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	Ludlow massacre - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ludlow massacre was the death of about 20 people during an attack by the Colorado National Guard on a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners and their families, at Ludlow, Colorado on April 20, 1914.
		Colorado's legislature had passed certain laws to improve the condition of the mines and towns, including the outlawing of the use of scrip, but these laws were poorly enforced.
		This conflict, called the Colorado Coalfield War, was the most violent labor conflict in US history; the reported death toll ranged from 69, in the Colorado government report, to 199 in the investigation ordered by John D. Rockefeller Jr..
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ludlow_Massacre (2846 words)

	Rebel Graphics :: ludlow_mexico
		The destruction of the Ludlow statues can be understood as part of the climate of intolerance and xenophobia that has permeated significant sectors of American society.
		Ludlow is 3 hours south of Denver and some 20 kilometers north of Trinidad, in the state of Colorado.
		It is important that the workers of Ludlow also be remembered in the Mexican unions as a stand against intolerance, and in demand of workers' rights; such an opportunity will present itself in 2004, on the 90th anniversary of the massacre.
	www.rebelgraphics.org /ludlow_mexico.html (2051 words)

	Ludlow Monument - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ludlow Monument is a granite memorial erected at Ludlow, Colorado in 1918 to honor the victims of the Ludlow massacre.
		The Monument was damaged by persons unknown in 2003 with the heads and arms of the statue figures cut and removed, but has undergone repair.
		The repaired monument was unveiled at the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) annual Ludlow ceremony on June 5, 2005.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ludlow_Monument (142 words)

	kevinludlow.com - What's in a name?
		Roger Ludlow (1590-1664) was one of the founders of the colony (later the state) of Connecticut.
		Ludlow also wrote about his travels across America on the overland stage to San Francisco, Yosemite and the forests of California and Oregon, in his second book, The Heart of the Continent.
		Frederick Ludlow (born 1796, date of death unknown) was an early colonial settler in Western Australia.
	www.kevinludlow.com /name.html (576 words)

	Colorado History Pages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		For thousands of years the area now called "Colorado" was inhabited by various Indian tribes such as the Arapahoe, the Utes, and the "Anasazi" (Ancestral Pueblo).
		The settlers were often brutal with the Native Americans who lived in Colorado, forcing them off of land, raping Indian women, and plundering the environment from which Indians made their livelihood.
		In the 1970s, Colorado enjoyed another boom, when the national energy crisis inflated demand for the state's coal and oil industries.
	spot.colorado.edu /~dylan/History.htm (1341 words)

	The Militant - July 10, 2000 -- Unionists mark Ludlow massacre, today's battles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		At least half the participants came from Pueblo, Colorado, where 1,000 workers from United Steelworkers of America (USWA) locals 2102 and 3267 have been involved in a fight with Oregon Steel to get their jobs back for the past 33 months.
		Also present were miners from southern Colorado and northern New Mexico, many of whom have faced layoffs and mine closings in the last few years.
		On the morning of April 20, 1914, Colorado National Guard troops opened fire on a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners and their families at Ludlow.
	www.themilitant.com /2000/6427/642753.html (478 words)

	Rebel Graphics :: ludlow_garycoxaccount
		This isolated 40 acres, which had been the Ludlow tent colony site, was purchased by the United Mine Workers of America in 1917 and this monument was built next to the "fl hole" to memorialize the tragic 1913-1914 U.M.W.A. strike.
		The Ludlow tent colony was the largest of several tent colonies spaced strategically to block the canyons leading up into the Sangre de Cristo mountains where the coal mines were located.
		Ludlow is 12 miles north of Trinidad, Colorado, and a 3 hour drive south of Denver.
	www.rebelgraphics.org /ludlow_garycoxaccount.html (1117 words)

	Massacre: Photos & Stories
		With an appearance that prompted her friends to call her "Mother," Jones had become one of the most unlikely, yet fiery and outspoken leaders of the American labor movement.
		In late October of 1913, a band of armed strikers attacked a trainload of deputies near Ludlow.
		A strange and uneasy calm settled over Southern Colorado as the state struggled with one of the worst winters in years.
	www.kued.org /productions/fire/photos_stories/massacre.html (1936 words)

