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	Ludwig Prandtl
		Ludwig Prandtl was born in Freising, Germany on 4 February 1875.
		Prandtl was a most able researcher and teacher, becoming professor of mechanics at the University of Hanover in 1901.
		Prandtl’s discovery, in 1904, of the boundary layer led to an understanding of skin friction and drag and of the way in which streamlining reduces wing drag.
	www.allstar.fiu.edu /aero/prandtl.htm (350 words)

	Ludwig Prandtl
		Ludwig Prandtl (4 February 1875 - 15 August 1953) was a German physicist.
		Prandtl was born in Freising, near Munich in Bavaria, in 1875.
		Prandtl and his student Theodor Meyer developed the first theories of supersonic shock waves and flow in 1908.
	www.mlahanas.de /Physics/Bios/LudwigPrandtl.html (706 words)

	Ludwig Prandtl (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Prandtl changed the field of fluid mechanics and is called the modern father of fluid mechanics because of his introduction of boundary layer, turbulence mixing theories etc.
		Prandtl started his studies at the age of 20 in Munich, Germany and he graduated at the age of 26 with a Ph.D. Interestingly, his Ph.D. was focused on solid mechanics.
		Prandtl's other contributions include: the introduction of the Prandtl number in fluid mechanics, airfoils and wing theory (including theories of aerodynamic interference, wing-fuselage, wing-propeller, biplane, etc); fundamental studies in the wind tunnel, high speed flow (correction formula for subsonic compressible flows), theory of turbulence.
	www.potto.org /gasDynamics0.4/node44.html (454 words)

	The Work of Ludwig Prandtl
		Ludwig Prandtl worked with Max Munk to solve problems related to induced drag where vortices, or whirling motions of fluid, affect the pressure distribution over the wings.
		The farther away from the wing's surface the layer of air was, the less it was affected by friction and the faster it moved until it reached the outer edges of the boundary layer, where the airflow was normal and the fluid moved at normal speed.
		Prandtl's model for his theory was similar to Lanchester's, although Prandtl claimed that he had not considered Lanchester's model when he had begun his work in 1911.
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/Theories_of_Flight/Prandtl/TH10.htm (1082 words)

	Ludwig Prandtl (1875-1953)
		Ludwig Prandtl's contributions to fluid mechanics include his development of lifting line theory (to describe the lift and drag of wings of finite span), his work in turbulence, and his experimental and theoretical studies of gasdynamics.
		Prandtl was trained as a solid mechanist and continued to contribute to solid mechanics throughout most of his career.
		Before Prandtl's description of the boundary layer in 1904, there was no lack of interest in the dynamics of fluids due to the practical problems of nautical engineering, ballistics, and hydraulics.
	www.eng.vt.edu /fluids/msc/prandtl.htm (712 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Prandtl was born in Freising, Germany, in 1875.
		In 1904 Prandtl conceived the idea of boundary layer, which adjoins the surface of a body moving through a fluid.
		Prandtl was endowed with rare vision for understanding physical phenomena.
	indykfi.atomki.hu /kisfiz/MT/prandtl.htm (376 words)

	JHT History of Heat Transfer - Prandtl (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Ludwig Prandtl, born at Freising, Bavaria on February 4, 1875, was a German Physicist famous for his work in aeronautics.
		In 1925, Prandtl became the Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Fluid Mechanics.
		His discovery in 1904 of the Boundary Layer which adjoins the surface of a body moving in a fluid led to an understanding of skin friction drag and of the way in which streamlining reduces the drag of airplane wings and other moving bodies.
	www.me.utexas.edu /~me339/Bios/prandtl.html (221 words)

	Aviation and Aerodynamics: Ludwig Prandtl
		Ludwig Prandtl was professor of Applied Mechanics at the University of Göttingen.
		Prandtl's other contributions include: the introduction of the Reynolds number in fluid mechanics, airfoils and wing theory (including theories of aerodynamic interference, wing-fuselage, wing-propeller, biplane, etc); fundamental studies in the wind tunnel, high speed aerodynamics (correction formula for subsonic compressible flows), theory of turbulence.
		Prandtl L. Effects of Varying the Relative Vertical Position of Wing and Fuselage, NACA TN 75, 1921.
	www.aerodyn.org /People/prandtl.html (488 words)

	Ludwig Prandtl: The Father of Aerodynamics - T.R. (Joe) Sundaram
		Prandtl developed the theoretical basis for systematic and sound design by explaining the phenomenology underlying flight and by constructing a conceptually sound, albeit relatively simple, mathematical framework for modeling this phenomenology.
		Prandtl was gifted with an uncanny ability to identify the essential elements of a complex practical problem and then to provide simple but effective mathematical models for these elements.
		A remarkable feature of Prandtl's talent was that once he provided the correct phenomenological explanation to a difficult problem, the explanation appeared almost obvious; yet, this very insight escaped even the best scientific minds before him.
	www.worldandi.com /specialreport/1997/november/Sa16357.htm (298 words)

