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Topic: Lower limb

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	ABC's of MHE - Multiple Exostoses and the Lower Limb
		Although both lower limbs often appear to be equally affected by osteochondromas, LLD is not uncommon indicating that one side is more tethered at the growth plate than the other.
		In children shortening the long limb is achieved by surgically closing the growth plate of the lower femur or the upper tibia prematurely (epiphysiodesis).
		Lower limb lengthening is the other way to correct LLD and can be carried out in both children and adults and at almost any age.
	www.mhecoalition.com /ABCs_LowerLimb.html (3318 words)

	Limb Length Discrepency (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The measurement of the lower limb has been filled with controversy in the past, as there is no single method that can be used alone as an accurate method.
		For a functional limb length discrepency, related to abnormal pronation of the foot, a functional orthotic device to correct the pronatory motion may be sufficient.
		For example, pronation of the long limb is common, thus correcting the pronation of the long limb may exacerbate the problem, as supination increases the leg length (unpublished).
	www.podiatry.curtin.edu.au /encyclopedia/lld_edit.html (1762 words)

	eMedicine - Lower Limb Embryology : Article by Eric K Mooney, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In developmental terms, the human lower extremity is divided into the zeugopod, the stylopod, and the autopod corresponding roughly to the thigh, leg, and foot, respectively.
		The WNT family is differentially expressed in the presumptive limb region before outgrowth; WNT8C is expressed in the lower limb region, as opposed to WNT2B, which is expressed in the upper limb region.
		Limb field ectoderm may be polarized by opposition of dorsalizing and ventralizing signals of the somites and lateral somatopleure, respectively.
	www.emedicine.com /plastic/topic215.htm (4129 words)

	Lower Limb Injuries
		It is held in position by the quadriceps muscle at the front of the thigh, the lower end of which surrounds the kneecap and is attached to the upper part of the shin by a tendon.
		Lower Leg The tibia (shin bone) is one of the most commonly fractured bones.
		Fracture of the lower end may accompany dislocation of the ankle and fracture of the fibula in a "Pott's fracture," caused by violent twisting of the ankle.
	www.innerbody.com /text/faid16.html (958 words)

	Lower Limb Lymphedema - New Abstracts
		Lower limb lymphedema: experiences and perceptions of cancer patients in the late palliative stage.
		Lower limb lymphedema (LLL) is a common but neglected problem in palliative cancer patients.
		The purpose of this study was to examine the use of a number of tools in the evaluation of health-related quality of life in patients with lower limb lymphedema, and to determine the consequences of cancer history and concurrent leg ulceration.
	journals.aol.com /patoco2/Lymphedemaville/entries/2006/06/04/lower-limb-lymphedema---new-abstracts/1387 (879 words)

	Lower Extremity Limb Salvage: Decision Making & Technical Challenges
		Limbs with extensive crushing (Figure 2) to the soft tissue elements (muscle) although salvaged as an appendage may not function as desired or may be dysfunctional and neuropathic.
		Although the distal limb is now adequately perfused and by all accounts the procedure is successful the intercalary zone of injury is now bypassed by the interposition graft and hence has no blood supply in that region as previously supplied by the local muscle branches.
		Limb length inequality is a common problem associated with severely mangled extremities (Figure 4C), as often it is necessary to remove large segments of bone during the debridement process due to obvious nonviability, or dysvascular tissue with gross contamination.
	www.dcmsonline.org /jax-medicine/1998journals/may1998/lowerextremity.htm (2765 words)

	Chapter 13: VESSELS AND LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF THE LOWER LIMB
		The chief deep veins of the lower limb are the femoral and the popliteal veins (figs.
		The superficial lymphatic vessels of the lower limb are arranged as medial trunks, which end in the inguinal nodes, and as a lateral set, which either joins the medial trunks superior to the knee or ends in the popliteal nodes (fig.
		Blood from the lower limbs (femoral veins) by-passes the inferior vena cava and travels by way of the abdominal and thoracic walls to tributaries of the axillary veins and thence to the superior vena cava.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~humananatomy/part_3/chapter_13.html (1416 words)

