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	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Prisons are conventionally institutions which form part of the criminal justice system of a country, such that imprisonment or incarceration is a legal penalty that may be imposed by the state for the commission of a crime.
		Prisons form part of military systems, and are used variously to house prisoners of war, unlawful combatants, those whose freedom is deemed a national security risk by military or civilian authorities, and members of the military found guilty of a serious crime.
		Prisons for juveniles (people under 18) are know as young offenders institutes and hold minors who have been convicted, many countries have their own age of criminal responsibility in which children are deemed legally responsible for ther actions for a crime.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?template=wiki&text=prison (3434 words)

	Lubyanka (KGB) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Lubyanka is the popular name for the headquarters of the KGB and affiliated prison on Lubyanka Square in Moscow.
		The Lubyanka was originally built in 1898 as the Neo-Baroque headquarters of the All-Russia Insurance Company, noted for its beautiful parquet floors and pale green walls.
		A prison at the ground floor of the building figures prominently in Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's classic study of the Soviet police state, The Gulag Archipelago.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lubyanka_prison (465 words)

	Lubyanka prison - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Lubyanka (Russian: Лубянка) was one of the most infamous NKVD prisons in the Soviet Union.
		Located in Moscow on Lubyanka Square (formerly called Dzerzhinsky Square, after former NKVD chief and Cheka founder Felix Dzerzhinsky; the original name was restored in 1991) the Lubyanka also served as the headquarters of the KGB.
		The prison figures prominently in Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's classic study of the Soviet police state, The Gulag Archipelago.
	www.gogog.com /project/wikipedia/index.php/Lubyanka_prison (203 words)

	Lubyanka Prison Encyclopedia Article @ Encyclopedia.Karr.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Lubyanka was originally built in prison as the Cheka headquarters of the Lubyanka Square, noted for its beautiful Palladian floors and pale green walls.
		Schusev's design accentuated Prisons in Russia detailing, but only the left part of the facade was reconstructed under his direction in the 1940s, due to the war and other hindrances.
		A prison at the ground floor of the building figures prominently in Disclaimers's classic study of the Soviet police state, Alexander V. Ivanov.
	209.68.55.246 /encyclopedia/Lubyanka_prison (675 words)

	KGB Lubyanka Headquarters - Russia / Soviet Intelligence Agencies
		The main yellow building, which is often shown on television, predates the Revolution and was taken over by the Bolsheviks in 1918.
		Containing the Lubyanka prison, this building is now the headquarters of the Border Troops, and it also contains a single Federal Security Service (FSB) Directorate.
		The new KGB Museum, which is open to the public, is housed in the Lubyanka building.
	www.globalsecurity.org /intell/world/russia/lubyanka.htm (315 words)

	Liberty - Incredible Journey
		The prisoners were chained together in groups of a hundred, marched 800 miles north through the Siberian winter until they were near the Arctic Circle, then left in a clearing to chop down trees and build their own prison camp.
		Because Rawicz was the only prisoner in the entire place who was willing to admit he knew how to repair a radio, he became friends with the camp commandant's wife, and she helped organize his escape.
		From the murderous way the Communists treated their prisoners, the trial, the 25-year sentence to the Gulag, the solitary decency of the camp commandant's wife, the escape, the fortitude, the raw determination, and the ultimate survival of individual people, all of it is the way I see the world.
	libertyunbound.com /archive/2004_02/merritt-journey.html (1680 words)

	Sobaka :: The Canvas is a Crime (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		I passed Lubyanka prison, the awful slaughterhouse of the czars and the commissars where generations of orphans rose from the cries of their fallen fathers.
		Galanskov had in his first letter from prison described a certain guard who nostalgically recalled the good old days when a prisoner with a temperature of 104 degrees would be handed a shovel and put to work.
		It was the curse of his generation, the poets that which came of age in the late 1950s: but for Brodsky and Gor-banyevskaya, not a single one of them could claim to have lived up to their genius, or even had the opportunity to attain their considerable potential.
	www.diacritica.com /sobaka/archive/canvas.html (4568 words)

