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	Loya jirga - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Loya jirga, occasionally loya jirgah, is a large meeting held in Afghanistan, originally attended by Pashtun groups but later including other ethnic groups.
		The attendees of loya jirga variously suck dick include tribal or regional leaders, political, military and religious figures, royalty, government officials, etc. The meetings are called irregularly, often by the ruler.
		There are no time limits in a loya jirga and it continues until decisions are reached.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Loya_jirga (591 words)

	2003 Loya jirga - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A 502-delegate loya jirga convened in Kabul, Afghanistan, on December 14, 2003, to consider the proposed Afghan Constitution.
		On January 1, the loya jirga broke down when close to half of the assembly, consisting mostly of Uzbek, Tajik, Hazara and Turkmen minorities, boycotted the first and only ballot, forcing chairman Sibghatullah Mojadedi to call for a 2-day adjourning.
		The Loya jirga convened beneath a large tent on the grounds of a Soviet-built university.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/2003_Loya_jirga (619 words)

	Online NewsHour Profile: The Loya Jirga
		Loya jirga, Pashto for "grand council", is a centuries-old traditional meeting of leaders from different tribes and factions to discuss and settle national affairs.
		While generally perceived as a most basic forum for representative decision-making, the loya jirga is widely viewed as the best chance for Afghanistan to establish a legitimate leadership with a rule of law and prevent the country from slipping into the control of warlords and drug smugglers.
		The loya jirga was subsequently planned for June 10-16 in the capital of Kabul.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/asia/afghanistan/loya-jirga.html (905 words)

	Q & A on Afghanistan's Loya Jirga Process (Human Rights Watch April 15, 2002)
		The current loya jirga process was set in motion by the Bonn Agreement of December 5, 2001, which created an interim administration in Afghanistan and a timetable for setting up a future, elected government.
		Its task was to establish rules and procedures for the loya jirga, define a process for the selection of delegates, and ensure the adequate representation of women, minorities, scholars, and representatives of civil society groups.
		The loya jirga could choose Hamid Karzai to continue leading Afghanistan, and some of the ministers in the interim authority could also be picked as ministers in a new government.
	hrw.org /press/2002/04/qna-loyagirga.htm (1761 words)

	Afghanland.com Afghanistan Loya Jirga
		Loya Jirga participated by influential elders and leaders of Abdali and Ghilzai tribes, as well as representatives of other ethnic groups, especially Uzbeks, was held at Sher-i-Surkh near Kandahar City in 1747 had chosen Ahmad Khan, later Ahmed Shah Abdali, as king new and modern Afghanistan.
		Another Loya Jirga during the Prime Ministership of Sardar Daoud Khan in November 1955, which raised the issue of Pakhtunistan under the conditions that Pakistan had come into being as inheritor of all British rights and obligations in the area.
		Since Jirgas held by moderate elements opposed by Mujahideen in 1980 at Peshawar, by Karmal regime in 1985 and by President Najibullah in 1987 where held under the shadow of foreign powers, therefore, their influence on the course of events was limited.
	www.afghanland.com /history/loyajirga.html (1034 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Jirga Controversy Nothing New By Qayoum Baabak in Kabul (ARR No. 90, 22-Dec-03) Making major decisions through representatives of the people, as the Constitutional Loya Jirga is now doing, is ancient history in Afghanistan.
		Until the 2002 Emergency Loya Jirga, however, delegates were chosen at the local level by the malek - wealthy and powerful leaders - with voiced approval from ordinary men in gatherings at the mosques.
		Rafi said the Emergency Loya Jirga, with a total of nearly 2,000 delegates - 1,650 of them elected in public gatherings at the local level - is probably the biggest legitimate assembly.
	www.iwpr.net /archive/arr/arr_200312_90_5_eng.txt (627 words)

