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	Lethal dose - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A lethal dose (LD) is an indication of the lethality of a given substance or type of radiation.
		Because resistance varies from one individual to another, the 'lethal dose' represents a dose (usually recorded as dose per kilogram of subject body weight) at which a given percentage of subjects will die.
		While animal-extrapolated LD values are correlated to lethality in humans, the degree of error is sometimes very large.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lethal_dose (306 words)

	LD50
		In animal testing studies, the dose administered that kills half the test population is referred to as the LD, for "Lethal Dose, 50%".
		The median infective dose (ID) is the number of organisms received by a person or test animal qualified by the route of administration (e.g., 1,200 org/man per oral).
		Because of the difficulties in counting actual organisms in a dose, infective doses may be expressed in terms of biological assey, such as the number of LD 's to some test animal.
	www.mrsci.com /Toxicology/LD50.php (610 words)

	DIPHENYLAMINE - (Organic Method #22)
		The lowest published oral lethal dose for the rat and for the hamster was 3000 and 500 mg/kg respectively.
		The lowest published oral toxic dose administered to rats 17 to 22 days pregnant was 7500 mg/kg and the toxic effects were teratogenic in nature.
		The probable human oral lethal dose was estimated to be 0.5 to 5 g/kg.
	www.osha.gov /dts/sltc/methods/organic/org022/org022.html (2479 words)

	Section 24
		Dose-response evaluation is the process of quantitatively evaluating the toxicity information and characterizing the relationship between the dose of a chemical and the incidence of specific biological effects in the exposed population.
		Most of the published values are associated with a medium to high level of confidence; however, one may assume the extrapolated values to be associated with a low level of confidence.
		Lethal dose calculated from a case of self-induced fatal acute poisoning.
	www.gulflink.osd.mil /pesto/pest_s24.htm (2700 words)

	Lethal dose amount of valium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Valium, taken from the Latin word meaning "to be strong and well" and lethal snort valium dj valium dose lethal Zoloft, dose amount of valium amount of valium as an anxiolytic, valium interactions or.
		Henriette Valium, whose lethal dose amount of valium name lethal dose amount of valium Patrick Henley, was born in 1959 in Montreal.
		Diazepam (valium) is a benzodiazepine valium lethal patient dose lowest amount of valium formula anxiolytic used in the treatment.
	valium.101hosters.com /lethal-dose-amount-of-valium.html (777 words)

	Antidotes for Poisoning by Paracetamol
		In their studies on mice, a 20% dose of L-methionine increased the LD of paracetamol from a mean of 610 mg/kg (4 mmol/kg) to a mean of 1096 mg/kg (7.2 mmol/kg).
		For DL-methionine in the rat the lowest published intraperitoneal lethal dose is 2 g/kg (13.4 mmol/kg) (NIOSH, 1992).
		In mice the lowest published lethal doses of DL-methionine are: oral - 4 g/kg (26.8 mmol/kg); intraperitoneal - 1.5 g/kg (10 mmol/kg); and intravenous - 300 mg/kg (2 mmol/kg) (NIOSH, 1992).
	www.inchem.org /documents/antidote/antidote/ant03.htm (16058 words)

	Draft Guidance for Industry and Reviewers: Estimating the Safe Starting Dose in Clinical Trials for Therapeutics in ...
		When doses or exposure levels that produce a toxic effect differ greatly across species, the ability to predict a toxic level in humans is reduced and a greater safety factor may be called for.
		The HED can be calculated directly from the animal dose by dividing the animal dose by the ratio of the human/animal km (third column in Table 1) or by multiplying by the ratio of animal/human km (fourth column in Table 1).
		If the parent drug is measured in the plasma at multiple times and fits the range of toxic dose for two or more animal species, it may be possible to develop a pharmacokinetic model predicting human doses and concentrations and draw inferences about human safe plasma levels in the absence of prior human data.
	www.fda.gov /cber/gdlns/dose.htm (7343 words)

	ProSciTech - Descriptions/definitions of exposure levels, ProSciTech Microscopy Plus Web Catalogue & Laboratory ...
		LD50--Lethal Dose Fifty:--A calculated dose of a substance which is expected to cause the death of 50% of an entire defined experimental animal population.
		Other lethal dose percentages, such as LDI, LDi0, LD30, and LD99, may be published in the scientific literature for the specific purposes of the author.
		Such data would be published in the Registry if these figures, in the absence of a calculated lethal dose (LDS0), were the lowest found in the literature.
	www.proscitech.com.au /catalogue/notes/exposure.htm (436 words)

	Chemtrails And Barium Toxicity
		The 10 mg/L (0.21 mg/kg/day) dose was identified as a NOAEL.
		The average barium concentration for the mortality study was 7.3 mg/L, which corresponds to a dose of 0.20 mg/kg/day assuming drinking water consumption of 2 L/day for a 70 kg human.
		COMMENTS: The dose of 1.15 mg BaCO3/m3 was given as the NOEL in the principal study, which is equivalent to 0.8 mg barium/m3 used as the basis for the RfC calculations.
	www.rense.com /general21/tox.htm (3132 words)

