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	[No title]
		By this time Lucas Watzenrode was Bishop of Ermland and he envisaged a church career for both of his nephews.
		His uncle Lucas Watzenrode was still determined that Copernicus should have a career in the Church and indeed this was a profession which would allow security for someone wanting to pursue leaning.
		Lucas Watzenrode died in 1512 and following this Copernicus resumed his duties as canon in the Ermland Chapter at Frauenburg.
	www.astro.princeton.edu /~aes/AST105/Readings/NicolausCopernicus.doc (2615 words)

	Lucas Watzenrode the Younger - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Watzenrode was the son of the trader Lucas Watzenrode the Elder (1400-1462) in the city of Toruń (Thorun).
		This agreement was somehow vague, as shown in the election of the next bishop in 1489, Lucas Watzenrode, who was mitred by Pope Innocent VIII against the explicit wishes of Polish king Casimir IV (1447–1492) who preferred one of his sons, Frederic.
		Watzenrode resisted, and when Casimir died in 1492 and was succeed by Jan I Olbracht, Watzenrode could finally establish the exemption of the bishopric which had been suffragan of the metropolitan see of Riga, at that time led by Michael Hildebrand as Archbishop of Riga.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lucas_Watzenrode_the_Younger (697 words)

	Lucas Watzenrode the Elder - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lucas Watzenrode the Elder (German also Lukas, Polish Łukasz) (1400 – 1462) was a trader in the Hanseatic city of Thorun, father of bishop Lucas Watzenrode the Younger, and grandfather of the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus.
		Watzenrode the Elder was born 1400 in Thorun as child of a German trader family.
		In addition to their son Lucas Watzenrode the Younger, who became bishop of Ermeland and strongly supported the independence of Ermeland, Lucas and his wife Katharina had two daughters who both were married in Thorun, Barbara to Nicolas Koppernigk, Christina to Tideman von Allen.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lucas_Watzenrode_the_Elder (322 words)

	[No title]
		His uncle Lucas Watzenrode, a canon at Frombork Cathedral, became his guardian.
		By this time Lucas Watzenrode was Bishop of Warmia and he envisaged a church career for two of his nephews.
		Lucas Watzenrode died in 1512 and following this Copernicus resumed his duties as canon in the Warmia Chapter.
	www.angelfire.com /scifi2/rsolecki/nicolaus_copernicus.html (1641 words)

	The Galileo Project
		Uncle: Lucas Watzenrode (1447-1512) assumed responsibility for Copernicus after the death of his father.
		He was a churchman, and became Bishop of Varmia (Ermland), one of Prussia's four diocese, in 1489.
		His most important patron by far was his uncle Lucas Watzenrode, who arranged for the canonry at Frauenburg, and appointed Copernicus to a trusted position as his medical advisor for 6 years.
	galileo.rice.edu /Catalog/NewFiles/coprnics.html (498 words)

	Encyclopaedia Britannica entry
		Watzenrode, soon to be bishop of the chapter of Varmia (Warmia), saw to young Nicolaus's education and his future career as a church canon.
		It was during the last years of Watzenrode's life that Copernicus evidently came up with the idea on which his subsequent fame was to rest.
		Copernicus's reputation outside local Polish circles as an astronomer of considerable ability is evident from the fact that in 1514 he was invited to offer his opinion at the church's Fifth Lateran Council on the critical problem of the reform of the calendar.
	www.aam314.vzz.net /EB/Copernicus.html (2698 words)

	Copernicus, Nicolaus Biography \| eorl_03_package.xml
		He was raised in the comfortable circumstances of a wealthy burgher family and was educated at the cathedral school.
		Upon the death of his father in 1583, Copernicus and his younger brother Andreas were taken under the guardianship of their maternal uncle, Canon Lucas Watzenrode, who had been trained in the cosmopolitan humanist atmosphere of Bologna and later was made prince bishop of the Diocese of Warmia.
		Watzenrode had arranged for Copernicus's election to a benefice in the Diocese of Warmia to ensure his nephew's financial independence, and Copernicus returned to Poland to embark upon his duties as a canon of Frombork Cathedral.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/copernicus-nicolaus-eorl-03 (444 words)