	CNN.com - Afghan loya jirga convenes Monday - June 9, 2002
		The creation of the loya jirga is in accordance with an agreement hammered out among leaders of Afghan factions in Bonn, Germany, late last year, to build a post-Taliban Afghan government.
		The loya jirga will meet in a large tent in Kabul over the coming days to select a new government with representatives of different ethnic groups, tribes and religions.
		The loya jirga, which means "grand council," is "a political institution that Afghans have had for centuries," Karzai said in January.
	archives.cnn.com /2002/WORLD/asiapcf/central/06/09/afghan.council (809 words)

	Open Letter to President Hamid Karzai on Constitutional Loya Jirga (Human Rights Watch Letter, October 29, 2003)
		We have heard that a climate of fear exists in every region of the country, and that many representatives and former loya jirga participants are afraid to be involved in the forthcoming constitutional loya jirga.
		Affirming publicly the provisions of the July 15, 2002 presidential decree on the convening of the constitutional loya jirga, mandating specifically that the loya jirga elections "must be conducted in a free and fair manner, exempt from political pressure [and] undue interference";
		Urging, through article 9(b) of the July 15, 2002 decree, that anyone found to be responsible for acts of violence or intimidation related to the constitutional loya jirga process be disqualified as a candidate for loya jirga and for the 2004 national elections.
	www.hrw.org /press/2003/10/afgnaistan102903-ltr.htm (1072 words)

	The Loya Jirga Joke - Security Council - Global Policy Forum
		There have been loya jirgas for centuries---gatherings involving wise and powerful men from all the tribes and clans, engaged (or at least this has been the mainstream press spin) in crude, New England Town Meeting-style, democratic debate about the future of the Afghan nation.
		So this particular Loya Jirga (the mother of Loya Jirgas, closely followed by western news agencies from beginning to end, June 11-19)---this Loya Jirga, designed to legitimatize Karzai's administration, was itself accorded in western reportage the legitimacy of native tradition.
		Karzai announced his intention to select a cabinet without Loya Jirga approval, but, outside the grand tent Khalilizad informed him that the Bonn agreement of last December specified that such approval was, in fact, required.
	www.globalpolicy.org /security/issues/afghan/2002/0627loyajirga.htm (1833 words)

	Loya Jirga Report
		This Loya Jirga would be called the Constitutional Loya Jirga and would consist of the choices for representatives of an electoral college in 32 provinces of the country.
		It is important to note that the person of the president and his advisors also included among the choices of the president for Loya Jirga membership, some of the powerful warlords perhaps either to appease them or win over sympathy of their supporters as to the plans of the government.
		Dr. Masooda Jalal, a known figure from the last Loya Jirga was another Afghan woman who dared speak out her mind on important issues including the performance of the transitional government and rejecting some of the claims made by Karzai as major achievements of his government.
	users.tns.net /~mroashan/politics/countrycorner/CCorner3/The-Loya-Jirga-Report.htm (3462 words)

	Afghanistan: Security, Warlordism Seen As Biggest Challenges, One Year After Loya Jirga
		One year after the Emergency Loya Jirga, participants in the Afghan grand assembly say a lack of security and warlordism are the main challenges facing the Transitional Authority, the government created by the assembly.
		Ismail Yoon, who was the Loya Jirga representative from the eastern Laghman Province, dismisses claims that convening the assembly was a purely symbolic procedure and that it was put under outside pressure to elect Karzai as head of the government.
		In the meantime, a Constitutional Loya Jirga is due to convene to approve a new constitution for the country.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/news/2003/06/mil-030603-rfel-161618.htm (925 words)

	NewsHour Extra: Afghanistan's New Government - June 20, 2002
		The current loya jirga is planned to end on June 16 and meets in the capital city of Kabul.
		The primary tasks of the loya jirga is to outline a transitional government.
		One of the most delicate questions facing the loya jirga is how to divide power among the the ethnic majority Pashtun tribe and the ethnic minority Tajiks and Uzbeks.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/extra/features/jan-june02/afghan.html (537 words)

