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Topic: Lowest temperature reached

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	Temperature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Temperature is the physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of "hot" and "cold"; something that is hotter has the greater temperature.
		Temperature is measured with thermometers that may be calibrated to a variety of temperature scales.
		The temperature of an object is proportional to the average kinetic energy of the molecules in it.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Temperature (3003 words)

	1 E-12 K - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Temperatures lower than 1 pK: see absolute zero: 0 K (−273.15 °C or −459.67 °F), the freezing point of all atomic movement
		K): Lowest temperature ever produced, during an experiment on nuclear magnetic ordering in the Helsinki University of Technology's Low Temperature Lab.
		K): Lowest temperature Bose-Einstein condensate ever achieved in the laboratory, at MIT within sodium gas.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1_E-12_K (113 words)

	Freezing and refrigerated storage in fisheries - 17. Temperature measurement of fish
		Temperature measurement is important at all stages of fish handling and processing to ensure that the fish and their environment are at a suitable temperature for maintaining the good quality of the fish.
		The temperature of the fish is important during the period before freezing since both the eating quality and appearance of the final product depend on the rate of spoilage at this time.
		The shape of a good temperature time curve is characterised by a plateau at a steady temperature somewhere between 0°C and -3°C followed by a steep plunge to near the temperature of the freezer.
	www.fao.org /docrep/003/v3630e/V3630E18.htm (1609 words)

	Bulletin 724
		Degree of injury is influenced by the duration of low temperatures as well as by the lowest temperature reached.
		A freeze is defined as an occurrence of a temperature of 32 degrees F or lower in a thermometer shelter at about the 5-goot level.
		Lowest temperatures during advection freezes generally occur on slopes or near the tops of ridges and hills.
	www.uidaho.edu /so-id/entomology/bulletin_724.htm (3168 words)

	Temperature
		This thermometer indicates both the highest and the lowest temperature reached since the instrument was last reset, as well as the temperature at the time of reading.
		A Maximum thermometer indicates the highest temperature reached since the last time the instrument was reset.
		A Minimum thermometer indicates the lowest temperature reached since the last time the instrument was reset.
	www.enviro-analytical.com /meteorological/temperature.html (1250 words)

	Malaysia - The Weather (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The average daily temperature in most districts to the east of the Main Range is lower than that of the corresponding districts west of the Main Range.
		The differences in the average values in the east and the west are due almost entirely to the low day temperatures experienced in the eastern districts during the northeast monsoon as a result of rain and greater cloud cover.
		At Kuala Terengganu, for example, the day temperature rarely reaches 32°C during the northeast monsoon and often fails to reach 27°C. A number of occasions have been recorded on which the temperature did not rise above 24°C which is quite frequently the lowest temperature reached during the night in most districts.
	www.abcmalaysia.com /tour_malaysia/weather.htm (1728 words)

	Australian Bureau of Meteorology - Forecasting the weather
		When the temperature rises, the mercury is forced past the constriction, but when the temperature begins to fall the mercury is prevented from returning due to the constriction.
		As the temperature falls the index is drawn along with the alcohol as it retreats.
		After the lowest temperature is reached and the temperature starts to rise again, the alcohol rises in the tube but flows past the index, leaving its position fixed.
	www.bom.gov.au /info/ftweather/page_17.shtml (521 words)

	S. Jacobsen & G. Carter: Engineering Factors Relating to Utilization of Cannel Coal of Utah (Karrick Low ...
		It had proved that this final temperature would complete the distillation at the base of the charge and that it would be attained during the dry-quenching period and thus decrease the length of the superheated steam period.
		Superheated steam of high initial temperature was used to cool the retort and its contents during the time designated as the "dry-quenching period", that is, the period in which steam was passed through the superheater and retort with the superheater fuel gas supply discontinued.
		The accompanying temperature curves and operating data show that superheated steam first entered the retort at 244° C and was then raised to 650° C by the end of the first hour, whereupon its temperature was maintained substantially constant throughout the remainder of the "superheated steam period".
	www.rexresearch.com /karrick/1jacar.htm (6454 words)

	HardwareHell - Articles - Koolance ICM 505 Review - Review
		This is the lowest temperature reached by the CPU during the time the PC was doing nothing.
		This picture is the recorded temperature of the CPU during a run of Prime 95.
		This is the highest temperature reached by the CPU during a run of Prime 95.
	hardware.gamershell.com /articles/koolance_icm_505_review (757 words)

	Entropy
		On the other hand, there must be a lower limit to temperature, which is reached when all of the atoms that constitute an object are brought to the state of lowest possible energy, called the ground state.
		The zeroth law is the basis of the measurement of temperature, and of the existence of thermometers.
		A lot of heat has to be supplied to it for increasing its temperature since a larger fraction energy would be stored in the form of potential energy instead of the kinetic energy of moving constituents, and vice versa for materials with loosely bound constituents.
	srikant.org /core/node9.html (4602 words)

