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Topic: Loyalty oath

	Loyalty oath - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A loyalty oath is an oath of loyalty to an organization, institution, or state to which an individual is a member.
		In this context, a loyalty oath is not a pledge or oath of allegiance.
		Usually, a loyalty oath to an organization or to a nation state is created during a time of social tension when people wish to guard against behavior like advocating fundamental change in the organization, advocating violent overthrow of the nation state, or spreading dissent within the organization.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Loyalty_oath (391 words)

	Loyalty_Oath_Report
		The loyalty oath controversy began in 1949 and continued until the last suit for back wages was won by a non-signer, and until the American Association of University Professors lifted its censure of the administration.
		The oath proposed was in addition to the oath to support the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of the State of California which was required of all officers of the state.
		The oath was apparently an effort to forestall action on the part of the California Committee on Un-American Activities, of which Senator Jack Tenney was chairman, to place a constitutional amendment on the state ballot giving the legislature authority over the University in matters of loyalty.
	www.fsm-a.org /stacks/AP_files/APLoyaltyOath.html (4015 words)

	Reno News and Review September 01, 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Loyalty oaths have generated a rich lode of court opinions, none of them from Nevada.
		However, University of Arizona law school professor Jack Chin, a loyalty oaths scholar, says the power of government to impose such oaths is well established by federal court cases--but Nevada's oath is likely unconstitutional because it demands loyalty to the government in addition to the constitution.
		State legislators might be reluctant to seek to repeal the oath for fear of 30-second television spots questioning their loyalty, so a court challenge is probably the more fruitful route to change.
	www.newsreview.com /issues/reno/2005-09-01/news.asp (836 words)

	Cold War and Anti-Communism
		In the early 1950s, Paul Broyles, backed by the American Legion, sponsored a series of bills which sought to outlaw the Communist Party and to require loyalty oaths for public sector workers.
		The American Civil Liberties Union filed a suit in the name of one, Shirley Lens, claiming the oath was unconstitutional, but in 1956 the Illinois Supreme Court upheld a circuit court decision to dismiss the suit.
		However, the Red Squad continued activities until 1975, the loyalty oath stayed on the statute books until 1983, and the Cold War dragged on until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.
	www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org /pages/310.html (548 words)

	Pledge Allegiance or We'll Kick your Ass! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Oaths -- like any promise -- are only as good as the word of the oath-taker.
		Pledging loyalty to any damn thing or institution or idea or object is good and wonderful for those who want to do so.
		However, requiring a citizen to recite a pledge to a specific object or idea or god -- regardless of where their loyalties lie -- does two things: It violates the spirit and words of the Bill of Rights; more importantly, it makes such oaths appear to be meaningless.
	unquietmind.com /pledge.html (1885 words)

	CIC Canada \| News Release 1998-64 - Oath: Expressing Loyalty to Canada and its Values
		The oath is sworn during official ceremonies at which the new citizens are presented with their certificate of citizenship.
		It was entirely natural to include a pledge of loyalty and allegiance to Canada, in accordance with the wishes expressed by the vast majority of Canadians," said the Minister.
		The proposed oath of citizenship is a modernized version that better reflects the values of Canadians.
	www.cic.gc.ca /english/press/98/9864-pre.html (433 words)

	What price loyalty? - PittsburghLIVE.com
		Before you read the next sentence, I want you to sign a loyalty oath by which you swear that there will be no quibbling, no criticizing and no wisecracking about this column.
		It is likely that the greatest contribution the Bush-Cheney campaign will ever make to public life will be the loyalty oath that they are requiring before you can attend some of their campaign events.
		But if it is true that politics is a game of inclusion, Bush and Cheney and their loyalty oaths may all be headed for trouble.
	pittsburghlive.com /x/tribune-review/opinion/columnists/mistick/s_208025.html (657 words)

	Savage Minds: Notes and Queries in Anthropology — A Group Blog » Party Like It’s 1954
		Although the oath has been a constitutional requirement for over 140 years, however, this is the first time I’ve been asked to take it, despite having signed (and fulfilled) 7 contracts with the school before today.
		Loyalty oaths simply cannot function to assure loyalty, and so their imposition demands we look beyond the text itself for its meaning.
		Although I imagine that administering loyalty oaths makes those who administer it feel like they are taking some sort of action against a vague and unsettling threat, I think it is more fruitful to consider the oath as a display of power.
	savageminds.org /2005/10/03/party-like-its-1954 (2649 words)

	Nebraska's Loyalty Oath during the Cold War
		The oath said that the signer did not advocate the overthrow of the U.S. government or belong to any political party or organization that did.
		The law singled out teachers, and the greatest opposition to the oath came from university professors who were concerned about their academic freedom.
		Nationally, there were efforts to extend the loyalty oath process to students.
	www.nebraskastudies.org /0900/stories/0901_0114.html (572 words)