	Human leg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In common usage, a human leg is the lower limb of the body, extending from the hip to the ankle, and including the thigh, the knee, and the cnemis.
		In human anatomical terms, the leg is the part of the lower limb that lies between the knee and the ankle.
		The leg from the knee to the ankle is called the cnemis (nee'mis).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lower_limb (311 words)

	Lower Limb Inequality
		Lower Limb Inequality, alternatively called Leg Length Inequality, presents a unique challenge to correctly measure, account for and achieve a proper fit.
		In many cases the first indication of LLI will be lower back pain caused by a constant (transverse) tilt of the pelvis.
		This tilt is primarily the result of the unequal pedal stroke relative to the leg length.
	www.billbostoncycles.com /lower_limb_inequality.htm (771 words)

	[No title]
		Comparison of Lower Limb with the Upper Limb Development of the upper and lower limb (extremity) is similar except that the morphogenesis of the lower limb is approximately 1 to 2 days behind that of the upper limb.
		However, the lower limb rotates approximately 90 degrees medially to be fixed in the pronated position, placing the extensor muscles on the anterior surface and the big toe (hallux) medially.
		The extensive fusion within the pelvic girdle and the greater stability of the lower limb joints are adaptations for weight bearing, which leads to less dexterity and mobility than the upper limb.
	www.mc.vanderbilt.edu /anatomy/LowerLimb/LoLimb2AntMedthigh.04.doc (3525 words)

	The Severely Traumatized Lower Limb: Reconstruction versus - Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics
		AB Vascular damage occurring in conjunction with orthopedic injury of the lower extremity is uncommon.
		Displaced fractures of the distal femur and proximal tibia and particularly dislocation of the knee are associated with the highest risk of concomitant vascular injury and the poorest collateral circulation to support the distal limb.
		Limb loss should result only when the extremity has been too badly damaged to justify salvage efforts.
	www.wheelessonline.com /ortho/the_severely_traumatized_lower_limb_reconstruction_versus (163 words)

	2/96 BioMechanics 1996 Desk Reference: Orthoses: Foot/Prefabricated: Lower Limb Length Discrepancies
		Clinicians treating lower extremity musculoskeletal pathology must be on the lookout for limb length inequality.
		Limb length inequality is, in my experience, the most consistent finding during examination for lower extremity musculoskeletal complaints.
		Limb length discrepancies of greater than 2cm frequently come to the attention of practitioners when patients present with compensatory gait and spinal deformities.
	www.biomech.com /db_area/archives/1996/9602opreftxt.bio.html (922 words)

	eMedicine - Lower Limb Prosthetics : Article by Valerie S Bodeau, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The socket is the connection between the residual limb and the prosthesis.
		Since most lower extremity amputations are the result of disease and are to some extent preplanned, the rehabilitation team often is able to meet with the patient prior to surgery.
		This is the sensation that the amputated limb has shrunk (eg, the toes are at the ankle, the foot is at the knee).
	www.emedicine.com /pmr/topic175.htm (3098 words)

	Lower Limb Prostheses Information on Healthline
		A lower limb prosthesis is an artificial replacement for any or all parts of the lower extremity (leg).
		The shank corresponds to the anatomical lower leg, and is used to connect the socket to the ankle-foot assembly.
		Supracondylar and cuff suspensions are used to capture the femoral condyles and hold the prosthesis on the residual limb.
	www.healthline.com /galecontent/lower-limb-prostheses (1146 words)