	Assigment 3: Paper in HTML (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Nicolas’s father died when he was 10 years old and the four chirldern were taken under guardianship by their uncle Lucas Watzenrode.
		Lucas Watzenrode had the position of a canon, or a clergyman, in the Cathedral of Frauenburg, Poland.
		Lucas always envisioned his two adopted boys perusing a career in the Church, which provided financial stability and the ability to continue education.
	www.personal.psu.edu /students/t/p/tpf124/art002/a5css1.html (884 words)

	NCU - Patron
		After his father's death (1483), his uncle Lucas Watzenrode, who was a canon in the Wloclawek Chapter and later the bishop of Warmia, became guardian to young Nicolaus.
		Copenicus attended the parish school of St. John in Torun, and then was sent by his uncle to the school in Wloclawek.
		In 1496 his uncle Watzenrode sent Nicolaus and his brother to study Law at the University of Bologna.
	www.umk.pl /en/university/patron (949 words)

	Nicolaus Copernicus
		He was ten years of age when his father, a wealthy businessman and copper trader, died.
		Little is known of his mother, Barbara Watzenrode, but she appears to have predeceased her husband.
		His maternal uncle, Lucas Watzenrode, a church canon and later the Prince-Bishop of Warmia, raised him and his three other siblings after the death of Copernicus' father.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/co/Copernicus.html (4246 words)

	Lucas Watzenrode
		Lucas Watzenrode is one of the topics in focus at Global Oneness.
		Copernicus was born in 1473 at Toruń (Thorn) in the Polish province of Royal Prussia.
		Little is known of Copernicus' mother, Barbara Watzenrode, who appears to have predeceased her husband.
	www.experiencefestival.com /lucas_watzenrode (1216 words)

	Olivier THILL. Book review. The Life of Copernicus.
		Lucas Watzenrode, the maternal uncle of Copernicus, is elected Bishop of Warmia.
		There is not a single evidence showing that Lucas Watzenrode, Copernicus’ maternal uncle, was the guardian after the death of his father.
		In 1483, Lucas was very busy with his job, he was younger than the other two uncles of Copernicus, and unlike them, he did not live in Torun.
	members.aol.com /OlivThill/private/copernic.htm (2469 words)

	En las Redes del Tiempo: NICOLAS COPERNICO
		Lucas Watzenrode había sido nombrado Obispo de Ermland y había planeado una carrera eclesiástica para sus dos sobrinos.
		Su tío Lucas Watzenrode aún estaba determinado a que Nicolás hiciera una carrera en la Iglesia, lo que le daría seguridad a alguien que quería continuar aprendiendo.
		El Obsipo Lucas Watzenrode murió en 1512 y su sobrino Nicolás Copérnico, de 39 años, retomó sus deberes como canónigo del Capítulo de Ermland en Frauenburg.
	radiocentro.com.mx /grc/redam.nsf/vwALL/MLOZ-6A2V9T (3182 words)

	Copernicus biography
		His uncle Lucas Watzenrode, who was a canon at Frauenburg Cathedral, became guardian to Nicolaus and Barbara Koppernigk's four children.
		You can see a picture of Lucas Watzenrode.
		He now had more time than before to devote to his study of astronomy, having an observatory in the rooms in which he lived in one of the towers in the town's fortifications.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Biographies/Copernicus.html (3217 words)