	Appointment, Promotion, Tenure \| Faculty Handbook \| University of Colorado System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Oath is not vague or indefinite and does not curtail freedom of expression.
		New oath required of employees and faculty at state university, under which taker swears or affirms that he will support the state and federal constitutions and laws, which replaces old oath struck down as unconstitutional, is applicable equally to all the faculty and employees.
		To apply this new oath to new employees alone would constitute an invalid and discriminatory classification which would violate the equal protection clause of the United States constitution.
	www.cu.edu /faculty/fac_handbook/04/22-61-104.html (412 words)

	The Sentinel Online - Archived Story
		Toni Goril, election manager for the county, says the loyalty oath is included on the back of the petition residents submit to be placed on the ballot.
		For years the county has mailed the loyalty oath and certificate of election to write-in winners for them to sign, she says.
		The Pennsylvania Loyalty Act was promulgated in 1951 at a time when other states were doing the same thing in the hope of keeping “subversive” people out of public office.
	www.cumberlink.com /articles/2005/12/20/news/news01.txt (675 words)

	U.S. Senate: Art & History Home > Historical Minutes > 1851-1877 > Senator Resigns to Protest Loyalty Oath (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Added to the first oath, this text required civil servants and military officers to swear not only to future loyalty but also to affirm that they had never previously engaged in disloyal conduct.
		If he took the oath, swearing no past disloyalty to the Union, he would perjure himself; if he refused the oath, he would not be seated.
		The Delaware senator also feared that this oath set a dangerous precedent, as future congresses could add other limiting requirements related to past behavior, requiring, for instance, that senators swear to their temperance, chastity, and monogamy.
	www.senate.gov /artandhistory/history/minute/Senator_Resigns_to_Protest_Loyalty_Oath.htm (476 words)

	Truman Loyalty Oath, 1947
		He shall be responsible for prescribing and supervising the loyalty determination procedures of his department or agency, in accordance with the provisions of this order, which shall be considered as providing minimum requirements.
		The loyalty boards of the various departments and agencies shall furnish to the Loyalty Review Board, hereinafter provided for, such reports as may be requested concerning the operation of the loyalty program in any such department or agency.
		The standard for the refusal of employment or the removal from employment in an executive department or agency on grounds relating to loyalty shall be that, on all the evidence, reasonable grounds exist for belief that the person involved is disloyal to the Government of the United States.
	coursesa.matrix.msu.edu /~hst203/documents/loyal.html (1430 words)

	Loyalty oaths forced tough choices (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Giesey and his colleagues would work under the oath for three years before the California Supreme Court in 1952 ordered that those who had refused to sign be reinstated, and it would take years afterward for the fear and mistrust that had spawned similar loyalty oaths across the nation to begin to dissipate.
		The regents rescinded the loyalty oath, but for several years afterward, UC employees were required to sign a state oath declaring they did not belong to any organization advocating the overthrow of the United States and listing any such groups to which they had belonged in the previous five years.
		Even after 50 years, the loyalty oath affair still casts a shadow — it has been invoked recently by scientists fighting a proposal to require widespread polygraph testing at the nuclear weapons labs UC manages.
	www.bouldernews.com /news/worldnation/10loyalt.html (760 words)

	Resist the State Oath of Allegiance
		It is required by the Constitution of the State of California that every state employee (including supported graduate students at the University of California) sign a "State Oath of Allegiance." I resisted this requirement, and I urge others in the UC system with objections to the Oath to do the same.
		They must be viewed in the context of the long and ignominious history of the various loyalty oaths and red scares, the wartime internment of Japanese-American citizens, and other attacks on citizens' rights that stain with everlasting shame both Constitutions to which so many people today remain required to swear loyalty.
		Nonetheless, in my opinion the Oath contradicts itself in its own terms as it cannot be consistent with rights explicitly guaranteed by both constitutions which it apparently seeks to protect.
	www.ocf.berkeley.edu /~jendres/oath (1098 words)

	A Teacher's 22-Year Exile Ends
		Then a federation to repeal the loyalty oath was organized in the state, and Monroe was hired at $400 a month to head the drive.
		The loyalty oath was upheld by the state Supreme Court in October 1952, and a month later the same court refused to review its decision.
		In the mid-60s it began to appear that the loyalty oath trend in America was being reversed.
	www.csudh.edu /oliver/eason/eason2.htm (2209 words)

	Loyalty Oath (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The loyalty oath, or Ironclad oath, became effective in September 1865, a result of the 1865 Constitution.
		They intended the oath to expressly exclude Confederate sympathizers from voting or holding certain professions, including those of lawyer, teacher, corporate officer, and church officer.
		The oath, of questionable constitutionality, was difficult to enforce and subjected to much judicial review.
	www.sos.mo.gov /archives/resources/civilwar/resources.asp?id=ironclad (116 words)

