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Topic: Lucifer cipher

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Lucifer cipher

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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Feistel network (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In cryptography, a Feistel cipher is a block cipher with a particular structure, named after IBM cryptographer Horst Feistel; it is also commonly known as a Feistel network.
		Many modern symmetric block ciphers are based on Feistel networks, and the structure and properties of Feistel ciphers have been extensively explored by cryptographers.
		Unbalanced Feistel ciphers use a modified structure where L0 and R0 are not of equal lengths.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Feistel-network (553 words)

	Lucifer (cipher) - Definition, explanation
		In cryptography, Lucifer was the name given to several of the earliest civilian block ciphers, developed by Horst Feistel and his colleagues at IBM.
		Lucifer was a direct precursor to the Data Encryption Standard.
		A later Lucifer was a 16-round Feistel network, also on 128-bit blocks and 128-bit keys, described in (Sorkin, 1984).
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/l/lu/lucifer__cipher_.php (569 words)

	SSH - Support - Cryptography A-Z - Algorithms - Secret Key Cryptosystems
		OFB (output feedback): the cipher is used as a synchronous key-stream generator, whose output is XORed with the plaintext to obtain ciphertext, block by block.
		The Vernam cipher (invented by G. Vernam in 1917) is a famous instance of an OTP.
		In the block cipher case the permutation is generated by the secret key and the key space might not cover all the possible permutations.
	www.ssh.fi /support/cryptography/algorithms/symmetric.html (3707 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Lars Knudsen
		Lars Ramkilde Knudsen (born February 21, 1962) is a Danish researcher in cryptography, particularly interested in the design and analysis of block ciphers, hash functions and message authentication codes (MACs).
		Serpent is a symmetric key block cipher which was a finalist in the Advanced Encryption Standard contest, where it came second to Rijndael.
		Lars Ramkilde Knudsen (born February 21, 1962) is a Danish researcher in cryptography, particularly the design and analysis of block ciphers, hash functions and message authentication codes (MACs).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Lars-Knudsen (1341 words)

	:: a brief history ::
		Cipher systems prevailed, however, for military communications except for high-command communications because of the difficulty of protecting codebooks from capture or compromise in the field.
		Although the use of frequency analysis for solving substitution ciphers was begun many years earlier, Shannon's analysis demonstrates several important features of the statistical nature of language that make the solution to nearly all previous ciphers very straight forward.
		This was a cipher which performed a substitution (through a keyed array), fractionation and then transposition of the letter fractions.
	www.thawte.com /cryptochallenge/html/popups/briefHistory.html (5184 words)

	SSH - Support - Cryptography A-Z - Algorithms - Secret Key Cryptosystems
		OFB (output feedback): the cipher is used as a synchronous key-stream generator, whose output is XORed with the plaintext to obtain ciphertext, block by block.
		The Vernam cipher (invented by G. Vernam in 1917) is a famous instance of an OTP.
		In the block cipher case the permutation is generated by the secret key and the key space might not cover all the possible permutations.
	www.ssh.com /support/cryptography/algorithms/symmetric.html (3707 words)

	History of Cryptography and Secrecy Systems
		In the case of a substitution cipher, the algorithm would be replacing plain text letters with cipher text letters and the key would be the actual cipher text alphabet.
		The strength of the cipher lies in the fact that a single letter can be represented in several different ways because 26 distinct alphabets are used and this poses a challenge to traditional frequency analysis techniques.
		Folllowing the decryption of the Zimmerman note during World War I and the effects that weak ciphers had on the war's outcome, Germany was looking for "the unbreakable cipher" and was interested in leveraging automation and the use of machinery to replace traditional paper and pencil techniques.
	www.dsm.fordham.edu /~mathai/crypto.html (2428 words)

	LUCIFER: the first block cipher
		An article in Scientific American discussed plans for LUCIFER on a more general level, and described what was essentially a different kind of block cipher.
		LUCIFER enciphered blocks of 128 bits, and it used a 128-bit key.
		The F-function in LUCIFER had a high degree of symmetry, and could be implemented in terms of operations on one byte of the right half of the message at a time.
	www.quadibloc.com /crypto/co0401.htm (507 words)

	[No title]
		A product cipher is a block cipher that iterates several weak operations such as substitution, transposition, modular addition/multiplication, and linear transformation.
		The so-called Feistel ciphers are a class of product ciphers which operate on one half of the ciphertext at each round, and then swap the ciphertext halves after each round.
		For example, the cipher must be nonlinear, and it must produce ciphertext which functionally depends on every bit of the plaintext and the key.
	members.tripod.com /~epiclord/cr05.html (2688 words)

	The Computer Era
		The era of computers and electronics has meant an unprecedented freedom for cipher designers to use elaborate designs which would be far too prone to error if handled by pencil and paper, or far too expensive to implement in the form of an electromechanical cipher machine.
		Whether or not shift registers with nonlinear feedback were used in actual cipher machines, shift registers of that type with a guaranteed long period do exist.
		As a block cipher obtains its strength from operating on a large group of bits of fixed size, it belongs to the class of polygraphic ciphers, such as Playfair.
	www.quadibloc.com /crypto/comp04.htm (334 words)