	Biografía de Nicolás Copérnico (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Su tío Lucas Watzenrode, que era canónigo en la Catedral de Frauenburg se convirtió en el tutor de los cuatro hijos de Nicolaus y Barbara Koppernigk.
		Su tío Lucas Watzenrode estaba todavía decidido a que Copérnico tuviera una carrera en la Iglesia y de hecho era ésta una profesión que daría seguridad a alguien que perseguía aprender.
		Lucas Watzenrode murió en 1512 y a continuación Copérnico renovó sus deberes como canónigo en el Cabildo de Ermland en Frauenburg.
	ciencia.astroseti.org /matematicas/articulo.php?num=3498 (4561 words)

	Nicolaus Copernicus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Watzenrode war ein humanistisch gebildeter Mann, der die Universitäten zu Krakau, Bologna und Köln besucht hatte.
		Watzenrode beabsichtigte einerseits, seinem jungen Neffen eine gute Ausbildung zu ermöglichen, andererseits war er zugleich daran interessiert, den jungen Copernicus zum Mitglied des Domkapitels zu machen, um in Frauenburg den Einfluß der deutschritterfreundlichen Kräfte zurückzudrängen.
		Watzenrode schickte ihn daher zunächst auf die polnische Landesuniversität nach Krakau, wo er unter anderem auch noch Astronomie, Mathematik, aristotelische Philosophie und lateinische Literatur studierte.
	members.aol.com /Kglrat2/Kop-Lebenslauf.html (1574 words)

	Nicolaus Copernicus
		In 1501 he began medical studies at the University of Padua, and finally took his Law degree at the small University of Ferrara in 1503.
		In 1497, while still in Italy, he was made Canon of the Frombork [Frauenberg] cathedral by his maternal uncle and protector Lucas Watzenrode, bishop of Varmia.
		This provided Copernicus with a a secure and relatively renumerative position which he held to the end of his life, allowing him the freedom to pursue his interest in astronomy.
	www.hao.ucar.edu /Public/education/bios/copernicus2.html (239 words)

	Nicolaus Copernicus - Father of Modern Astronomy - Astronomy
		Born in Poland, Copernicus was the youngest of four children--two boys and two girls.
		When Copernicus was 10, his father died, and Copernicus’s uncle, Lucas Watzenrode, a canon at Frauenburg Cathedral, became guardian to the four children.
		In 1488, Copernicus’s uncle sent him to the cathedral school of Wloclawek, and after three years he went on to the University of Krakow.
	www.bellaonline.com /articles/art40794.asp (662 words)

	Nicolaus Copernicus (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Nicolaus Copernicus was born on 19 February 1473, the youngest of four children of Nicolaus Copernicus, Sr., a well-to-do merchant who had moved to Torun from Cracow, and Barbara Watzenrode, the daughter of a leading merchant family in Torun.
		The father died in 1483, and the children's maternal uncle, Lucas Watzenrode (1447-1512), took them under his protection.
		Watzenrode was a very successful cleric — he was to become bishop of Warmia (Ermland in German) in 1489 — and he both facilitated his nephew's advancement in the church and directed his education.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/copernicus (5039 words)

	Salem Press
		His father, also named Mikołaj (Nicolaus) Kopernik, was an immigrant from Kraków who married a daughter of a prominent burgher family, Barbara Watzenrode, and, like other Thorn merchants, prospered from the exchange of Hanseatic goods for the wheat, cattle, and other produce of Poland.
		Their guardianship, however, fell to their uncle, Bishop Lucas Watzenrode of Ermland (Warmia), who was best able to provide for them a future in church administration.
		A university education being indispensable to holding church offices, Bishop Lucas sent the boys to study first in Kraków, then in Italy.
	salempress.com /Store/samples/great_lives_from_history_renaissance/great_lives_from_history_renaissance_nicolaus.htm (2182 words)