	[No title]
		"This was the Colorado coal strike that began in September 1913 and culminated in the 'Ludlow Massacre' of April 1914.
		At Colorado Springs, three hundred union miners walked off their jobs and headed for the Trinidad district, carrying revolvers, rifles, shotguns.
		On the morning that the bodies were discovered in the tent pit at Ludlow, American warships were attacking Vera Cruz, a city on the coast of Mexico--bombarding it, occupying it, leaving a hundred Mexicans dead--because Mexico had arrested American sailors and refused to apologize to the United States with a twenty-one gun salute.
	www.spunk.org /texts/places/us/sp000937.txt (1146 words)

	In the Hot Seat: Rockefeller Testifies on Ludlow
		After the “Ludlow massacre,” as it came to be known, the commission held public hearings in Colorado where they heard horror stories about the brutality and rapacity of the Rockefeller-owned Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, the region’s largest operator of coal mines.
		The whole purpose of the day’s examination was to connect the action and policy of the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company before, during, and since the strike in 1913 with the Rockefellers, father and son.
		Rockefeller himself spoke of the affair as the “Ludlow Massacre,” and said in extenuation of the deaths that the evidence seemed to show that many lost their lives from being smothered, rather than shot.
	historymatters.gmu.edu /d/5735 (4370 words)

	Ludlow Massacre on the Santa Fe Trail National Scenic and Historic Byway Mountain Branch
		Officials with the companies on the other hand, claimed it would not be in their interest to negotiate such concerns with union representatives, claiming they did not recognize the UMW as an official negotiating body.
		On April 20, 1914, while the militia officer in charge of Company B and the leader of the Ludlow colony were meeting to discuss a particular matter, a number of Company B troopers- as instructed by superiors- located themselves atop Water Tank Hill, just south of Ludlow.
		The effects of the strike, and equally the effect of what occurred at Ludlow, encouraged state and federal lawmakers to pass legislation, that in the long run, would allow working men and women deserved dignity and respect.
	www.santafetrailscenicandhistoricbyway.org /ludlow.html (1449 words)

	The Militant - June 27, 2005 -- Utah miners’ union fight prominent at Colorado event (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The UMWA originally erected the Ludlow monument in 1918 in memory of the victims of the massacre, many of whom were miners of Italian or Greek origin.
		At the time of their struggle, the fatality rate in Colorado mines was sky high with scores of miners dying every year.
		The evening before the event, a public program was held at Colorado State University at Pueblo, featuring various groups and individuals from universities, historical societies, and conservatories who came together to help the UMWA restore the Ludlow monument.
	www.themilitant.com /2005/6924/692401.html (1088 words)

	Summer 2001 Ludlow Massacre Archaeology Field School
		The 2001 Colorado Coal Field War Archaeological Field School is a joint collaboration between the University of Denver, Fort Lewis College, and the State University of New York at Binghamton.
		The Ludlow Tent Colony is located 15 miles north of Trinidad, Colorado (map of area).
		On the morning of April 20, 1914 Colorado National Guard troops opened fire on a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners and their families at Ludlow, Colorado.
	www.du.edu /anthro/ludlow.html (1182 words)

	Colorado Coal Mining (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Daughter of a dairyman in Ludlow, Colorado recalls selling milk to coal miners in Hastings, and Delauga, Colorado; seeing, in Cedar Hills, Colorado the body of Louis Tikas displayed during the strike of 1913; activities of the militia and regular army at that time.
		Daughter of a Colorado Fuel and Iron Company official briefly relates the fear of murder and kidnapping felt by her family in Trinidad, Colorado during the 1914 strike, miners’ problems, management’s lack of concern, and conduct of militia toward strikers.
		A native of Aveyton, Colorado describes early childhood experiences; the decision for her to marry and her ten—day honeymoon harvesting wheat; homesteading; making wooden, prop beams for the coal mines; the area’s Los Penitentes religious movement, and the status of the local Catholic church.
	coph.fullerton.edu /colorado_coal_mining.htm (773 words)