	Learn more about Lucifer cipher in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Lucifer was a cryptographic algorithm developed by Horst Feistel at IBM.
		Lucifer had a 128-bit key and operated on 128-bit blocks.
		Weakened by a 56-bit key and 64-bit block, but strengthened against differential cryptanalysis, it became the Data Encryption Standard in 1977.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /l/lu/lucifer_cipher.html (149 words)

	Lucifer (cipher) at AllExperts
		In cryptography, Lucifer was the name given to several of the earliest civilian block ciphers, developed by Horst Feistel and his colleagues at IBM.
		Lucifer was a direct precursor to the Data Encryption Standard.
		A later Lucifer was a 16-round Feistel network, also on 128-bit blocks and 128-bit keys, described in (Sorkin, 1984).
	en.allexperts.com /e/l/lu/lucifer_(cipher).htm (639 words)

	Lucifer (cipher) - CompWisdom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		DES is the archetypal block cipher — an algorithm that takes a fixed-length string of plaintext bits and transforms it through a series of complicated operations into another ciphertext bitstring of the same length.
		DES was based on the Lucifer cipher and after some particularly controversial changes to the algorithm mandated by NSA (including the changing the contents of some of the algorithm's eight substitution boxes (s-boxes) and the reduction of key size from 128 bits to 56 bits) was chosen to be the U.S. Data Encryption Standard.
		Anyway, keep in mind: the difference between lucifer and cryptoBaits is (for both yield as a result a shuffling of the text) that lucifer shuffles the existing input text, as opposite to cryptoBaits which adds characters to it, and then invokes lucifer to shuffle the overall amount (original text plus baits, that is).
	www.compwisdom.com /topics/Lucifer-cipher (1951 words)

	programming projects in cryptography
		This project is simpler; it is to construct a cipher on the 2 by 2 Rubik's cube.
		The purpose of this project is to do a thorough statistical study of different types of ciphers - both at the character and at the bit level - to attempt to develop signatures for different categories of ciphers e.g.
		You are the to take the second Zodiac cipher (unsolved) and translate it to alphabetic characters then analyze it using some of the tools on our web site and any other tools that you might want to use.
	www.cs.umbc.edu /~stephens/crypto/PROJECTS/project1.html (6526 words)

	[10.0] Digital Ciphers & Public-Key Cryptography
		A block cipher involves breaking up the stream into a set of blocks, and then scrambling each block, as opposed to a stream cipher, which encrypts the entire file in a continuous, bit-by-bit, fashion.
		Traditional ciphers involve a single key, which is used to both encrypt and decrypt a message, and as mentioned computer block ciphers use a key that is a pattern of randomly-chosen bits.
		What makes public key ciphers different is that they have two keys, one that is "public", available to anyone, that can be used to encipher a message; and one that is "private", known only to one person, that can be used to decipher a message.
	www.vectorsite.net /ttcode_10.html (6555 words)

	Encryption Algorithm
		If a cipher, such as the Hagelin machine, or the Vernam two-tape system, and allows the use of more key than is needed to achieve a given level of security, one can use the constructs to achieve a fairly high level of security.
		A block cipher with a 128-bit block is used to generate the stepping bits; it operates once for every two 64-bit blocks enciphered, its output being used a half at a time.
		As that cipher is not exposed to view, even one with weaknesses with respect to differential cryptanalysis could be used, such as the original LUCIFER cipher.
	www.faena.com /Algorithm.htm (2441 words)

	CME's Cryptography Timeline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		He invented a steganographic cipher in which each letter was represented as a word taken from a succession of columns.
		This cipher uses a keyed array of letters to make a digraphic cipher which is easy to use in the field.
		It was a practical public-key cipher for both confidentiality and digital signatures, based on the difficulty of factoring large numbers.
	world.std.com /~cme/html/timeline.html (3709 words)

	Cryptographic Algorithms: Block and Stream Ciphers, Hash Algorithms. Kremlin Encrypt Security Software: Encrypt and ...
		Lucifer is often considered to be a precursor to DES.
		A paper on the differential cryptanlysis of Lucifer was written by Ishai Ben-Aroya and Eli Biham.
		The cipher has a variable block and key length, and the authors have demonstrated how to extend the block length and key length by multiples of 32 bits.
	kremlinencrypt.com /algorithms.htm (3164 words)

	Ciphers By Ritter: Cryptography and Technology
		Extremely large blocks can be ciphered almost as fast (per byte) as smaller blocks, thus possibly avoiding CBC chaining, and providing room for authentication and dynamic keying fields.
		A block cipher based on transposition, using stream cipher techniques, generates a perfect secrecy transformation on a block-by-block basis.
		An 8-bit cipher model which uses keyed 4-bit tables is presented to explore the strength of the structure.
	www.ciphersbyritter.com (5134 words)