	Vibration-absorbing device for an artificial lower limb patent invention
		A vibration-absorbing device for an artificial lower limb includes a knee-connecting tube attached to a prosthetic knee unit, an ankle-connecting member attached to a prosthetic foot and ankle unit, and an upright connecting rod having an upper end disposed movably within the tube, and a lower end connected fixedly to the ankle-connecting member.
		A coiled compression spring is sleeved on the connecting rod between the knee unit and the foot and ankle unit so as to bias the connecting rod to move downwardly relative to the tube to a predetermined position, thereby retarding movement of the connecting rod in an axial direction of the tube.
		1, a conventional artificial lower limb is shown to include a foot rod 10 and a prosthetic foot and ankle unit 11.
	www.freshpatents.com /Vibration-absorbing-device-for-an-artificial-lower-limb-dt20051201ptan20050267601.php (1098 words)

	Lab Manual - Superficial Lower Limb
		Describe the subcutaneous venous drainage of the lower limb, its relation to the deep veins and the significance of perforating veins.
		Describe the lymphatic drainage of the lower limb and areas draining into the superficial and deep inguinal lymph nodes.
		At the ankle and on the dorsum of the foot the subcutaneous tissue is thin.
	www.med.umich.edu /lrc/coursepages/M1/anatomy/html/limbs/femoral.html (677 words)

	Position Statement of the Australian Diabeties Society: 'The Lower Limb in People With Diabetes'
		Amputation of one limb increases the risk of loss of the second limb and is associated with a 50% five-year mortality.
		The assessment of the lower limb includes the detection of peripheral neuropathy, vascular disease, deformities which may predispose to ulceration, any active lesions (ulceration or infection in particular) and the observation of gait and footwear (Box 2).
		Lower limb ulcers in diabetes: a practical approach to diagnosis and management.
	www.racp.edu.au /ads/statement_limb_print.htm (2229 words)

	Lower-Limb Pediatric Prosthetics: General Considerations and Philosophy - Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics, 1992 \| ...
		Most congenital limb deficiencies, however, are probably due to an injury or developmental failure of the limb during the first six weeks of pregnancy.
		Since a non-standard prosthesis is not actually a replacement for an absent limb, it could, in many ways, be defined as an orthosis or a hybrid between prosthesis and orthosis (see Figure 2).
		The child with congenital limb absence or early amputation is considered ready for lower extremity prosthetic fitting when he or she begins pulling up to stand.
	www.oandp.org /jpo/44/44196.htm (3957 words)

	Lower Limb Prostheses
		Lower limb prostheses may include a number of components, such as prosthetic feet, ankles, knees, endoskeletal knee-shin systems, socket insertions and suspensions, lower limb-hip prostheses, limb-ankle prostheses, etc.
		In the case of initial (L5500) or preparatory (L5510-L5540) prostheses, prosthetic substitutions and/or additions of procedures and components may be considered medically necessary for the below knee amputee in accordance with the functional level of assessment.
		A determination of the type of foot for the prosthetic will be made by the prescribing physician and/or the prosthetist based upon the functional needs of the patient.
	www.regence.com /trgmedpol/dme/dme18.html (1040 words)

	KNEEissues and Clinical Casebook : Lower limb strength in preadolescent children :
		We specifically decided to explore whether or not, in this age frame, there was any gender difference in lower limb strength - particularly of the quadriceps and hamstrings muscle groups - or in the alignment of the limb on landing from a jump or a hop.
		We tested their quadriceps and hamstrings strength using an ‘isokinetic’ machine (1030 subjects), videoed their lower limb alignment on a drop-jump (536 subjects) and also compared their limb symmetry in single-leg hop tests (324 subjects).
		The second important finding from our study was that there was no difference in lower limb alignment on landing from a drop jump - a high percentage of both males and females in all age categories landed in an overall knock-kneed (valgus) lower extremity alignment.
	www.casebook.kneeguru.co.uk /index.php/knee/issues/lower_limb_strength (759 words)

	eMJA: Payne, Diabetes-related lower-limb amputations in Australia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The loss of a limb is a frequent complication of diabetes mellitus, most commonly the result of diabetic foot problems such as ulcers and infection.
		Relative mortality in lower limb amputees with diabetes mellitus.
		The prevalence and incidence of lower extremity amputation in a diabetic population.
	www.mja.com.au /public/issues/173_07_021000/payne/payne.html (1752 words)