	The Sentinel Online - Archived Story
		A councilman-elect may be disqualified from serving on Stoneboro Council because he won’t sign a Cold War-era loyalty oath, a solicitor said.
		The oath, signed into law in 1951, defines people or organizations as subversive if they commit or advocate dismantling the state or country’s constitutional form of government.
		The loyalty oath alluded to is straight out of the rabid crusade against communism led by U.S. Sen. Joseph McCarthy in the 1950s.
	www.cumberlink.com /articles/2005/12/17/editorial/editorial/daily01.txt (367 words)

	Miscommunication in department blamed for loyalty oath signing
		The University's loyalty oath policy recently fell victim to a bad case of confusion and misunderstanding.
		Elliot said Magill was not supposed to sign the loyalty oath portion of the contract, and the whole incident was a case of miscommunication and misinformation.
		According to Pennsylvania law, the loyalty oath was deemed unconstitutional in 1975 and has not been allowed to be required for any state-related job.
	www.collegian.psu.edu /archive/1993/04/04-30-93tdc/04-30-93dnews-29.asp (459 words)

	Mesa Legend - ARCHIVES - Vol. 38, Issue 2
		Russell struck down the section of the oath that required the termination and prosecution of state employees who are members of the Communist Party or of parties planning to overthrow the government.
		He stated that he refused to sign the oath because he was certain that it was a travesty to the ideas of freedom and democracy.
		The new oath is modeled after one used by ASU, which asks that the employee swear allegiance to the U.S. Constitution and Arizona law.
	www.mc.maricopa.edu /other/legend/ARCHIVES/vol38/vol38issue2/nopay.htm (913 words)

	The Loyalty Oath Controversy, University of California, 1949-1951
		He states “You have to realize this Board has a right to stand on what it understood was complete agreement with representatives of the faculty.” The faculty reply that the Advisory Committee negotiations should never have been thought to represent the position of the faculty without confirmation by the Academic Senate.
		Regent Heller, who has previously opposed the oath, “announced that he thought the action taken by the Regents would be ruinous to the University and he gave notice that he would do everything he could to defeat it.”
		This galvanized many faculty to action who otherwise did not have strong problems with the oath, and a degree of faculty unity was achieved that had not previously existed.
	sunsite.berkeley.edu /uchistory/archives_exhibits/loyaltyoath/timeline1950_1.html (956 words)

	Loyalty bonds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		For example, a noble's loyalty could be oath-1, contract-500, or fear-50.
		A noble may take an oath of loyalty, pledging one or two Noble Points to secure it.
		Contract loyalty loses the greater of 50 points or 10% of the current rating each month.
	www.pbm.com /oly/tag/Manual/Loyalty_bonds.html (255 words)

	No Loyalty Oath Required - TalkLeft: The Politics of Crime (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Loyalty oaths were popular in the 1950’s, when conservatives were certain that anyone who disagreed with their political agenda was a communist.
		The 71-year-old Massey will be allowed to take office without signing an oath that affirms he isn’t “subversive.” A county solicitor confirmed that the outdated law (which likely violates the First Amendment) is no longer effective.
		Loyalty oaths are meant to separate the sheep from the goats.
	talkleft.com /new_archives/013533.html (877 words)

	Red Scare / Symposium on loyalty oath at UC
		In 1949, the Board of Regents imposed a loyalty oath on all university employees, demanding that they disavow all revolutionary ties as a condition of the year-to-year employment contracts the university then issued.
		Kerr and others who risked their careers when they opposed thought control in 1949 are gathering on the Berkeley campus this week to recount the strange episode of the loyalty oath, a chapter that resonates today with polygraph tests being considered as a condition of employment at the university-run Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.
		And the crisis that had begun seemingly innocuously with the request for the contract-related oath was aggravated by a split between liberal and conservative regents.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/1999/10/08/MN71921.DTL (822 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		For example, a character's loyalty could be oath-1, contract-500, or fear-50.
		Nobles serving through contract or fear are susceptible to bribes, which may induce them to renounce loyalty to their lord, and pledge their service to the bribing faction.
		Oath-2 nobles will not renounce loyalty to their lord under any circumstances, nor can they be forced to reveal any information about themselves.
	www.pbm.com /oly/g2rules/025-loyalty.html (255 words)

	The loyalty oath - THE DAILY BRUIN ONLINE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		There would be no required oath, but members of the faculty would be forced to sign a teaching contract that specified they were not members of the Communist Party.
		When 45 members of the faculty refused to sign the contract, which was still known by all as the Loyalty Oath, the controversy continued.
		The oath caused an incredible disruption of programs within the university, where 55 courses were dropped because of the ejection of non-signers.
	www.dailybruin.ucla.edu /news/articles.asp?id=11431 (1179 words)

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