	AII POW-MIA - Gulag Study June 2001 #2
		Prisoners kept in the three labor camps were employed on the construction of a new railway line.
		In any case, during the liquidation of the prison camp during the winter of 1951 and into 1952, they were not part of the prisoners who were transferred to Motygino (to the south)....
		In December it was known that transit camps for prisoners of war captured by the Communists in Korea had been established in Komsomolsk on the Amur, Magadan on Bogaeva Bay in the Sea of Okhotsk, Chita and Irkutsk.
	www.aiipowmia.com /gulag/jcsdgulag2062001.html (8996 words)

	PAW- March 20, 1996
		No less important, his prison writings confirm that-as I argued in my book and as Stalin's biographer Robert C. Tucker (IBM Professor of International Studies, Emeritus) had done earlier-Bukharin was not "broken" during his year in Lubyanka, and he did not actually "confess" at the trial.
		His last fight against Stalin, who was represented in the prison and courtroom by brutal policemen and corrupt prosecutors, was enormously complex and, of course, terribly uneven.
		The Kremlin Inquisitioner had the power of life and death over his family, but also, as Bukharin noted anxiously in his prison letters, over his last manuscripts; the Lubyanka prisoner's only "power" was Stalin's perverse need for his participation in the show trial.
	www.princeton.edu /~paw/archive_old/PAW95-96/12_9596/0320feat2.html (2037 words)

	Lubyanka Square (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Lubyanka Square in Moscow is not far from Red Square.
		The name is first mentioned in 1480, when Ivan III settled many Novgorodians in the area.
		Lubyanka Square is best known for the large yellow brick building which was the headquarters of the KGB in its various incarnations.
	www.kiwipedia.com /lubyanka-square.html (208 words)

	Novel Autobiography by a Leader of the Workers Revolution in Russia Imprisoned by Stalin, Bukharin Sings of Childhood ...
		Dostoyevsky, of course, wrote about his experience in prison and a staged execution interrupted at the last moment by a royal act of mercy.
		But The House of the Dead was written after Dostoyevsky’s release from prison when he could enjoy his renewed opportunity for life.
		In the late 1930s other prominent Soviet writers and political figures were imprisoned and executed by Stalin, but it does not seem to be the case that they were able to write literary works in their jail cells.
	www.marxmail.org /bukharin.htm (3026 words)

	Philosophical Arabesques by Nikolai Bukharin \| Excerpt
		This text was written in 1937 in the dark of the night in the depths of the Lubyanka prison in Moscow.
		It was completed in November on the 20th anniversary of the revolution to which its author had given his life, the revolution that was in the process of devouring its own true believers, the revolution that was not only condemning him to death but demanding that he slander his whole life.
		Reading it in his prison cell in Italy, Gramsci still thought that this did not represent a significant change in Bukharin’s tendency to emphasise materialism to the neglect of the dialectic and wrote an extended critique of Bukharin, whom he regarded as the embodiment of a positivistic tendency within marxism.
	www.monthlyreview.org /sheehanxcerpt.htm (5057 words)

	The Cellars
		6/4/05 - We have been advised by a viewer that these pictures may not be of the cellars of the actual Lubyanka Prison.
		We were submitted these pictures by someone currently residing in Russia and claiming them the cellars of the prison.
		Beyond the one picture titled here "Lubyanka Prison" we are certain that none of the others are from the prison.
	www.homestead.com /wintersteel/TheCellars.html (227 words)

	The Russia Project - Radio and Online Stories a Decade After the Soviet Union
		Lubyanka, as it turns out, would be a country club compared to what he faced next.
		She was married to famed political prisoner Yuli Daniel and later became an outspoken Soviet critic in her own right.
		Former political prisoner Sergei Kovalyov is now the sole remaining former dissident in the State Duma (lower house), but he has little power.
	www.russiaproject.org /part2/dissidents/essay.html (1589 words)

	Alexander Solzhenitsyn
		Solzhenitsyn was arrested upon the discovery of these letters and thrown in Lubyanka prison in Moscow.
		In 1950 for the last four years of his sentence he was sent to a "Special Camp" for political prisoners in Ekibastuz in Kazakhstan where he once again worked as a common laborer.
		One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, which told of a prisoner's typical day inside a Soviet labor camp, was a sensation because it admitted for the first time the existence of such camps.
	www.dfn.org /printer_AlexanderSolzhenitsyn.shtml (647 words)

