) (k) Stationary gas turbines with a heat input greater than or equal to 10.7 gigajoules per hour (10 million Btu/hour) when fired with natural gas are exempt from Subsection (a)(2) of this rule when being fired with an emergency fuel.
	www.arb.ca.gov /drdb/sd/suphtml/rxgg.htm (1152 words)

	Electronic Code of Federal Regulations:
		(3) The recorded value of a particular monitored parameter is outside the acceptable range specified in the parameter monitoring plan for the affected unit.
		For owners and operators that elect not to demonstrate sulfur content using options in paragraph (h)(3) of this section, and for which the fuel is supplied without intermediate bulk storage, the sulfur content value of the gaseous fuel shall be determined and recorded once per unit operating day.
		The excess emission begins on the date and hour of the sample which shows that N is greater than the performance test value, and ends with the date and hour of a subsequent sample which shows a fuel nitrogen content less than or equal to the performance test value.
	ecfr.gpoaccess.gov /cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=185bdc165a6c68b9a1df1bc3fa8e658c&rgn=div6&view=text&node=40:6.0.1.1.1.48&idno=40 (6538 words)

	Energy and Environment II
		The efficiency of the engine/generators is 38% (lower heating value basis).
		The lower heating value of methane is 50,000 kJ/kg.
		The efficiency of the power plant is 25% (higher heating value basis).
	courses.washington.edu /me342/hw10.htm (181 words)

	Engines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The term “Lower Heating Value” or LHV refers to the energy of a fuel if the energy in the water vapor generated in combustion is not condensed.
		Comparing the LHV of fuels can be helpful to establish the expected performance when using one fuel or the other.
		Turbine thermal efficiency of gas turbines is largely a function of unit size and whether heat recuperators or combined-cycle packages are used.
	www.brettandwolffllc.com /engines.html (1703 words)

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