	RAWA statement: Loya Jirga under the shadow of guns and threats (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		As the Loya Jirga (Grand Council) takes in hand its activities the majority of our wounded and bewildered people, who have borne the constant blows of the past ten years, seem to be looking at it with disappointed eyes.
		The Loya Jirga Commission adopted the 1996 estimated population at the time the Northern Alliance Rabanni-led government held power only in Kabul and certainly was incapable of carrying out any credible survey in the rest of the country they had no authority.
		The scope of the people's disappointment with the Loya Jirga can be better assessed when its results are seen, but one thing is undoubtedly clear: the Loya Jirga has been polluted by the filth of the fundamentalists, hence by no means is it the Loya Jirga that our people were hoping for.
	www.rawa.org /loyajirga-en.htm (893 words)

	EurasiaNet Eurasia Insight - Emergency Loya Jirga: Strenght in Numbers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Loya Jirga is scheduled to end on June 16, but may extend as late as June 22 — when, according to the United Nations-brokered Bonn Agreement, the current Interim Administration of Afghanistan loses authority.
		Despite these concerns, most Afghans believe the Emergency Loya Jirga is the one time that they will have a say in their government and they are not taking the responsibility lightly.
		He acknowledges that calculating the populations of the districts was one of the greatest challenges of the Loya Jirga, because the civil wars of the past 23 years have obviated any official statistics.
	www.eurasianet.org /departments/insight/articles/eav060502a.shtml (1195 words)

	The Loya Jirga \| csmonitor.com
		Purpose: Afghanistan's loya jirga (grand council) will meet from June 10-16 to form a national government that is both smaller and more representative than the interim administration currently in office.
		A failed loya jirga could set the stage for a return to civil war, pitting warlords against one another and the fragile coalition government.
		One of the loya jirga's central questions is whether the powerful cabinet presence of the Tajik-led Northern Alliance will be diminished to give ethnic Pashtuns and minorities like the Hazara more of a presence in the government.
	www.csmonitor.com /2002/0610/p10s01-wosc.htm (457 words)

	CBS News \| Rocky Road For Loya Jirga \| June 13, 2002 06:36:57
		But delegates across the spectrum agreed no voting and little consultation was taking place at the Loya Jirga, an institution that has been around for a thousand years but had been long viewed as a rubber stamp body under the old monarchy.
		The Loya Jirga was preparing to vote for a president with Hamid Karzai, interim leader and U.S. favorite, the sole candidate, prompting protests the process was undemocratic.
		The traditional parliament was also electing a chairman and two deputies for the Loya Jirga, which some of the delegates also saw as an unfair process.
	www.cbsnews.com /stories/2002/06/13/attack/main512084.shtml (724 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| South Asia \| Tempers flare at loya jirga
		The loya jirga is expected to elect the current interim leader, Hamid Karzai, as head of state.
		Later the loya jirga is also expected to appoint a successor administration to the interim government that took office under a United Nations-brokered deal, after US air attacks helped opposition forces to overthrow the Taleban.
		There has been bitter criticism of the procedure to elect delegates to the loya jirga, two-thirds of whom were chosen through district elections, with the rest selected by the organising committee.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/world/south_asia/newsid_2039000/2039665.stm (644 words)

	rediff.com US edition: Loya Jirga to pick new Afghan government
		Political bickering has delayed the start of Afghanistan's grand assembly of tribal elders, or Loya Jirga, which is to pick a government to rule the country until general elections in two years time.
		Loya Jirga, which was to meet from June 10-16, will have a gathering of 1,501 delegates.
		According to complaints lodged with the Loya Jirga Commission, some local militia commanders have used threats or bribery to ensure their representatives are chosen.
	www.rediff.com /us/2002/jun/10ny.htm (318 words)

	CBS News \| Loya Jirga Logjam \| June 18, 2002 06:45:35
		The loya jirga, based on Afghan tradition, was convened Tuesday under a U.N.-guided blueprint to chart the country's immediate future.
		Still unresolved are the shape of the Cabinet and the form of legislature — a task the loya jirga is technically not required to undertake under the agreement struck in Germany in December that dictates the grand council's mandate.
		The loya jirga is supposed to conclude Monday, but with key issues unresolved, the foreign minister, Dr. Abdullah, suggested it might be extended two more days.
	www.cbsnews.com /stories/2002/06/18/terror/main512556.shtml (930 words)

