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	Lower motor neuron - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lower motor neurons (LMNs) are the motoneurons connecting the brainstem and spinal cord to muscle fibers, bringing the nerve impulses from the upper motor neurons out to the muscles.
		Gamma motor neurons (γ-MNs) innervate intrafusal muscle fibers, which are involved with muscle spindles and the sense of body position.
		Damage to lower motor neurons is indicated by abnormal EMG potentials, fasciculations, paralysis, weakening of muscles, and neurogenic atrophy of skeletal muscle.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lower_motor_neuron (154 words)

	SPF - Primary Lateral Sclerosis General Information
		The disorders are caused primarily by degeneration of the upper motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord.
		ALS is caused by degeneration of the lower motor neurons (the nerves that travel from the brainstem and spinal cord out to the muscles) as well as the upper motor neurons.
		PLS is caused by degeneration of the upper motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord.
	www.sp-foundation.org /pls.htm (1410 words)

	Diagnosis & Treatment of Motor Neuropathies
		The original descriptions of pure motor syndromes without upper motor neuron signs were probably cases of "progressive muscular atrophy" in the writings of Duchenne, Aran and others during the 19th century.
		Several lower motor neuron syndromes have been described that are of uncertain etiology and could be disorders of the motor axon or cell body.
		Lower motor neuron syndromes defined by patterns of weakness, nerve conduction abnormalities, and high titers of antiglycolipid antibodies.
	www.neuro.wustl.edu /neuromuscular/antibody/motpn2.htm (3658 words)

	Information about the diagnosis and related disorders (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Motor neuron diseases are neurodegenerative diseases that cause selective loss of the nerve cells that directly connect the brain to muscles.
		The primary symptoms of upper motor neuron disease are stiffness, slowness, and clumsiness of movement.
		Lower motor neuron involvement in 3 of 4 1) Bulbar 2) Cervical 3) Thoracic 4) Lumbosacral c.
	www.ucsf.edu /brain/als/diagnosis.htm (357 words)

	Sexuality and Spinal Cord Injury
		For those males with lower motor neuron injuries affecting their sacral spinal segments, it has been shown that approximately 25 percent of males will have psychogenic erectile function, whereas none of these males will have reflex erectile function.
		With incomplete lower motor neuron injuries affecting the sacral spinal segments, over 90 percent of the population will be able to have some type of erectile function.
		Moreover, in those women with incomplete injuries and upper motor neuron injuries, research indicates the preservation of the ability to perceive pinprick sensation in the T11-L2 dermatomes may be able to be used as a predictor for the ability of psychogenic lubrication.
	www.ed.gov /pubs/AmericanRehab/spring97/sp9707.html (2041 words)

	Motor Neuron Disease
		Motor Neuron Disease comprises a group of severe disorders of the nervous system characterized by progressive degeneration of motor neurons (neurons are the basic nerve cells that combine to form nerves).
		Motor Neuron Diseases may affect the upper motor neurons, nerves that lead from the brain to the medulla (a part of the brain stem) or to the spinal cord, or the lower motor neurons, nerves that lead from the spinal cord to the muscles of the body, or both.
		Scientists are conducting extensive ongoing research on Motor Neuron Diseases in the areas of nerve growth factors, axonal transport, androgen receptors in motor neurons, DNA/RNA changes, and metabolic studies of the neuromuscular junction.
	hw.healthdialog.com /kbase/nord/nord656.htm (1626 words)

	Motor Neuron Disease
		Motor neuron disease refers to selective loss of neurons which are either in the primary motor area of the cerebral cortex (so-called "upper motor neurons") or the alpha motor neurons located at each segment of the spinal cord, whose fibers make up nerves which go to muscles (so-called "lower motor neuron").
		There is no loss of sensory neurons, and many parts of the brain and spinal cord which are not strictly "motor" are unaffected.
		ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) is a combination of upper and lower motor neuron degeneration.
	www.medhelp.org /perl6/neuro/archive/5444.html (350 words)

