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Topic: Ludwig Boltzmann

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	Ludwig Boltzmann - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ludwig Edward Boltzmann was born on February 20, 1844 in Vienna.
		Boltzmann was appointed to the Chair of Theoretical Physics at the University of Munich in Bavaria, Germany in 1890.
		Thus in 1900 Boltzmann went to the University of Leipzig, on the invitation of Wilhelm Ostwald.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ludwig_Boltzmann (1914 words)

	Boltzmann constant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is named after the Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann, who made important contributions to the theory of statistical mechanics, in which this constant plays a crucial role.
		Although Boltzmann first linked entropy and probability in 1877, it seems the relation was never expressed with a specific constant until Max Planck first introduced k, and gave an accurate value for it, in his derivation of the law of fl body radiation in December 1900.
		Before 1900, equations involving Boltzmann factors were not written using the energies per molecule and Boltzmann's constant, but rather using the gas constant R, and macroscopic energies for macroscopic quantities of the substance; as for convenience is still generally the case in Chemistry to this day.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Boltzmann's_constant (1217 words)

	Ludwig Boltzmann
		Ludwig Boltzmann (February 20, 1844 - September 5, 1906) was an Austrian physicist famous for the invention of statistical mechanics.
		Boltzmann was awarded a doctorate from the University of Vienna in 1866 for a thesis on the kinetic theory of gases supervised by Jožef Stefan and subsequently became his assistant.
		In 1869 Boltzmann was appointed to a chair of theoretical physics at Graz.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/bo/Boltzmann.html (431 words)

	Ludwig Boltzmann
		Boltzmann was awarded a doctorate from the University of Vienna in 1866 for a thesis on the kinetic theory of gases supervised by Josef Stefan.
		Boltzmann, at least half jokingly, used to say that the reason he moved around so much was that he was born during the dying hours of a Mardi Gras ball.
		Boltzmann obtained the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution in 1871, namely the average energy of motion of a molecule is the same for each direction.
	www.corrosion-doctors.org /Biographies/BoltzmannBio.htm (765 words)

	BookRags: Ludwig Boltzmann Biography
		Boltzmann was born in Vienna and was educated in Vienna and Linz, attending college at the University of Vienna.
		Boltzmann saw this transformation as a function of increasing disorder, and he sought to represent it mathematically.
		Boltzmann was one of the chief proponents of the theory of " atomism," a theory which claimed that all matter was made up of atoms.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/ludwig-boltzmann-wsd (643 words)

	Ludwig Boltzmann
		Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann was born on February 20, 1844 in a house on the main street of the Landstrasse district of Vienna, the son of an "Imperial and Royal Cameral-Concipist," a tax official.
		By now Boltzmann was well know in the scientific world, and talented young people, such as Svante Arrhenius from Sweden and Walther Nernst from Ge rmany, came to study with him in the mid-eighties.
		On his tombstone there is the inscprition S= K ln W. At Vienna Boltzmann taught not only physics but in 1903 he also committed himself to teach a university course "Methods and General Theory of the Natural Sciences," in which he lectured three hours every week on problems of philosophy.
	www.mrs.umn.edu /~sungurea/introstat/history/w98/Boltzmann.html (927 words)

	Ludwig Boltzmann and Entropy - Resonance - September 2001
		Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann was born in Vienna on 20 February 1844.
		Boltzmann, a staunch `atomist', saw that the only way to explain or derive thermodynamics from mechanics was to think of a gas as made of discrete atoms, and to count the number of ways their positions and velocities could be distributed.
		Boltzmann's response was that such `returns' could certainly occur, but that they were overwhelmingly unlikely (by a factor exponential in N), and that he was talking of the expected behaviour in the mean.
	www.ias.ac.in /resonance/Sept2001/Sept2001p3-5.html (1393 words)

	BookRags: Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann Biography
		Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann, a brilliant physicist, was called "The Father of Statistical Mechanics," the science which became the foundation of quantum mechanics.
		Boltzmann applied the laws of mechanics to describe the random motion of molecules (atoms) and its effects on the physical proper ties of matter.
		Boltzmann published a series of papers in 1870 in which he declared that the laws of mechanics and the probability theory, which explains and predicts how the properties of atoms (mass, charge, and structure), could be successfully applied to determine the visible properties of matter (viscosityphasis>, thermal conductivity, and diffusion).
	www.bookrags.com /biography/ludwig-eduard-boltzmann-wop (765 words)