	[No title]
		A slight reduction in adrenal weights was seen in female rats with the 250 ppm (45.7 mg/kg/day) dose at 13 weeks, and no other adverse effects were observed in male rats with the 50 ppm (8.1 mg/kg/day) and the 250 ppm (38.1 mg/kg/day) doses at 8 weeks.
		No clear dose effect or dose duration effect was seen with the adrenal weight decrease; therefore, the clinical significance is uncertain.
		The high dose animals developed increased arterial pressure; decreased body weight gain; decreased blood levels of hemoglobin, sugar, protein, cholinesterase and thrombocytes; increased blood levels of leukocytes, phosphorous and alkaline phosphatase; increased urine calcium; and perivascular and peribronchial sclerosis in the lungs.
	risk.lsd.ornl.gov /tox/profiles/barium.doc (3609 words)

	Lowest published toxic dose - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		(Toxic Dose Low) is the lowest dosage per unit of bodyweight (typically stated in milligrams per kilogram) of a substance known to have produced signs of toxicity in a particular animal species.
		Semilethal dose (LD This biochemistry article is a stub.
		This page was last modified 20:47, 23 March 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/TDLo (91 words)

	dose
		Hazard Identification) of a substance, an analysis of the relationship between the dose received and the respective response is conducted.
		The use of uncertainty factors for interspecies extrapolation are not applicable because the development of cancer occurs in the same fashion despite the species, individual, or dose, although genetic studies have shown that certain strains or genetic traits may predispose an individual to specific types of cancer.
		Extrapolation of the dose or potency from an animal study to a human is based on a body weight scaling factor.
	extoxnet.orst.edu /faqs/risk/dose.htm (1197 words)

	Frederick Klenner - Dose and Administration of Ascorbic Acid In Human Pathology
		Klasson[32] although limiting the amount of ascorbate to a dose range of 300 mg to 2000 mg daily, in divided doses, found that it hastened the healing of wounds by producing healthy granulation tissue and also that it reduced local edema.
		This is done because we have found that massive doses of ascorbate pulls free calcium ions from the vicinity of the platelets or from the calcium-prothrombin complex as the lactone ring of dehydroascorbate is opened.
		This is the reason we believe a dose range of 100 grams to 300 grams daily by continuous intravenous drip for a period of several months might prove surprisingly profitable.
	megac.org /klenner.htm (13163 words)

	Tab C-8-5
		In the absence of human dermal dose response studies, the suite of dosage-related human symptoms for acute, subchronic, and chronic oral toxicity for diazinon are assumed to be the same for dermal contact.
		The lowest published lethal oral dose for a man is 471 mg/kg, while the lethal oral dose for a woman is about half that amount at 246 mg/kg.
		The HRA subchronic dose at a medium exposure level is about 0.01 times the dose that caused health effects in the research literature, and at high exposure it is about 0.02 times the observed dose.
	www.gulflink.osd.mil /pesto/pest_tabc8_5.htm (4074 words)

	observations
		Initially, at the low doses, the vitamin C concentration in the blood increased as expected with increasing dose of vitamin C. This increases oxygen transport from the lungs to the cells as already discussed (Item 6).
		However, what was not measured, as the vitamin C dose was increased further, the transport rate of it out of the blood into every cell in the body then accelerates in a nonlinear way with further increases in blood concentration.
		At this point, the further increases in vitamin C dose would increases oxygen transport within each cell while oxygen transport in the blood is maintained at an enhanced level by the already enhanced levels of vitamin C in the blood.
	www.alternativehealingtools.com /cancer/observations.htm (21943 words)

	Salt death? \| Ask MetaFilter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		As to ingestion, the rat LD-50 dose for sodium chloride is 3 grams per kilogram of body weight.
		("LD-50" stands for "lethal dose 50%", the dose which kills 50% of rats.) For a 220 pound man (100 kg) that would be 300 grams, which is just shy of 12 ounces.
		The lowest published lethal dose (LDlo) for humans is one third of that.
	ask.metafilter.com /mefi/37025 (824 words)

	[No title]
		\par \par 3.2\tab }{\fs24\ul Toxicological Characteristics}{\fs24 \par \par }\pard \qj\fi-1440\li1440\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {\fs24 3.2.1\tab }{\i\fs24 Acute Toxicity:}{\fs24 Lowest published lethal dose for rat: 300 mg/kg b.w.
		In an asbestos factory (East London 1933-1980) mesotheliomas and lung cancer rates showed a dose response relationship and were related to duration of employment.
		(lowest dose tested, 72 days, effects on male reproductive system).
	www.fao.org /ag/agp/agpp/pesticid/pic/Download/DGDs/inden2.doc (5284 words)

	Erowid LSD Vault : Dosage
		A single drop of potent liquid LSD could be 50 times a normal dose, although it is generally diluted to the point where a single drop is equal to approximately one dose.
		LD50 (That's lethal dose in 50% of those who injest this much) determinations vary widely with species, begin 46 mg/kg in mice, 16.5 mg/kg in rats, 0.3 mg/kg in rabbits and 0.1 mg/kg in elephants.
		Human data are manifestly lacking, and predictions of the average lethal dose for humans have ranged from 0.2 mg/kg to more than 1 mg/kg, administered orally.
	www.erowid.org /chemicals/lsd/lsd_dose.shtml (1297 words)