	Postgraduate Medicine: Optimizing care of patients with ALS
		The clinical hallmark of ALS is the presence of widespread, purely motor signs of both upper and lower motor neuron dysfunction not attributable to other causes, especially when the signs occur concomitantly at the same spinal level (eg, brisk reflexes in a weak, fasciculating limb).
		Electromyography and nerve conduction studies are mandatory to confirm the presence of widespread, purely motor denervation of lower motor neurons and to exclude sensory involvement (apart from incidental nerve entrapments).
		Other adult-onset motor neuron diseases with slower progression and better prognoses than ALS should be considered: progressive spinal muscular atrophies, which cause selective lower motor neuron degeneration; spinal bulbar muscular atrophy with an X-linked androgen-receptor gene defect; and primary lateral sclerosis, which causes selective upper motor neuron degeneration.
	www.postgradmed.com /issues/1999/04_99/mackin.htm (3795 words)

	WEAKNESS
		The "territory" of such a motor unit spans 10 - 15 mm in a muscle, however it is rare that directly adjacent muscle fibers are innervated by the same anterior horn cell / axon.
		With damage to an anterior horn cell or a motor axon the denervated muscle fibers usually become reinnervated by another motor axon with the result that more muscle fibers are innervated by the same anterior horn cell or motor axon in close proximity to the EMG needle.
		Common causes of anterior horn cell diseases are poliomyelitis, motor neuron disease and spinal muscular atrophy.
	www.cidpusa.org /weakness.htm (3604 words)

	Sporadic lower motor neuron disease with adult onset: classification of subtypes -- Van den Berg-Vos et al. 126 (5): ...
		(LMN) in the anterior horn of the spinal cord or in the brainstem
		motor neurons in the thoracic and lumbosacral regions.
		Inherited neuronal atrophy and degeneration predominantly of lower motor neurons.
	brain.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/126/5/1036 (4999 words)

	Objective Markers of ALS? - BrainTalk Communities
		When results for patients with conditions involving upper motor neuron dysfunction were combined, the group also had a significantly reduced NAA/Cr ratio, compared with either those with progressive muscular atrophy (ie, lower motor neuron disease) or the control group.
		Motor unit number estimation, an electromyography technique that has been used to measure the degree of lower motor neuron dysfunction, showed promise in its ability to differentiate lower from upper motor neuron involvement.
		The average estimate in patients with primary lateral sclerosis, a purely upper motor neuron disease, was significantly lower than that in controls, indicating that motor unit number estimation could be useful in diagnosing primary lateral sclerosis.
	brain.hastypastry.net /forums/showthread.php?t=53437 (2092 words)

	Lower Motor Neuron Disorders in Dogs & Cats
		One of the causes of acute quadriparesis or quadriplegia is that of diffuse lower motor neuronal (LMN) dysfunction, resulting in diminished to absent reflexes in all 4 legs.
		Polyradiculoneuropathy affects the myelinated fibers of the motor nerves.
		Coral snakes are limited in their distribution and it should be considered in cases of LMN disease in areas where they are endemic.
	neuro.vetmed.ufl.edu /neuro/lmn_dis/lmn_dis.htm (1912 words)

	CHAPTER ONE part two
		Lower motor neuron facial weakness involves the forehead muscle and the patient can’t wrinkle the brow and in addition has unilateral hyperacusis and loss of taste.
		The hypoglossal nerve, cranial nerve XII, is a pure motor nerve, innervating the muscles of the tongue. It obtains supranuclear innervation from the contralateral motor cortex. The nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve sits in the medial aspect of the medulla, near the floor of the fourth ventricle and exits the skull through the hypoglossal canal.
		Motor axonal neuropathy is associated with muscle atrophy. Peripheral neuropathy characteristically starts in the feet and is symmetrical.
	www.aan.com /familypractice/html/chp1p2.htm (3037 words)

	ISNO Dutch Neuromuscular Research Support Centre - NMD
		PSMA is a non-hereditary, progressive disease of the anterior horn cells and motor nuclei of the brainstem.
		Sporadic lower motor neuron disease with adult onset: classification of subtypes.
		The future of motor neuron disease - The challenge is in the genes.
	www.isno.nl /sorteer/ziekten?id=21 (2015 words)