	LOWER LIMB ABNORMALITIES : Contact a Family - for families with disabled children: information on rare syndromes and ...
		Common lower limb disorders, such as femoral torsion (abnormal twisting of the femur), tibial torsion (twisting of the bone between the knee and the ankle) which can cause intoeing (feet turning inwards), and foot disorders such as metatarsus adductus (curving of the foot) and flat feet, rarely need complex treatment.
		Limb length discrepancies of less than 2cm are commonplace and rarely cause a problem.
		It supports individuals and families with lower limb conditions, such as clubfoot (congenital talipes equinovarus), congenital dislocation and developmental dysplasia of the hip and lower limb reduction defects.
	www.cafamily.org.uk /Direct/l42.html (755 words)

	Consistency and accuracy of measurement of lower-limb amputee anthropometrics
		One of the most important components of restoring limb function in the lower-limb amputee is the precise fitting of the prosthetic socket to the residual limb.
		The residual limb is not only unique to each individual, but also dynamic, changing shape and volume throughout each day and through the seasons of the year [1].
		Because part of that approach involves measurement of the shape of the residual limb, an investigation into the accuracy and repeatability of amputee anthropometric devices is warranted.
	www.rehab.research.va.gov /jour/05/42/2/geil.html (4425 words)

	Body Image: The Lower-Limb Amputee - Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics, 1997 \| American Academy of Orthotists & ...
		Fishman (6) states a person "must learn to live with his perceptions of his disability" rather than "with his disability." He goes on to say the amputee tends to focus his or her anxieties on the altered anatomy and to give the disability more importance in his or her future than is realistic.
		Should an individual have a limb amputated, the person will tend to compare the appearance of his or her body and functional capabilities to others'.
		Shontz (14) suggests an individual who is missing a limb has three body images: the preamputation intact body, the body with limb loss and the body image when wearing a prosthesis.
	www.oandp.org /jpo/library/1997_02_058.asp (5922 words)

	VEINS OF THE PELVIS AND LOWER LIMB (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Superficial veins of the groin, upper thigh and lower abdominal wall (the superficial external pudendal, the superficial circumflex iliac vein [right] and the superficial epigastric [left]) join the greater saphenous immediately before its entry into the femoral.
		The lateral thoracic vein serves as a potential collateral route for venous drainage from the lower limb and lower abdominal wall by forming an anastomosis with the superficial epigastric vein.
		Valves in the lower part of the external jugular vein (seen on the right side at the internal jugular vein junction) are incompetent.
	www.ucalgary.ca /med/education/umeonly/pangolins/resp/RES371.htm (762 words)

	Univ of Michigan - Gross Anatomy - Lymphatics of the Lower Limb
		lower limb; pelvic organs, perineum, lower part of the anterior abdominal wall
		lower abdominal wall; external genitalia; superficial parts of the lower limb
		superficial inguinal nodes are 12-20 in number; they become inflamed during infections of the lower limb; they may become inflamed during infections of the external genitalia
	www.med.umich.edu /lrc/coursepages/M1/anatomy/html/anatomytables/lymph_lowerlimb.html (547 words)

	Commonly Prescribed Orthoses for the Lower Limb
		Orthoses are used to correct malalignments and deformities of the lower limbs, upper limbs, and spine.
		Perhaps the most widely recognized orthoses are those for the lower limbs, especially those pertaining to the foot, such as shoe inserts.
		The most commonly prescribed orthoses for the lower extremity are the various types of ankle-foot orthoses, foot orthoses, and knee orthoses.
	www.hughston.com /hha/a_13_4_2.htm (719 words)

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