	AeroNet: Pioneers: Ludwig Prandtl
		Considered to be the father of modern day fluid dynamics, Ludwig Prandtl was the first to conceive the idea of a boundary layer.
		Prandtl was born in Germany in 1875, and went on to Munich to study mechanical engineering.
		Especially in air, the theory of a boundary layer confines all of the frictional interaction to a thin skin of air near the surface of the object.
	library.thinkquest.org /25486/english/pioneers/prandtl.shtml (143 words)

	Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Co-initiator and for nearly 3 decades chairman of GAMM was Ludwig Prandtl (1875-1953).
		Prandtl's work is presented with examples of photographs and files of the DLR-Archives in Göttingen and Köln and with some exhibits found in the institute in Göttingen.
		Prandtl's lifework can be visited as the part of a live exhibition at the DLR site Göttingen ("Prandtl's Room") in the vicinity of the DLR_School_Lab, which is situated in the building of the shut down 3x3 m² low speed wind-tunnel.
	www.aniprop.de /dlrhp/Prandtl-Exhibition/index.html (290 words)

	Theory of boundary layer -DAWN Science; July 08, 2006 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Although Prandtl’s solution of the turbulent flow in pipes is mathematically elegant and accurate, hydraulic engineers had calibrated their empirical formulae, of which the Manning and Chezy formulae are quite popular, to such a good degree of accuracy that they continue using them even now in design offices because they are simpler to use.
		Ludwig Prandtl was born in Freising, near Munich in Bavaria, in 1875.
		Although Prandtl’s own work was extensive and impressive, his students carried his banner and helped develop the boundary layer theory and its practical applications by their untiring efforts.
	www.dawn.com /weekly/science/archive/060708/science4.htm (1638 words)

	Lebenslauf
		Ludwig Prandtl is born on February 4, 1875 in Freising
		Prandtl is nominated for Professor in Ordinary for the new Institute of Technical Physics and Aeronautics at University of Göttingen
		Prandtl is member of board of the "Lilienthal-Gesellschaft für Luftfahrtforschung" and of the committee of the "Deutsche Akademie der Luftfahrtforschung"
	www.aniprop.de /dlrhp/Prandtl-Exhibition/lebenslauf.html (375 words)

	No. 1539: Boundary Layers
		And Prandtl had caught Klein's eye when he gave a brilliant paper on the mathematics of the boundary layer.
		Prandtl's life, he said, was marked by overtones of naïveté.
		When Prandtl was thirty-four, he decided it was time to marry, so he went to his old professor to ask his daughter's hand in marriage.
	www.uh.edu /engines/epi1539.htm (613 words)

	Ludwig Prandtl - WikiLeasing.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		He was a pioneer of aerodynamics, and developed the amthematical basis for the fundamental principles of subsonic aerodynamics in the 1920s.
		Several of his students made attempts at closed-form solutions, but failed, and in the end the approximation contained in his original paper remains in widespread use.The effect of the paper was so great that Prandtl became director of the Institute for Technical Physics at the University of Göttingen later in the ear.
		He i often referred to as the father of modern aerodynamics.The Prandtl crater on the far side of the Moon has been named in his honor.
	www.wikileasing.com /10/Ludwig_Prandtl.html (668 words)

	PowerPedia:Boundary layer effect - PESWiki
		The aerodynamic boundary layer was first defined by Ludwig Prandtl in a paper presented at the third Congress of Mathematicians in Heidelberg, Germany.
		If the Prandtl number is less than 1, which is the case for air at standard conditions, the thermal boundary layer is thicker than the velocity boundary layer.
		It is referred to as a bladeless turbine because it uses the boundary layer effect and not a fluid impinging upon the blades as in a conventional turbine.
	peswiki.com /index.php/PowerPedia:Boundary_layer_effect (1637 words)

	German Society for Applied Mathematics and Mechanics
		It was Ludwig Prandtl, Richard von Mises and Hans Reissner who had pressed for the founding of the Society and these three took major roles in its organisation with Prandtl becoming the president, von Mises the secretary, and Reissner taking a seat on the Council.
		Now von Mises and Reissner were Jewish and they indicated to Prandtl that they wished to resign their offices in the German Society for Applied Mathematics and Mechanics.
		It was clear that Prandtl did not wish his Jewish colleagues to resign and it is also clear that their offer to resign did not come about from pressure within the Society, rather it was through a wish that the Society did not have to face difficulties.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Societies/GAMM.html (822 words)