	Types of Dysarthria: Lower Motor Neuron Damage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		There are two types of lower motor neuron lesions: bulbar lesions and peripheral lesions.
		Bulbar lesions occur on the nuclei of cranial nerves, in the brain stem.
		This condition, which usually first affects people when they are in their fifties, causes the degeneration of both upper and lower motor neurons.
	www.csuchico.edu /~pmccaff/syllabi/SPPA342/342unit13.html (383 words)

	Lower motor neuron definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Lower motor neuron: A nerve cell that goes from the spinal cord to a muscle.
		The cell body of a lower motor neuron is in the spinal cord and its termination is in a skeletal muscle.
		The loss of lower motor neurons leads to weakness, twitching of muscle (fasciculation), and loss of muscle mass (muscle atrophy).
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=33870 (183 words)

	ePrintsUQ - Lower Motor Neuron Weakness After Diving-Related Decompression
		We present a case of lower motor neuron upper limb weakness due to infarction of the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord following diving.
		motor neuron syndrome; diving; decompression; myelopathy; upper limb weakness
		Citation: Henderson, RD and Pender, MP (2006) Lower motor neuron weakness after diving-related decompression, Neurology 66 (3): 451-452.
	eprint.uq.edu.au /archive/00003577 (117 words)

	Motor Neuron Disease
		a) The hypothetical mechanism of this lower motor neuron disorder is an interaction between nitric oxide, used for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension, and alcohol.
		This excitotoxic mechanism has been implicated in several neurodegenerative motor neuron diseases (e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Guam motor neuron disease) as well as in other pathological states (ischemia, stroke, epilepsy).
		This up-regulation may render motor neurons more susceptible to excitotoxic insults, including over exposure to nitric oxide.
	sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca /cases/cases/motor_neuron/history.htm (697 words)

	Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in lower motor neuron disease associated with highly raised anti-GM1 antibodies -- ...
		The pathogenesis of motor neuron disease is unknown.
		From 45 patients with lower motor neuron disease five (one woman, four men; age range 16 to 62) were selected on the basis
		A treatable multifocal motor neuropathy with antibodies to the GM1 ganglioside.
	jnnp.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/63/5/674 (2306 words)

	AccessMedicine - Harrison's Internal Medicine: Pathogenesis
		"This pattern of weakness results from disorders that affect the upper motor neurons or their axons in the cerebral cortex, subcortical white matter, internal capsule, brainstem, or spinal cord (Fig.
		Upper motor neuron lesions produce weakness through decreased activation of the lower motor neurons.
		Spasticity accompanies upper motor neuron weakness but may not be present in the acute phase.
	www.accessmedicine.com /content.aspx?aID=53050 (350 words)

	Re: Re: Re: Motor Neuron Disease
		In Reply to: Re: Re: Motor Neuron Disease posted by CCF MD mdf on May 26, 1998 at 12:31:39:
		: Motor neuron disease refers to selective loss of neurons which are either in the primary motor area of the cerebral cortex (so-called "upper motor neurons") or the alpha motor neurons located at each segment of the spinal cord, whose fibers make up nerves which go to muscles (so-called "lower motor neuron").
		: ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) is a combination of upper and lower motor neuron degeneration.
	www.medhelp.org /perl6/neuro/archive/5450.html (399 words)

	[No title]
		The superior colliculus (optic tectum) is a sensorimotor integration center that coordinates visual sensory information with motor control of mostly the upper limbs and neck.
		These neurons arise from the brainstem Raphe nuclei (serotoninergic) and the periaquiductal (endorphinergic) regions of the brainstem.
		These neurons then send their axon to the opposite side (as the internal arcuate fibers) continue their ascent in a tract called the medial lemniscus.
	www.siumed.edu /~rclough/SSBrs02a.doc (692 words)

	Search Results
		...the toxic factor of astrocytes (helper cells) that keep brain neurons healthy for the active nerve conduction essential in preserving memory.
		Involvement of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra suggests the possibility of treat- ment...
		...is caused by a defect in the Survival of Motor Neurons (SMN1) gene.
	search.centerwatch.com /default.aspx?SearchQuery=neurons (193 words)

	Motor Syndromes
		Lower motor neuron syndrome (confirmed by EMG or MRI)
		Very large motor units (up to 10 times normal)
		Loss of motor neurons in anterior horn of spinal cord
	www.neuro.wustl.edu /neuromuscular/motor.html (357 words)

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