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Topic: Ludwig Biermann

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	Ludwig Biermann Bibliography
		Biermann, L. & Leverett Davis, Jr., “Considerations Bearing on the Structure of the Galaxy,” Zeitschrift für Astrophysik 51, 19-31 (1960).
		Biermann, L., “Interaction of a Comet with the Solar Wind,”; Solar Wind Three; Proceedings of the Third Conference, Pacific Grove, Calif., March 25-29, 1974 (UCLA, Los Angeles, 1974), 396-414 [abstract].
		Biermann, L., P.T. Giguere, & W.F. Huebner, “A Model of a Comet Coma with Interstellar Molecules in the Nucleus,” Astron.
	www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu /BruceMedalists/Biermann/BiermannRefs.html (425 words)

	Astrophysicist Recognized for Discovery of Solar Wind
		Also in the 1950s a German scientist named Ludwig Biermann got interested in the fact that no matter whether a comet is headed towards or away from the sun, the comet's tail always points away from the sun.
		Biermann postulated that this happens because the sun emits a steady stream of particles that push the comet tail away.
		Parker realized that the heat flowing from the sun in Chapman's model and the comet tail blowing away from the sun in Biermann's theory had to be the result of the same phenomenon.
	news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2003/08/0827_030827_kyotoprizeparker_2.html (1041 words)

	Ludwig Biermann -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Ludwig Biermann -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		Ludwig Franz Benedict Biermann (March 13 1907 – January 12 1986) was a German (A physicist who studies astronomy) astronomer.
		He made important contributions to (The branch of astronomy concerned with the physical and chemical properties of celestial bodies) astrophysics and (The branch of physics concerned with matter in its plasma phase) plasma physics.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/l/lu/ludwig_biermann.htm (116 words)

	Solar wind - Wikpedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In the mid-1950s the British mathematician Sydney Chapman calculated the properties of a gas at such a temperature and determined it was such a superb conductor of heat that it must extend way out into space, beyond the orbit of Earth.
		Also in the 1950s, a German scientist named Ludwig Biermann got interested in the fact that no matter whether a comet is headed towards or away from the Sun, its tail always points away from the Sun.
		Parker realised that the heat flowing from the Sun in Chapman's model and the comet tail blowing away from the Sun in Biermann's hypothesis had to be the result of the same phenomenon.
	www.bostoncoop.net /~tpryor/wiki/index.php?title=Solar_wind (784 words)

	Ancestry Message Boards [ Biermann ] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Biermann : Anna Brunssen -- 5 Jul 2003
		Biermann's in NJ : Fred Biermann -- 12 Jun 2001
		Re: Biermann's in NJ : Fred Biermann -- 19 Jul 2001
	boards.ancestry.com /mbexec/board/an/surnames.Biermann (261 words)

	The Bruce Medalists: Ludwig Biermann
		Ludwig Biermann studied at the Technische Hochschule in Hanover, and the Universities of Munich and Freiburg before earning his Ph.D. at Göttingen in 1932.
		Biermann made important contributions to the theory of convection in stellar interiors before the source of stellar energy was known.
		His study of comet tails led to successful predictions of the solar wind and of the hydrogen halos around comets.
	www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu /brucemedalists/biermann (231 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The final talk was presented by, Ludwig Biermann, Professor Astrophysics at Goettingen Uni- ersity, and Director of the In- tute for Astrophysics, Max- Ianck-Institute for Physics and [Itrophysics.
		The first was that such phenomena as hydrodynamic shocks in the absence of collisions are much more readily observable under the conditions present in inter- planetary space.
		The second was that the inter- planetary plasma is the only plasma of cosmic dimensions with densities and magnetic fields sim- ilar to those in interstellar space.
	www-tech.mit.edu /archives/VOL_084/TECH_V084_S0236_P013.txt (1144 words)

	International Space School Educational Trust ISSET
		While the dust tail was much brighter, the plasma tail had a different color, tending towards the blue.
		Sunlight pressure cannot explain such behavior, but in 1943 Cuno Hoffmeister in Germany, and later Ludwig Biermann, proposed that apart from sunlight, the Sun also emitted a steady stream of particles, a "solar corpuscular radiation" which pushed the ions.
		Variations in the speed of the particles would explain the accelerations, and the tail did not point straight away from the Sun because the flow velocity of the particles was not too many times larger than the velocity of the comet itself.
	www.isset.org /doc.php?pagelocation=67&doc=208 (667 words)