	No Title (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		From the perspective of the water vapor molecules, increasing their temperature will increase their average kinetic energy (by definition) and molecules with a high kinetic energy are more likely to break away from the surface of the liquid water into the air (warm water evaporates faster than cold water).
		The heat index is a parameter which describes the apparent temperature of the air due to the air temperature and the amount of moisture in the air.
		A dewpoint hygrometer measures the dewpoint temperature by lowering the temperature of a mirror until condensation occurs on the mirror.
	www.aos.wisc.edu /~aos100-2/lec07 (3169 words)

	Business and Research Profiles at Lancaster University - Ultralow Temperature Group
		We gained the lowest temperature ever reached in 1984 and again in 1993, the lead having oscillated between various groups in the interim.
		We are one of the leading low temperature laboratories in the world.
		We are able to offer advice on cryogenic design and instrumentation, chiefly at the very low temperatures but our expertise covers the full temperature range to room temperature.
	www.lancs.ac.uk /business/profiles/lowtemp.htm (371 words)

	INSTRUCTIONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Provides high and low temperature set points which can be used for an alarm or to control additional heating/cooling devices when used with an On/Off Power Module.
		To recall the min and max temperatures reached since resetting, press "Memory" (MEM will appear at the left hand side of the display) then press the "Max Temp" button.
		For example, in exceptionally cold weather or when one of the normal heating elements fails, the low temperature set point can be used to activate the On/Off Power Module which would turn on additional heaters.
	www.helixcontrols.com /inst_program_module.htm (733 words)

	NIST PHYSICISTS MEASURE COLDEST TEMPERATURE EVER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Their record stood as the coldest steady-state temperature for three-dimensional motion of atoms until the recent NIST work, although other researchers achieved lower temperatures transiently, or in one or two dimensions.
		The new record low temperature at NIST was achieved with a technique borrowed from the Paris laboratory: an arrangement of four laser beams interfering to produce a regular array, or ``optical lattice'' of microscopic hills and valleys for the atoms.
		After the atoms reached the lowest temperature possible in the optical lattice, the scientists abruptly turned off the lasers.
	physics.nist.gov /News/Releases/n94-30.html (536 words)

	USATODAY.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Since the dew point is a measure of the amount of moisture in the air, it is a good indicator of the likelihood of fog as well as the probability of thunderstorms during the summer.
		Since the saturation vapor pressure of air decreases with temperature, cooling the air without adding or removing water vapor results in a higher relative humidity (that is, the air is closer to being saturated), although at low temperatures, the actual amount of water vapor in the air would remain low.
		When the dew point is close to the air temperature, there is a lot of water vapor in the air (leading to “muggy” conditions), and this keeps the temperatures from dropping significantly overnight.
	www.usatoday.com /weather/resources/askjack/wahumid.htm (6966 words)

	Last month was coldest December in 56 years
		The temperature on December 24 reached 8.8 degrees Celsius.
		The lowest temperature reached during the night was 6.1 deg C and this was recorded on December 18.
		The coldest December night in the past 56 years was in 1967 when the temperature reached a low of 3.6 deg.
	www.di-ve.com /dive/portal/portal.jhtml?id=119739&pid=1 (245 words)

	RedOrbit NEWS \| Scientists Measure Coldest Temperature Ever
		This new temperature is six times lower than the previous record, and marks the first time that a gas was cooled below 1 nanokelvin (1 billionth of a degree).
		At such low temperatures, atoms cannot be kept in physical containers, because they would stick to the walls.
		To reach the record-low temperatures, the researchers invented a novel way of confining atoms, which they call a "gravito-magnetic trap." The magnetic fields acted together with gravitational forces to keep the atoms trapped.
	www.redorbit.com /modules/news/tools.php?tool=print&id=15344 (492 words)

	INVESTIGATING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Freezing temperature is the temperature at which a substance turns from a liquid to a solid.
		Melting temperature is the temperature at which a substance turns from a solid to a liquid.
		Lowest temperature reached in water in bath with salt ________ degrees C
	www.k12.de.us /science/scivan/FREEZEMELT.html (1598 words)

	Llysfaen Weather Site
		The lowest temperature reached during the night period over short grass freely exposed to the sky.
		The highest temperature reached since the maximum thermometer was last reset
		The lowest temperature reached since the minimum thermometer was last reset
	www.btinternet.com /~kiwiman/glossary.htm (201 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The poor (37% of the population in the lowest two quintiles) will benefit from three main sources: (a) employment opportunities during installation and operation of the project would benefit poor unskilled workers who would receive a net increase in their incomes of at least 10%.
		While reporting a temperature of 18.3 degrees, on average, in their flats households consider 20.05 degrees as ideal room temperature.
		Despite the fact that Ignalina's capacity is sufficiently large to supply electricity to Latvia at a lower cost than the Riga CHP plants, as long as Ignalina continues to operate, the viability of the proposed project is not judged to be significantly at risk.
	www-wds.worldbank.org /servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2000/08/09/000094946_00071906244568/Rendered/INDEX/multi_page.txt (13406 words)