	We're Coming Colorado (Ludlow Massacre)(Frank J. Hayes)
		The Ludlow massacre was part of the 1913-14 strike of eleven thousand miners in southern Colorado.
		Colorado at that time had the highest coal-mine fatality rate in the world.
		They had often sought to strike as means of redressing their grievances but had desisted on advice of the international union, whose officers had hoped that the powerful coal corporations might agree to collective bargaining.
	www.fortunecity.com /tinpan/parton/2/werecomi.html (538 words)

	Massacre at Ludlow: Prelude
		Thus read the New York Times headline about the Ludlow Massacre--the shooting, burning, and killing that took place in the coal fields of Ludlow, Colorado, on April 20, 1914.
		In southern Colorado, early in the twentieth century, the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company (CF&I), and the smaller mining companies that followed its lead, dominated the economic, political, and social life of miners they employed.
		The Ludlow colony, by far the largest, housed close to a thousand men, women, and children.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/labor_history/18791 (311 words)

	On-line Papers
		Focusing on the Ludlow archaeology project, this paper discusses the relationship between the archaeology of working people, the Mythic West, and the living presence of alternative histories.
		Using coal mining in Southern Colorado as a case study, I argue for a class-based understanding of the workplace.
		To understand how the memories of the Ludlow Massacre are kept alive, we surveyed visitors at Ludlow and at a nearby local history museum.
	www.sonic.net /~mkwalker/Papers/paper_graveyard.htm (909 words)

	Villa La Font
		When Fitz Hugh Ludlow visited Colorado gathering data for his well-known volume “The Heart of the Continent” it was his good fortune to tarry for awhile at the foot of Pikes peak, indulging in the exquisite luxuries of the scenery and gratifying his taste and thirst with the carbonated waters of the springs Fountaine-qui-Bouille.
		Says Ludlow, reviewing the efficacy of these waters and looking into the future: “These springs are very highly estimated among settlers of this region for their virtues in the cure of rheumatism, all coetaneous diseases, and the special class for which the practitioners’ sole dependence has hitherto been mercury.
		The organization is to be known as the Fountain colony of Colorado, to have two thirds of the lands purchased at actual cost price and all profits made by the colony in these lands are to be devoted to general improvements.
	pages.prodigy.net /jeffchristlieb/jeff/Lafont.htm (1831 words)

	MonthlyFeature
		Ludlow, Being the Report of the Special Board of Officers Appointed by the Governor of Colorado to Investigate and Determine the Facts with Reference to the Armed Conflict Between the Colorado National Guard and Certain Persons Engaged in the Coal Mining Strike at Ludlow, Colorado April 30, 1914.
		Militarism in Colorado: Report of the Committee Appointed at the Suggestion of the Governor of Colorado to Investigate the conduct of the Colorado Nation Guard During the Coal Strike of 1913-1914.
		Buried Unsung: Louis Tikas and the Ludlow Massacre.
	www.holtlaborlibrary.org /ludlow.html (693 words)

	The Sociopathy of the Rockefellers and the Ludlow Massacre of 1914
		The Sociopathy of the Rockefellers and the Ludlow Massacre of 1914
		The mines in Colorado were not as profitable as other business operations, and this creates an appearance that they were not monitored, not as closely watched, as other more important properties.
		Ludlow mine workers were Slave-race types, of lesser importance than the mules used in the mines.
	ecosyn.us /Bush-Hitler/Ludlow_Massacre/Remington_Arms.htm (3441 words)

	Colorado, 17 September 1913
		The Colorado miners' strike of 1913-14 is one of the most important industrial conflicts in American working class history.
		Safety concerns were routinely ignored in the Colorado coalfield, which had the worst safety record in the US, which in turn had the worst in the world.
		The Ludlow massacre provoked an armed insurrection throughout the coalfield with the UMWA openly arming its members and supporters for war.
	pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk /sr222/newsing.htm (1138 words)

	The Bush Administration's War on Labor
		On the morning of April 20th, 1914, near Ludlow, Colorado, the Colorado National Guard used machine guns to attack a tent colony made up mostly of striking coal miners' families.
		The Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, which employed most of the striking miners, changed its entire labor policy to prevent the need for military intervention in subsequent labor disputes.
		The men, women and children who died at Ludlow sacrificed their lives for the good of every American, just like the soldiers who have fought in our country's wars.
	www.hnn.us /articles/1659.html (892 words)