	Uncle Sam Has His Own Gulag Behaving Like The Soviet Secret Police Won't Make America Safer
		Descending dimly lit stairs, I saw some of the KGB's execution and torture cellars, and special "cold rooms" where naked prisoners were beaten, then doused with ice water and slowly frozen.
		Other favoured Lubyanka tortures: Psychological terror, psychotropic drugs, prolonged sleep deprivation, dazzling lights, intense noise, days in pitch flness, isolation, humiliation, constant threats, savage beatings, attacks by guard dogs, near drowning.
		The second Red Cross report was delivered to the White House last summer while it was trying to dismiss the Abu Ghraib prison torture horrors as the crimes of a few rogue jailers.
	www.rense.com /general60/ddul.htm (643 words)

	[No title]
		When victims perished in the Lubyanka, their heart was quickly cut out and sent to medical students for study.
		Records generally indicated that a number of prisoners died of natural causes, perhaps to prepare for future cover-ups on the international scene — or perhaps to attempt cover-ups even back then.
		Playing on the fears of their prisoners, the captors found it convenient to pit friend against friend, in an attempt to gather information.
	www.lulu.com /items/volume_4/166000/166291/4/preview/SwordoftheTurul_3_Excerpts.doc (1269 words)

	American Jewish Committee - The Wallenberg Mystery: Fifty-five Years Later - A New Story
		The document was attributed to a Colonel A. Smoltsov, the head of the prison’s health services.61 It was addressed to Viktor Abakumov, the minister of state security, and was dated July 17, 1947.
		I report that the prisoner Walenberg, who is well-known to you, died suddenly in his cell this night, probably as a result of a heart attack.
		This was the first time Vladimir prison appeared in any official communication dealing with Wallenberg, which may have been due to the fact that that prison was identified as the location of several reported sightings of the Swedish diplomat.
	www.ajc.org /site/apps/nl/content3.asp?c=ijITI2PHKoG&b=848905&ct=1054565 (1861 words)

	The Gulag Study Prepared by The Joint Commission Support Directorate Of The U.S. Russian Joint Commission April 2000 ...
		Other prisoners showed him an American colonel, who looked about 60 years old, was quite tall, broad shouldered, and was a pale man. He wore a quilted jacket and did not converse with other prisoners.
		A Japanese repatriate who was in Khabarovsk Camp #21 from 1950-1953 heard from Soviet Prison guards, prisoners, and laborers in April or May of 1953, that 12-13 Americans from a military plane shot down, by the Soviets were in Khaborovsk prison.
		The witness described the layout of the Vanino Bay transitional prison as consisting of 15 separate zones, each zone containing 00-7000 prisoners, and that the Americans were housed in zone #2.
	www.coalitionoffamilies.org /gulag_study.html (6129 words)

	Review of Bukharin's How It All Began
		It may seem an odd choice for a man in prison, awaiting certain execution, to compose a literary work.
		Larina’s impressions, it should be emphasized, are based on observations of Bukharin before he was imprisoned for a year, awaiting trial and execution.
		Later in her memoir, after Larina herself had been forced to endure prison and interrogation, she explained why she needed to find solace in writing: “The only way to distract myself was the old recourse of composing verses.
	www.laborstandard.org /New_Postings/Bukharin_Review.htm (3088 words)

	Russia, USSR, Dissidents, Torture
		But Lubyanka, it turned out, was a country club compared to what he faced next.
		Tarasov was one of thousands of Soviet political and religious dissidents who faced arbitrary arrests, brutal prison conditions and sometimes torture in the post-Stalin era.
		Former political prisoner Sergei Kovalyov is now the only remaining former dissident in the State Duma, the lower house of parliament, but he has little power.
	www.cdi.org /russia/johnson/5538-1.cfm (1523 words)