	Boltzmann's Work in Statistical Physics
		Ludwig Boltzmann (1844-1906) is generally acknowledged as one of the most important physicists of the nineteenth century.
		However, Boltzmann's ideas on the precise relationship between the thermodynamical properties of macroscopic bodies and their microscopic constitution, and the role of probability in this relationship are involved and differed quite remarkably in different periods of his life.
		Boltzmann is often portrayed as a staunch defender of the atomic view of matter, at a time when the dominant opinion in the German-speaking physics community, led by influential authors like Mach and Ostwald, disapproved of this view.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/statphys-Boltzmann (12977 words)

	timelinescience - matter matters (Ludwig Boltzmann) - resources
		Ludwig Boltzmann was born in Austria in 1844.
		Boltzmann worked in an area of physics now called statistical mechanics, using probability to describe how the properties of groups of atoms determine the properties of matter.
		Boltzmann realised that if he understood the way in which the building blocks of matter behaved, he would understand the inner workings of nature itself.
	www.timelinescience.org /resource/students/matter/boltzmn.htm (403 words)

	Boltzmann’s Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Although Boltzmann was able to successfully defend his atomistic position, the strain of this rivalry led to his attempted suicide.
		Boltzmann’s philosophy is difficult to pinpoint or define, due in part to his reluctance to accept philosophy as a legitimate part of his research.
		Boltzmann’s refutation of universals and belief in particulars is perhaps one reason why it is difficult to reduce his ideas down to one defining point.
	faculty.washington.edu /vienna/boltzmann/boltzmannbio.htm (585 words)

	Boltzmann, Ludwig - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		BOLTZMANN, LUDWIG [Boltzmann, Ludwig], 1844-1906, Austrian physicist, b.
		Boltzmann made important contributions to the kinetic theory of gases and to statistical mechanics—the Boltzmann constant, which relates the mean total energy of a molecule to its absolute temperature, is used widely in statistics and is named for him.
		Working independently, he demonstrated a law on fl body radiation that had been stated by the Austrian physicist Josef Stefan; hence the law is sometimes known as the Stefan-Boltzmann law.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/B/Boltzman.asp (230 words)

	Boltzmann, Ludwig (1844-1906) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Ludwig Boltzmann is best known for his appication of statistical methods to physics and for his work on the kinetic theory of gases.
		Boltzmann, an Austrian theoretical physicist, wrote his first paper on the kinetic theory of gases in 1859 whilst still a student in Vienna and later in 1868 went on to use new statistical methods introduced by James Clerk Maxwell to derive the velocity distribution of colliding gas molecules (the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution).
		In 1884, Boltzmann went on to use the second law of thermodynamics to derive the law relating the total amount of energy radiated by a fl body and its temperature which had been discovered experimentally by Josef Stefan.
	www.rdg.ac.uk /physicsnet/units/flap/glossary/biogs/bboltzma.htm (215 words)

	Ludwig Boltzman
		The battle between Boltzmann and Ostwald resembled the battle of the bull with the supple fighter.
		Ostwald led the opposition to Boltzmann's ideas which were opposed by many European scientists, they misunderstood them, not fully grasping the statistical nature of his reasoning.
		Boltzmann continued to defend his belief in atomic structure and in a 1905 publication Populäre Schriften he tried to explain how the physical world could be described by differential equations which represented the macroscopic view without representing the underlying atomic structure.
	www.shsu.edu /~icc_cmf/bio/boltzman.html (1203 words)

	Oxford University Press: Ludwig Boltzmann: Carlo Cercignani
		Ludwig Boltzmann arguably played the key role in establishing that submicroscopic structures underlie the ordinary world.
		In the 1870's, Boltzmann was, in Cercignani's words, 'also busy with an experimental study on the law that according to the Maxwell picture related the dielectric constant and the refractive index of a given material.' The measurements of the dielectric constant were based on electrical attraction or changes in capacitance.
		Boltzmann paid dearly for his vision, in terms of his own psychological stability and mental health, up to his tragic suicide.
	www.oup.com /us/catalog/general/subject/HistoryOther/HistoryofScience/?view=usa&ci=0198501544 (867 words)