	Suite101.com: the curious reader's destination for art & science, mind & body, home & abroad: read, respond, relate.
		Militiamen and guards had set fire to the Ludlow (Colorado) Tent Colony, where striking miners and their families lived.
		James Fyler, secretary of the Ludlow union, also was murdered after he was captured by the militia.
		The day before the massacre, Greek residents of the Ludlow Tent Colony celebrated their Easter, and in the afternoon men, women, and children watched and cheered as striking miners competed in a baseball game.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/labor_history/19494 (402 words)

	Appendix A- Rod Rogers & Wayne Horman- Papers- Headwaters 11- Archives- Headwaters Project- Western State College ...
		The Rockefeller acquisition of Colorado Fuel and Iron Company in 1903 was to be a fateful one for Louis Tikas and his fellow workers at Ludlow a decade later.
		Colorado Governor Ammons on October 31 sent the National Guard--a thousand troops under the command of union-hater General John Chase--into the strike district.
		Mother Jones [who had come to Colorado to assist the miners] was arrested and held incommunicado for twenty days, with two armed sentries posted outside her prison door....
	www.western.edu /headwaters/archives/headwaters11_papers/horman_rogers_A.html (9031 words)

	[No title]
		Union leaders were instrumental in promulgating and the idea that Ludlow was a “massacre” and for ascribing blame for the fiasco to greedy, callous and corrupt coalmine owners.
		The mine operators’ initial responses to Ludlow were to seek the sympathetic support of Denver’s major business leaders and to organize an advertising boycott against the Rocky Mountain News and Denver Express.
		Historians can only speculate whether the ‘Ludlow Massacre’ would be such a celebrated event if it had not been for the effectiveness of the union in promoting its cause and bumbling manner in which the coal operators and John D. Rockefeller Jr.
	lamar.colostate.edu /~pr/LudlowChaosControversy0404.doc (1602 words)

	ludlow.htm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The coal miners in Colorado and other western states had been trying to join the UMWA for many years.
		They were bitterly opposed by the coal operators, led by the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company.
		The massacre occurred in a carefully planned attack on the tent colony by Colorado militiamen, coal company guards, and thugs hired as private detectives and strike breakers.
	www.iamawlodge1426.org /ludlow.htm (308 words)

	American Experience \| The Rockefellers \| Special Features \| The Ludlow Massacre
		All mineworkers are hereby notified that a strike of all the coal miners and coke oven workers in Colorado will begin on Tuesday, September 23, 1913 … We are striking for improved conditions, better wages, and union recognition.
		You are fighting a good fight, which is not only in the interest of your own company but of other companies of Colorado and of the business interests of the entire country and of the laboring classes quite as much.
		The Ludlow camp is a mass of charred debris, and buried beneath it is a story of horror imparalleled [sic] in the history of industrial warfare.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/rockefellers/sfeature/sf_8.html (1100 words)

	The Ludlow legacy
		On the west side are the statues of a man and a woman with a child sitting on her lap.
		That's why Ludlow was so frightening to the mine owners, according to the late Barron B. Beshoar, author of Out of the Depths, the union version of the Ludlow Massacre.
		Colorado Millennium 2000 is a yearlong project by the Denver Rocky Mountain News, NEWS4 and the Colorado Historical Society
	www.denver-rmn.com /millennium/0629mile.shtml (950 words)

	Tour Day 3 - Colorado to Kansas. Roadside America
		Colorado US 50 cuts through Canon City, like an ax-murderer's blade through a hapless victim's throat.
		In 1914, John Rockefeller ordered the Colorado militia (through his pal, the Colorado governor) to fire on a camp of striking mine workers and their families.
		That the Ludlow massacre is now known as the Ludlow massacre shows that Rockefeller's stab at spin doctoring didn't work for posterity -- but he was the first to try.
	www.roadsideamerica.com /tour/94day3.html (1766 words)

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