	Top Story - Soviet Dissident Ginzburg Dead at 65 - The St.Petersburg_Times. General news from St.Petersburg and Russia -
		He also sought to increase external pressure on the Soviet Union to show more respect for individual rights by smuggling out information about abuses to the West so that it could be broadcast back to the Soviet people by Western radio stations.
		After three issues, Ginzburg was expelled from Moscow University, arrested by the KGB and put in Lubyanka prison.
		Ginzburg's funeral was scheduled for Monday at the Russian memorial cemetery in Sainte-Genevieve des Bois, where many prominent Russians opposed to the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution are buried, Ekho Moskvy radio and TVS television reported.
	home.att.net /~y.fedorov/ginzburg/St_Petersburg_Times.html (546 words)

	stalin's secret pogrom-INTRO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		But because their trial was held in secret and the regime refused to confirm what actually happened for many years, myriad rumors obscured the nature of the case and the identity and number of the defendants.
		Meanwhile, other writers who had also been arrested were either executed or died in prison: in 1950 alone, Der Nister perished in a labor camp, Isaac Nusinov died in Lefortovo prison, and the the Yiddish journalists Samuel Persov and Miriam Zheleznova were shot.
		Except for Lina Shtern, who was sentenced to a term of exile, and Solomon Bregman, who collapsed into a coma during the trial and died in prison in January 1953, the remaining thirteen defendants, including two women, were convicted and sentenced to death; the executions were carried out on August 12.
	www.joshuarubenstein.com /rubenstein/stalinsecret/intro.html (3691 words)

	The KGB: "They still need us" \| thebulletin.org
		Since 1917, when Felix Dzerzhinsky began to build the backbone of the police state at Moscow's Lubyanka Prison, the KGB has amassed vast powers.
		In June, the government announced a "public cleansing" in Lubyanka: the chief of counterintelligence and a number of financial managers were removed.
		To a journalist, the change is obvious--the people at Lubyanka are much calmer; they feel free to shoo the press away, and even to arrest someone who writes for a newspaper, something that would have seemed impossible several years ago.
	www.thebulletin.org /article.php?art_ofn=jf93gevorkian (1376 words)

	AII POW-MIA - The Gulag Study
		The prisoner told the priest that he had recently escaped from North Siberia where he had been held in Bulun Camp #315.
		The witness described the layout of the Vanino Bay transitional prison as consisting of 15 separate zones, each zone containing 5000-7000 prisoners, and that the Americans were housed in zone #2.
		He said all prisoners were moved to Kolyma by the ships: "Felix Dzerzhinski," "Nagin," "Dyurma," and "Dal'stroi." He said that whenever these ships passed by Hokkaido, the crew put on civilian attire so the Japanese would not know they were prison ships.
	www.aiipowmia.com /usg/jcsd2001_gulag.html (6471 words)

	Lubyanka prison - One Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		OneLang.com lets you search a huge database of reference and product information to find relevant, specific information on almost any topic.
		Lubyanka was one of the most infamous NKVD prisons in Soviet Union.
		List of Soviet Union prison sites that detained Poles
	www.onelang.com /encyclopedia/index.php/Lubyanka_prison (80 words)

	20th Century Russian Literature
		Within a year Solzhenitsyn was expelled from the army for writing anti- Stalinist views in his narrative poem, "Prussian Nights." Solzhenitsyn was discharged from the army, and spent time in Lubyanka Prison in Moscow and an eight-year prison term in Butyrki prison.
		After several serving terms in number of other prisons, Solzhenitsyn was taken to Rybinks to continue serving his time in a scientific research institute prison, the subject of First Circle, one of his novels that developed from his personal experience.
		Moreover, it was the beginning of Solzhenitsyn's writing on Soviet prison life.
	community.middlebury.edu /~beyer/courses/ru152s02/authors/solzhenistsyn/bio/index.html (887 words)

	A Soviet Odyssey by Linda Kealy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Suzanne Rosenberg conveys the personal terror of her arrest during the summer of 1950 and her interrogation at Moscow's Lubyanka prison in the opening chapter of her autobiographical memoir: ` ``We know about your subversion against the Soviet state,'' my interrogator Major Porunov said, when I was ushered by the prison guard into his office.
		From the mid-1930s on, Rosenberg watched friends disappear to prison and everyone, including close relatives, became extremely cautious in discussing anything that could be interpreted as disloyal to the state.
		Her own husband, Mikhail, was arrested ten months before she, too, was taken to prison; he died while imprisoned and their only child, Vicky, was looked after by friends and neighbours, who believed neither parent would return.
	www.utpjournals.com /product/chr/724/soviet16.html (683 words)

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