	Biermann - Rod Biermann (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		From 2000-2003, Biermann chaired the Environmental Policy and Global Change section of the German Political Science Association and served as programme
		The work of the CSIR's Dr Sharon Biermann, a geographer and leading expert in Biermann is currently leading a further initiative for Gauteng Province,
		Ludwig Biermann pictures, photos, photographs, images, physics history.
	toplinkdirectory.com /tldi/biermann.html (162 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Storms from the Sun: The Emerging Science of Space Weather (2002)
		Looking at the tails of comets, German scientists Cuno Hoffmeister and Ludwig Biermann proposed in the 1940s and 1950s that the Sun was constantly emitting something extra, something more than just light and occasional plasma blobs.
		They noted that comets had two tails—one of dust, one of ions—and only the dust tail could be explained by the pressure of sunlight pushing against the comet.
		Hoffmeister and Biermann advanced a theory that the Sun was emitting a steady stream of particles, a “solar corpuscular radiation.” These streams of plasma from the Sun, ebbing fast and slow, must be sloughing ions off of the comets.
	www.nap.edu /openbook/0309076420/html/68.html (593 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Biographical Memoirs V.72 (1997)
		The year of intensive study at Cambridge moved Chandra to look for a change of scenery, and at the invitation of Max Born he spent the summer of 1931 at Born's institute at Gottingen.
		There he became acquainted with Ludwig Biermann, Edward Teller, Leon Brillouin, and Werner Heisenberg.
		Back at Cambridge in the autumn Chandra continued his work on atomic absorption coefficients and mean opacities, but with a growing sense of frustration from his feeling that he was abandoning mathematics through his pursuit of physics and abandoning pure physics through his pursuit of astrophysics.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309057884/html/34.html (457 words)

	Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics » Biermann, Ludwig Franz Benedikt (1907–86) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics »; Biermann, Ludwig Franz Benedikt (1907–86)
		German astrophysicist, became director of the astrophysics section of the Max-Planck-Institut für Physik und Astrophysik, first at Göttingen and later in Munich.
		Biermann applied atomic physics and plasma hydrodynamics to problems in stellar interiors, the solar chromosphere and corona, the Galaxy, the solar system and comet tails (which led him to predict the solar wind)....
	eaa.iop.org /index.cfm?action=summary&doc=eaa/3473@eaa-xml (82 words)

	Ancestry Message Boards - Message [ Biermann ] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		I am looking for anyone related to Ludwig and Wilhelmina Bierman.
		Their last name has worn off their headstone.
		Please help me. I don't want these two to be lost to the family forever.
	boards.ancestry.com /mbexec?htx=message&r=an&p=surnames.Biermann&m=68 (52 words)

	Wiley::Reviews in Modern Astronomy: Vol. 17: The Sun and Planetary Systems - Paradigms for the Universe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Her lecture with the title "What Hyades F Stars tell us about Heating Mechanisms in Stellar Transition Layers and Coronae" opened the meeting.
		The talk presented by the Ludwig Biermann-Prize winner 2003, Dr Luis R. Bellot Rubio, Freiburg i.
		Br., Germany, dealt with the topic "The Structure of Sunspots as Inferred from Spectropolarimetric Measurements".
	as.wiley.com /WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-3527404767.html (238 words)

	Astronomische Gesellschaft (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The yearbook series Reviews in Modern Astronomy of the Astronomische Gesellschaft (AG) was established in 1988 in order to bring the scientific events of the meetings of the society to the attention of the worldwide astronomical community.
		Reviews in Modern Astronomy is devoted exclusively to the invited Reviews, the Karl Schwarzschild Lectures, the Ludwig Biermann Award Lectures, and the highlight contributions from leading scientists reporting on recent progress and scientific achievements at their respective research institutes.
		Volume 12 continues the yearbook series with 16 contributions which were presented during the International Scientific Conference of the AG on "Astronomical Instruments and Methods at the Turn of the 21st Century" at Heidelberg from September 14 to 19, 1998.
	www.astro.uni-jena.de /Users/Schielicke/agrev12.html (280 words)

	artofhacking.com presents SHOCKWAV.TXT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Because cometary ions are much heavier than the protons of the solar wind, a number of cometary ions can slow the wind appreciably.
		More than 20 years ago Ludwig Biermann of the Max Planck Institute for Astophysics in Munich suggested that such a decelerating solar-wind flow should produce a shock similar to a planetary bow shock.
		During its 1986 encounter with Comet Halley, the Soviet spacecraft Vega-1 heard the plasma wave cacophony that signaled the existence of a shock wave about one million kilometers from the nucleus, the distance predicted by Biermann's theory.
	artofhacking.com /cgi-bin/wwfs/wwfs.cgi?AREA=13630&FILE=SHOCKWAV.TXT (4848 words)

	Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics
		Most of them carry out work in several distinct areas, each led by a senior scientist who is a "Scientific Member" of the Max-Planck Society.
		The MPA was founded in 1958 under the direction of Ludwig Biermann.
		MPI für Physik which at that time had just moved from Göttingen to Munich.
	www.mpa-garching.mpg.de /english/profil.html (585 words)

	Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		This scientific program is concentrated on the days Tuesday Sep. 16 - Friday Sep. 19.
		The opening ceremony, the Karl Schwarzschild lecture, and the talk by the winner of the Ludwig Biermann Prize take place on Tuesday morning.
		Martin Haas, Peter Biermann, Rolf Chini, Günther Hasinger, Stefan Wagner, Lutz Wisotzki
	www.kis.uni-freiburg.de /AG03/program.html (641 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		After the war, they were doubly obsolete: Electronic vacuum tubes superseded relays, and the concept of stored program universal computers strangled the loop control Zuse had used.
		Thus, some interested mathematicians and physicists became oriented toward the U.S.A., such as Alwin Walther in Darmstadt and Ludwig Biermann in Gttingen.
		Joachim Lehmann in Dresden did not find similar support in Russia.
	wwwbib.informatik.tu-muenchen.de /Fak_Schriften/Fak_Schrift_97/engl.Version/IN_Zeit_2_eng.html (1848 words)

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