	Featured Physicists - Ludwig Boltzmann 1844-1906
		The statistical interpretation of thermodynamics was pioneered by James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) and brought to fruition by the Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann.
		Boltzmann, whose work was based on the concept of atoms, found himself cast as their chief defender and the debates became increasingly bitter.
		Always prone to bouts of depression, Boltzmann came to believe that his life's work had been rejected by the scientific community, although this was far from being true.
	physicalworld.org /restless_universe/html/ru_bolt.html (333 words)

	Ludwig Boltzmann - Wikimedia Commons
		Deutsch: Ludwig Boltzmann (1844 – 1906) war ein österreichischer Physiker und Philosoph.
		English: Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann (1844 – 1906) was an Austrian physicist.
		Grave of Ludwig Boltzmann, physicist, Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery), Vienna, Austria.
	commons.wikimedia.org /wiki/Ludwig_Boltzmann (124 words)

	Physics Today September 2001
		His influence was central to Max Planck's 1900-1901 papers on flbody radiation, to Josiah Willard Gibbs's 1902 formulation of statistical mechanics, and to Albert Einstein's 1905 papers on the light quantum and on Brownian motion.
		Boltzmann was not only one of the most creative and influential physicists of the 19th century, but one of its most colorful personalities as well.
		There is, however, only a brief mention of Boltzmann's papers of 1871 and later, in which he developed the formalism of equilibrium statistical mechanics that Gibbs later put to such good use.
	www.physicstoday.org /pt/vol-54/iss-9/p53a.html (660 words)

	BOOK REVIEW
		Chapter 9 is entitles "Boltzmann's contributions to other branches of physics." I have previously mentioned (endnote 5)his studies in radiation theory leading to the famous Stefan-Boltzmann law.
		One thing not mentioned so far is the fact that Boltzmann's work eventually led recalcitrant scientists to accept the existence of atoms (although the final nail was not hammered into the coffin until Einstein's 1905 paper on Brownian motion).
		Chapter 11 "Boltzmann and his contemporaries" goes into some of the differing points of views which Boltzmann and his contemporaries shared, not only on the question of atoms but, more fascinatingly, on the whole problem of whether or not classical mechanics had any validity.
	www.pzweifel.com /music/boltzmann_secondo.htm (1549 words)

	Ludwig Boltzmann at Clark (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Ludwig Boltzmann was awarded an honorary degree by Clark University in 1899.
		Boltzmann also gave four talks on the principles and basic equations of mechanics.
		To honor Boltzmann's work and his visit to Clark, a honorary degree was awarded to Joel Lebowitz, a recipient of the Boltzmann medal, on May 23, 1999.
	stp.clarku.edu /great_contributors/Boltzmann_degree (273 words)

	Ludwig Boltzmann: atomic genius (September 2006) - Physics World - PhysicsWeb
		The man who first gave a convincing explanation of this paradox between the irreversibility of the macroscopic world and the symmetry of the laws of physics was the Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann, who tragically commited suicide 100 years ago this month.
		The second was his derivation of what is now known as the Boltzmann equation, which describes the statistical properties of a gas as made up of molecules.
		As Carlo Cercignani explains in the September issue of Physics World, Boltzmann’s ideas had a huge influence on 20th-century physics, even if those ideas had to wait for the likes of Gibbs, Planck and Einstein before they were brought to fruition.
	physicsweb.org /articles/world/19/9/6/1?rss=2.0 (496 words)

	OUP: UK General Catalogue
		The book presents the life and personality, the scientific and philosophical work of Ludwig Boltzmann, one of the great scientists who marked the passage from 19th to 20th century physics.
		The fact that Boltzmann was the man who did most to establish that there is a microscopic, atomic structure underlying macroscopic bodies is documented, as is Boltzmann's influence on modern physics, especially through the work of Planck on light quanta and of Einstein on Brownian motion.
		Boltzmann was the centre of a scientific revolution, and he has been proved right on many crucial issues.
	www.oup.com /uk/catalogue/?ci=9780198501541 (741 words)

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