	Antidotes for Poisoning by Cyanide
		The disadvantage of hydroxocobalamin as a cyanide antidote is the large dose required for it to be effective.
		Whilst repeat doses of hydroxocobalamin and/or sodium thiosulfate are unlikely to be associated with toxicity, expert advice should be sought before a repeat dose of any other specific antidote is administered.
		Oxygen shifted the dose-response curve of brain cytochrome oxidase inhibition by KCN to the right: the dose of KCN producing 50% inhibition was 24 mg/kg in air-breathing animals and 55 mg/kg in animals breathing oxygen.
	www.inchem.org /documents/antidote/antidote/ant02.htm (13403 words)

	Aluminum hydroxide
		An adjuvant that rendered lower doses more effective, moreover, would allow for cheaper vaccines in cases in which the antigen is expensive to produce (a recombinant protein, for example).
		Dose sparing, as this property is called, is of increasing importance in the development of conjugate vaccines, in which difficult chemistry limits antigen dose size, especially when several antigens must be packed into a single shot.
		Evans and his colleagues found that when the dose of gp120 was dropped to 30 or 3 micrograms, addition of QS-21 not only elicited antibody titers equivalent to those generated by high doses of the antigen, but aroused T cells, too.
	www.vaccinetruth.org /aluminum_hydroxide1.htm (11173 words)

	The Ultimate LD50 Dog Breeds Information Guide and Reference
		This is particularly the case where the substance is not particularly toxic and a large quantity of the material is ingested by the animals over a long period, in some cases causing slow, painful deaths.
		Another criticism of LD testing is that lethality in test animals does not always give an accurate indication of lethality in humans, because resistance varies from one species to another.
		As concern grows for the welfare for animals, and as alternatives become more sophisticated, the test is administered less frequently, though the collection of data already obtained make it useful.
	www.dogluvers.com /dog_breeds/LD50 (647 words)

	Miljøprojekt, 884 – Substitution of cobalt driers and methyl ethyl ketoxime – 9 Environmental and ...
		Given comparable doses, more manganese reaches the brain following inhalation than following ingestion, and most health effects are associated with chronic inhalation exposure, /35/.
		However, intakes of large doses have been known to cause effects like nausea, diarrhea, fatigue, headache, rash and abdominal pain, but is rare, /29/48/.
		In contrast, topical application of vitamin E on human skin has caused inflammation of the surface of the skin (contact dermatitis), and allergic reactions to creams containing vitamin E have been seen in patch tests, /29/.
	www.mst.dk /udgiv/publications/2004/87-7614-097-0/html/kap09.htm (5957 words)

	How and Where to Find Information on Hazardous Materials (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The toxicity information is given in terms of LD50s, that is the lethal dose, 50% kill.
		For humans, the lowest published lethal dose for orally administered acetone is 50 mg per kilogram of body weight.
		The lowest published toxic concentration for inhalation for humans is 500 parts per million.
	palimpsest.stanford.edu /waac/wn/wn06/wn06-2/wn06-206.html (763 words)

	Ativan lethal dose ativan cod (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
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	ativan.vikabest.com /ativan-lethal-dose.html (756 words)

	LD50 - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		In toxicological studies of substances, one test is to administer varying doses of the substance to populations of test animals; that dose administered which kills half the test population is referred to as the LD, for "Lethal Dose, 50%".
		This concept was created by J.W. Trevan in 1927.
		which relates to lethal dose by inhalation, where C is concentration and t is time.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/LD50 (307 words)

	Oral Vaccination of Mice with Adenoviral Vectors Is Not Impaired by Preexisting Immunity to the Vaccine Carrier -- ...
		C57BL/6 mice with escalating doses of the AdHu5rab.gp and AdC68rab.gp
		PFU of AdHu5rab.gp (left panels) or AdC68rab.gp (right panels) and then given booster immunizations with the same dose of the homologous or heterologous construct 4 weeks later as described for panel A were tested for the isotype profile of antibodies to rabies virus.
		of the vaccine dose and modification of the oral immunization
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/77/20/10780 (6654 words)

	RAIS: Barium (7440393)
		Ba demonstrated that 7% and 20% of the barium dose was excreted in 24 hours in the urine and feces, respectively.
		(lowest published lethal dose) is reported to be about 0.8 grams (Lewis and Sweet 1984).
		Animals receiving the 1000 mg/L dose developed ultrastructural changes in the kidney glomeruli.
	risk.lsd.ornl.gov /tox/profiles/barium_f_V1.shtml (3318 words)

	Appendices — Environmental Health and Safety — CSB/SJU (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		LC 50 — the lethal concentration of a material in air that on the basis of laboratory tests is expected to kill 50 percent of a group of test animals.
		LD 50 — the lowest published lethal dose that will kill 50 percent of a group of test animals.
		LEL (lower explosive limit) — refers to the lowest concentration of gas or vapor that will burn or explode if an ignition source is present.
	www.csbsju.edu /ehs/programs/appendices.htm (2845 words)

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