	Afghanistan - Convening of loya jirga delayed while compromise on ex-king worked out (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Procedures and rules for the loya jirga are as fluid and uncertain as the future of the country itself.
		The Loya Jirga is derived from the model of the tribal jirga (council) which has been used over centuries by villagers to make decisions on crucial community issues.
		Almeida said that the inaugural session of the Loya Jirga may be delayed owing to the late arrivals of the delegates from remote areas of the country and other logistic arrangements.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/697420/posts (2227 words)

	Afghanistan: Loya Jirga Adjourns Amid Disputes Over Constitution
		Loya Jirga head Sebghatullah Mujadadi says delegates are calling for changes to at least seven articles.
		Yesterday, the Reconciliation Committee thought it had united the views of the more than 500 delegates in attendance, and the Loya Jirga was adjourned to make available printed copies of the amended draft for all delegates.
		According to the presidential decree on the Loya Jirga, final approval of the draft constitution will be by simple majority.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/news/2003/12/mil-031229-rferl-152947.htm (969 words)

	AgenZ - Project: Loya Jirga (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A wealth of experience and flexibility were required for the grand council in Afghanistan, the "Loya Jirga".
		The intended venue for the Loya Jirga was the war-scarred grounds of Kabul University's Polytechnic (336,000 sq m).
		The Loya Jirga in 2002 was viewed as a major step in the direction of a democratic Afghanistan.
	www2.gtz.de /agenz/english/loya_jirga.html (407 words)

	Feminist Daily News 12/18/2003: Afghan Woman Loya Jirga Delegate Under UN Protection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Facing threats after she spoke out the appointment of mujahideen commanders to committee chair positions at Afghanistan's Loya Jirga, Malalai Joya, a delegate from Farah Province, was placed under United Nations' protection.
		On Tuesday, Joya on the floor of the Loya Jirga questioned, "Why have you again selected as committee chairmen those criminals who have brought these disasters for the Afghan people.
		Loya Jirga Chair Sebaghattullah Mojeddidi, an ally of President Karzai, initially asked for Joya's removal from the floor, condemning her behavior as "rude." Other delegates intervened and Joya was allowed to remain.
	www.feminist.org /news/newsbyte/uswirestory.asp?id=8221 (394 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| South Asia \| Q&A: What is a loya jirga?
		A loya jirga is seen as an essential process - one that is wholly Afghan.
		Perhaps the most famous loya jirga took place in 1747, when Pashtun tribal chiefs met in the southern city of Kandahar to elect a king.
		Deadlocked by nine days of debate, the loya jirga chose the king as the only man who had not spoken a word the whole time.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/south_asia/1782079.stm (498 words)

	Afghanistan's Loya Jirga - Special Report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In December 2001, in the midst of the US-led rout of the Taliban, the United Nations brokered the so-called Bonn Agreement – named for the city where the agreement was signed – creating a roadmap for the development of a new government in Afghanistan.
		Participants in the Bonn talks selected a Special Independent Commission for the Convening of the Emergency Loya Jirga, which was given final authority for determining the procedures and number of participants in the Loya Jirga.
		Procedures for the Observation of the Elections of the Members of the Emergency Loya Jirga and the Audition of Complaints Arising From It Affidavit - Declaration to be signed by all candidates for membership of the
	www.eurasianet.org /loya.jirga (770 words)

	CCC - The Loya Jirga, Ethnic Rivalries and Future Afghan Stability (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The loya jirga consisted of 1500 representatives, elected or appointed from 32 provinces, and debated the political future of Afghanistan over a seven-day period.
		The main issues concerning government composition of the Emergency Loya Jirga turned out to be the role of the former king -- Zahir Shah -- and his representatives as well as the role of the Panjshiris who since the defeat of the Taliban have controlled most of the Afghan security services in and near Kabul.
		A Constitutional Loya Jirga is to be convened within 18 months of the establishment of the Transitional Authority, in order to adopt a new constitution Afghanistan.
	www.ccc.nps.navy.mil /rsepResources/si/aug02/southAsia.asp (3513 words)

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