	Medical Dictionary - OSMOMETER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Freezing point is found by detecting the temperature at which a small quantity of the fluid (e.g.
		A small stirrer or vibrator and a thermistor probe are immersed in the fluid and the cuvette is lowered into a freezing bath or Peltier cooling device.
		The stirrer is arrested by the freezing of the solution and this triggers the measurement of temperature.
	home.btconnect.com /MalcolmBrown/entries/OSMOMETER.html (179 words)

	Hal Sheeler Realtor - Strafford VT Town Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The median resident age is presently 40.6, and in 2000 the median household income reached $46,711.
		On average, the warmest month in Strafford, Vt., is July and the highest recorded temperature in the summer months reached a record-breaking 99 degrees.
		January is typically the coolest month of the year and the lowest recorded temperature reached -37 degrees.
	www.halsheeler.com /town.asp?PageName=Strafford+VT (383 words)

	MetLinkInternational - Weather Review
		In Scandinavia today, temperatures were even lower than they were yesterday, with a minimum of -26.1°C recorded at Vörå in Finland this morning.
		The chart of 06:00 GMT weather observations shows that temperatures were below -30°C in many parts of northern Scandinavia this morning, falling as low as -38°C in northern Norway and northern Sweden.
		Here, the temperature was 25°C at 12.30pm and the students said the weather was "very warm".
	www.metlink.org /data/review.php?ID=72 (638 words)

	Greenhouse Meters
		The outside temperature is registered from the sensor, which must be placed outdoors.
		Registers the highest and lowest temperature reached in the greenhouse.
		This inexpensive, easy to read thermometer shows the current temperature, as well as the highest and lowest temperature since reset.
	www.littlegreenhouses.com /supplies/meters.php (89 words)

	How Do we Measure Temperature?
		Using the same anchor points, he determined the freezing temperature for water to be 0 degree and the boiling temperature 100 degrees.
		If we want to understand what temperature means on the molecular level, we should remember that temperature is the average energy of the molecules that composes a substance.
		And when two objects are in contact, thermal equilibrium is reached when all the molecules of both objects have the same average molecular motion.
	coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu /cosmic_classroom/light_lessons/thermal/measure.html (479 words)

	BOM - Weather Kit
		The lowest temperature reached overnight at grass level is referred to as the terrestrial minimum temperature.
		Continuous readings of air temperature and humidity charted against a time scale can be obtained from thermographs, hygrographs, or thermo-hygrographs.
		This is sufficient to establish the average values of various elements - such as rainfall and temperature - for a district.
	www.bom.gov.au /info/weatherkit/section4/station.shtml (408 words)

	A low-temperature X-ray camera
		The specimen under examination is cooled in a stream of air for temperatures in the range between room temperature and -170° C, and by dropping liquid air on it for the lowest temperature reached (-194° C).
		Temperatures were measured directly with a copper-constantan thermocouple for single specimens or by reference to the lattice parameter of a standard material for double specimens.
		These temperatures were taken whilst the specimens were being simultaneously rotated and oscillated.
	stacks.iop.org /0950-7671/31/49 (252 words)

	CEC-ICMC 2003 Conference Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		At saturated vapor pressure the SVC is capable of reaching a temperature as low as 0.75 K. At pressures close to the melting pressure the temperature can be brought down to 0.65 K. As the SVC operates only below the lambda line, it has to be precooled e.g.
		In this arrangement we have reached temperatures below 1 K with 3.5 mW heating power supplied to the fountain part of the SVC at 1.4 K. The next step was combining the SVC with a pulse tube refrigerator (PTR).
		The lowest temperature, reached with this PTR, is 1.27 K. In this contribution we report on the results of the SVC tests in liquid helium and the progress in the integration of the SVC with the PTR.
	www.cec-icmc.org /cec-icmc2003/program/Format.asp?paperNumber=C2-L-02 (225 words)

	Page Title Goes Here
		Whether or not the change in mean monthly mean temperature is the average of the changes in mean monthly Tmin and Tmax depends on how the particular GCM calculates its daily Tmean, Tmin and Tmax.
		In HadCM2, for example, the daily Tmean is the average temperature over 24 hours (the average of 48 half hourly calculations), whereas daily Tmin is the lowest temperature reached in a day and Tmax is the highest temperature reached in a day.
		Changes in 30-year mean diurnal temperature range (*DTR) for the DDC results are calculated as the difference between the changes in the 30-year mean monthly Tmax and Tmin changes.
	ipcc-ddc.cru.uea.ac.uk /ddc_faqs.html (5080 words)

	Untitled Document
		Be able to discuss what each record tells us about climate, the temporal resolution, the spatial coverage and the length of time covered for each record, as well as whether each record represents a local or global estimate of temperature.
		Where is the highest (lowest) temperature reached in the Earth’s atmosphere?
		Be able to use the graph on page 51 (Figure 2-10) to determine the amount of insolation reaching the Earth’s surface at a given latitude.
	www.geog.utah.edu /courses/geog1000/exam1review.html (781 words)

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