	[No title]
		Abstract With the recent development of a number of new ciphers, especially block ciphers, there is a need for a set of tools to help analyse them, in order to obtain some comparative measure of their relative security, and to assist in identifying any shortcomings in their design.
		There are two broad catagories of tools used in analysing ciphers: statistical tests, which analyse the statistical properti* es of a stream of bits; and structural tests; which analyse some aspects of a ciphers* structure.
		As such, they are specific to each cipher (or perhaps a family of ciphers with an identical structure save for variations in some permutation blocks), and need to be rewritten for each new cipher.
	www.unsw.adfa.edu.au /~lpb/papers/sec91.txt (3018 words)

	1900 BC
		The cipher itself, ATBASH, is very similar to the substitution cipher.
		The specific cipher they used was strong enough for the time to ensure security of communications.
		These ciphers became progressively more complicated, but the French were always up to the challenge, constantly figuring out what messages said.
	library.thinkquest.org /28005/flashed/timemachine/timeline.shtml (2016 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		In cryptography, a Feistel cipher is a block cipher with a symmetric structure, named after IBM cryptographer Horst Feistel; it is also commonly known as a Feistel network.
		Specifically, Michael Luby and Charles Rackoff analyzed the Feistel block cipher construction, and proved that if the round function is a cryptographically secure pseudorandom function, with K
		used as the seed, then 3 rounds is sufficient to make the block cipher a pseudorandom permutation, while 4 rounds is sufficient to make it a "strong" pseudorandom permutation (which means that it remains pseudorandom even to an adversary who gets oracle access to its inverse permutation).
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Feistel_network (598 words)

	Differential Cryptanalysis: A Literature Survey
		The first example of a DES-like cryptosystem was Lucifer, the direct predecessor of DES, which is still believed by many people to be much more secure than DES, since it has 128 key bits, and since no attacks against (the full variant of) Lucifer were ever reported in the cryptographic literature.
		The complexity of differential cryptanalysis depends on the size of the largest entry in the XOR table, the total number of zeros in the XOR table, and the number of nonzero entries in the first column of that table [1], [3].
		The complexity of differential cryptanalysis depends on the size of the largest entry in the XOR table, the total number of zeros in the XOR table, and the number of nonzero entries in the first column in that table [1], [8].
	www.ciphersbyritter.com /RES/DIFFANA.HTM (4246 words)

	Paper Outline – Encryption
		This class of cipher was not broken until the 1800’s.
		This was reincarnated and used in WW-II by the US Navy as the Strip Cipher, M-138-A. William Frederick Friedman began work as a cryptanalyst for the U.S. government.
		A block cipher accepts a predefined quantity, or space, to be encrypted.
	students.cec.wustl.edu /~sam1/Encryption.htm (4274 words)

	lucifer - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Lucifer, lucifer : Encarta® World English Dictionary, North American Edition [home, info]
		Lucifer, Lucifer : The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy [home, info]
		LUCIFER : Glossary of Biblical English of the Authorised Version of the HOLY BIBLE [home, info]
	www.onelook.com /?w=lucifer (372 words)

	JS: Crypto: « Lucifer » style cryptology (Javascript)
		The codes for lucifer, the script which shuffles a crypt text and can then rebuild it, and cryptoBaits which adds baits to a cipher and is able to remove them later without being fooled.
		lucifer with the argument set to rebuild the order (all the orders in these shufflings are built deriving them from the keyword which is passed upon invocation -and if none is passed a default is assigned.
		Moreover, if this width cannot divide the length of the message, it gets automatically decreased so after all setting it to 1 should be the wiser and safer move (also considering that would make no sense to shuffle chips 10 chars long, for instance, since shuffling is meant to prevent revealing symmetries to appear.
	www.unitedscripters.com /scripts/crypto3.html (1479 words)

	Timeline of Cryptography Development from CryptoBuddy.com
		This class of code/cipher was to remain in general use among diplomats and some civilians for the next four-hundred fifty years in spite of the fact stronger ciphers being invented in the meantime, possibly because of its relative convenience.
		This class of cipher was apparently not broken until the nineteenth century.
		Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort's cipher, a variant of what is called Vigenère, was published by his brother, after the admiral's death in the form of a four by five inch card.
	www.cryptostick.com /cryptographytimeline.php (4853 words)

	How NSA Battled Crypto Competition
		Led by Horst Feistel, the research group concluded its work in 1971 with the development of a cipher code-named Lucifer, which it promptly sold to Lloyd's of London for use in a cash-dispensing system that IBM had developed.
		The "key" to the cipher was a long string of "bits" -- 0's and 1's -- the combination of which would vary from user to user just as the grooves in front-door keys will vary from neighbor to neighbor.
		Like the door key going into the lock, the cipher key goes into a series of eight "S-boxes," actually supercomplex mathematical formulas that, when combined with the particular key, transform intelligible data into indecipherable bits-and then perform the reverse magic on the other end.
	cryptome.sabotage.org /nsa-v-all.htm (9142 words)

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