	1.3.4 External flow
		Ludwig Prandtl in 1904 explained the two most important causes of drag by introducing the boundary layer theory.
		Prandtl worked on calculating the effect of induced drag on lift.
		Prandtl's student, Von Karman reduced the equations for supersonic flow into a single equation.
	www.potto.org /gasDynamics/node50.html (459 words)

	Boundary layers, Prandtl's and others - Physics Today October 2006
		As John D. Anderson Jr pointed out in his excellent article (PHYSICS TODAY, December 2005, page 42), Ludwig Prandtl was a leader in developing the concept of two-dimensional boundary layers, so important in aerodynamics and related fluid problems in which the flow does not change direction with distance from the boundary.
		In the geophysical sciences, the wind-driven Ekman transport in the surface Ekman layer is fundamental to all theories of ocean circulation, and in the atmosphere the Ekman spiral and transport toward low pressure are fundamental to theories of hurricanes and all atmospheric vortices.
		While Ludwig Prandtl's boundary layers are regions of slow flow (relative to the boundary), the peculiarities of dynamics on a rotating sphere allow for a viscous boundary layer consisting of an intense, relatively narrow jet at the western edge of the ocean.
	www.physicstoday.org /vol-59/iss-10/p10.html (1140 words)

	Warren F. Phillips
		Many hours of watching birds in flight led Wilbur to conclude that birds “regain their lateral balance, when partly overturned by a gust of wind, by a torsion of the tips of the wings.” This was one of the most important discoveries in aviation history.
		In the 1920s, Hermann Glauert discovered from Prandtl’s theory that twisting the two sides of a wing in a symmetric manner could affect the drag acting on the wing.
		The foundation of the recent technology improvement is a new analytical solution to Prandtl’s theory that allows us to predict and maintain the proper distribution and amount of wing twist, which is necessary to minimize an important component of aircraft drag.
	twisteron.usu.edu (379 words)

	No. 1990: Max Munk
		When the war ended, Prandtl's lab was light years ahead of anyone else's.
		Prandtl's funding was slashed and Munk was out of a job.
		The Göttingen form is one that evolved out of Prandtl's Laboratory at the University of Göttingen.
	www.uh.edu /engines/epi1990.htm (680 words)

	History of Aerodynamics
		Motivated by the flights and research of the Lilianthal brothers and the Wrights, Prandtl formulated a large number of major theories which were and are still being used today to design practical aircraft.
		Prandtl stated that Dr. Hans Multhopp was his best student.
		After World War I, Hermann Glauert, who was born in England, studied under Prandtl and returned to England were he translated most of Prandtl's works into English.
	www.scientistsandfriends.com /aerodynamics.html (714 words)

	1.3.6.6 Ludwig Prandtl
		Perhaps Prandtl's greatest achievement was his ability to produce so many great scientists.
		His interest changed when, in his first job, he was required to design factory equipment that involved problems related to the field of fluid mechanics (a suction device).
		Prandtl also contributed to research in many areas, such as meteorology and structural mechanics.
	www.potto.org /gasDynamics/node58.html (454 words)

	HISTORY OF PHYSICS: ON THE PRANDTL BOUNDARY LAYER
		One of the presenters at the congress was Ludwig Prandtl (1875-1953), a 29-year-old professor at the Technische Hochschule (equivalent to a US technical university) in Hanover.
		Prandtl's presentation was only 10 minutes long, but that was all the time needed to describe a new concept that would revolutionize the understanding and analysis of fluid dynamics.
		Prandtl, in Verhandlungen des dritten internationalen Mathematiker-Kongresses in Heidelberg 1904, A. Krazer, ed., Teubner, Leipzig, Germany (1905), p.
	scienceweek.com /2006/sw060106-6.htm (813 words)

	Introduction
		The question people asked was whether to focus on ideal flows, which ignore viscosity, and thus yield less than accurate solutions, or to focus on viscous flows, which had equations so complex no one could solve them.
		Prandtl's idea of a boundary layer, a thin region near a surface where all of the viscous effects reside, made tractable the flow calculations that take viscosity into account.
		A boundary layer is a thin region of fluid near a wall where viscous effects are important in determining the flow field.
	www.aerojockey.com /papers/bl/node1.html (777 words)

	HISTORY OF PHYSICS: ON LUDWIG PRANDTL (1875-1953)
		1) In August 1904 Ludwig Prandtl (1875-1953), a 29-year old professor of mechanics at the Technical University of Hanover, presented a remarkable paper at the Third International Mathematical Congress in Heidelberg.
		Classical perturbation methods would not work here, for the limit (e) to 0 is singular: the limit of the full solution (for example, at the surface) is not the solution of the limiting equation.
		Prandtl's method was to divide the flow into different regions in which the dynamics are different -- an outer inviscid flow, and a thin inner viscous ("boundary") layer next to the surface.
	scienceweek.com /2005/sb050128-6.htm (1372 words)

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