	Warmia Biography,info
		After the Polish army moved out of Warmia, the new Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, Heinrich von Plauen the Elder, accused the bishop of treachery and reconquered the region.
		Warmia was under the church jurisdiction of the Archbishopric of Riga until 1512, when Prince-Bishop Lucas Watzenrode received exempt status, placing Warmia directly under the authority of the Pope.
		The Second Treaty of Toruń (Thorn) in 1466 removed Warmia from the control of the Teutonic Knights and placed it under the sovereignty of the king of Poland as part of the province of Royal Prussia, with several privileges though.
	www.danceage.com /biography/sdmc_Warmia (1155 words)

	Nicolaus Copernicus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		He was years of age when his father a businessman and copper trader died.
		His maternal uncle Lucas Watzenrode a church canon and later the Prince-Bishop governor of Warmia raised him and his three other after the death of Copernicus' father.
		A sister Barbara became a Benedictine nun and the other sister Katharina a businessman and city councillor Barthel Gertner.
	www.freeglossary.com /Nicolas_Copernicus (4509 words)

	War of the Priests - Military Event - German Archive: The War of the Priests (1478-1479, German: Pfaffenkrieg) was a ...
		The bishop acknowleged the sovereignity of the Polish King over Warmia, obliged the chapter to elect only candidates 'liked by the Polish King' and the Warmians had to pledge an oath of loyalty to him.
		However, 10 years later, the election of the next bishop, Lucas Watzenrode the Younger revived conflicts between Warmia's chapter and Casimir IV.
		The Prince-Bishopric of Warmia in church organisation matters received exempt status, under directly authorisation of the pope, resisting attempts to subordinate it by the archbishopry of Gnesen.
	www.germannotes.com /archive/article.php?products_id=562&osCsid=3ff1d3d9fd0157586079ece6e2045eea (488 words)

	Lucas Watzenrode - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lucas Watzenrode the Elder (1400-1462), trader in Toruń (Thorn), father of Lucas Watzenrode the Younger, grandfather of Nicolaus Copernicus
		Lucas Watzenrode the Younger (1447-1512), bishop of Warmia, uncle of Nicolaus Copernicus
		This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lucas_Watzenrode (94 words)

	WATZENRODE, Lucas
		Der König hatte 1492 vor, den Watzenrode mit Waffen des Amtes zu entheben.
		Der nächste König Jan Olbracht nahm Watzenrode den Treueid ab und machte ihn zum nahen Berater.
		Lahn 1941, 412; - J. Papritz, Die Nachfahrentafel des Lucas Watzenrode, in: Kopernikus-Forschungen, hrsg.
	www.bautz.de /bbkl/w/watzenrode.shtml (1208 words)

	Explore - Part 23
		He must have been positively affected by the atmosphere pervading Torun at the end of the 15th century, where affluence, reverence for true knowledge, adoration for beauty and appreciation of the audacity of human initiatives prevailed.
		Nicolaus Copernicus [Mikolaj Kopernik] probably began his education in the school of the parish Church of SS Johns, where Lucas Watzenrode, Nicolaus' uncle and protector was the rector.
		The school was located in a today's Ul.
	www.poloniatoday.com /explore23.htm (1457 words)

	nicolaus copenicus information,nicolaus copernicus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Little is known of hismother, Barbara Watzenrode, but she appears to have predeceased her husband.
		His maternal uncle, Lucas Watzenrode, a church canon and later the Prince-Bishop governor of Warmia,raised him and his three other siblings after the death of Copernicus' father.
		A sister, Barbara, became a Benedictine nun and the other sister, Katharina, married a businessman and city councillor, BarthelGertner.
	www.vsearchmedia.com /nicolaus_copenicus.html (4481 words)

	SAM-C
		Father: Unknown; Luca Casseri, humble and quite poor.
		Education: University of Padua; M.D., Ph.D. Enrolled in the Facolta Artista and received his doctorate in medicine and philosophy at Padua in 1580.
		He studied under Vesalius, Colombo, Guido Guidi, and Luca Ghini.
	web.clas.ufl.edu /users/rhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Home/resource-ref-read/major-minor-ind/westfall-dsb/SAM-C.htm (17303 words)

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