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	Ludwig von Reuter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ludwig von Reuter (* 9 February 1869 in Guben; † 18 December 1943 in Potsdam) was a German admiral during World War I, who commanded the Kaiserliche Marine's High Seas Fleet when it was interned at Scapa Flow at the end of the war.
		When WWI began, von Reuter was captain of the battlecruiser SMS Derfflinger, which he also commanded during the Battle of Dogger Bank.
		After the armistice, Rear Admiral von Reuter was ordered to take command of the fleet that was to be interened at Scapa Flow until its final disposition would be decided at Versailles.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ludwig_von_Reuter (377 words)

	First World War.com - Who's Who - Ludwig von Reuter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Ludwig von Reuter (1869-1943) commanded the German High Seas Fleet when it was surrendered to the British Royal Navy at Scapa Flow under the terms of the armistice.
		Reuter's wartime service was spent chiefly in command of cruisers until he was appointed by High Seas Fleet commander Franz von Hipper to command of his scouting group.
		With Germany's defeat the terms of the armistice required that her High Seas Fleet be surrendered to the British at the latter's main base of Scapa Flow.
	www.firstworldwar.com /bio/reuter.htm (272 words)

	18. The Peace Settlements. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		The Germans (Count Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau, chief of the delegation) protested vigorously that the terms were not in keeping with the conditions on which Germany had laid down its arms and that many of the clauses were impossible to fulfill.
		Nevertheless the victorious powers made only slight modifications in the draft, and the Germans, after an acute domestic crisis, decided that they were unable to resist and that their only possible course was to sign.
		The German fleet (ten battleships, nine armored cruisers, eight smaller cruisers, 50 torpedo boats, 102 submarines, totaling about 500,000 tons) was scuttled by the crews under the command of Adm. Ludwig von Reuter, at Scapa Flow, where the fleet had been interned.
	www.bartleby.com /67/1784.html (1289 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - The Scuttling of the German High Seas Fleet, 1919
		At best it was a degrading job, but von Reuter, at the personal request of Admiral Hipper, was determined to do his best and somehow preserve the honour of the German Navy at the same time.
		Unfortunately for von Reuter, the only information that he could get about the peace talks was from the British, or what he could read in four-day-old copies of The Times.
		Von Reuter must have realised that his fleet would never return to Germany, and therefore he would almost certainly have scuttled it, if only to preserve the honour of the German Navy.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A2497494 (3206 words)

	First World War.com - Encyclopedia - Scapa Flow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		When the local German commander, Admiral Ludwig von Reuter, read details of the Allies' peace terms in The Times newspaper in June 1919, he resolved to scuttle the German fleet when the Grand Fleet were next out performing exercises.
		Upon his eventual return to Germany von Reuter was regarded as a national hero, the saviour of the honour of the German Navy.
		In 1919 Scapa Flow lost its status as the fleet's main base to Rosyth in the Firth of Forth; it was however restored with the arrival of renewed war in 1939.
	www.firstworldwar.com /atoz/scapaflow.htm (591 words)

	Second Battle of Heligoland Bight - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		On 17 November 1917, German minesweepers clearing a path through the British minefield in the Heligoland Bight near the coast of Germany were intercepted by two British cruisers, HMS Calypso and HMS Caledon, performing counter-minesweeping duties.
		The German ships fled south toward the protection of the battleships SMS Kaiser and SMS Kaiserin, commanded by Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter.
		The two cruisers engaged the German battleships, while their own screening force of the battlecruisers HMS Tiger, HMS Renown, HMS Repulse, HMS Courageous, and HMS Glorious of the First Battlecruiser Squadron, commanded by Admiral Sir Charles Napier, were coming up to assist.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Second_Battle_of_Heligoland_Bight (226 words)

	ritzoct04 - pafg21 - Generated by Personal Ancestral File (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Georg (2) REUTER was born on Aug 8 1887 and died.
		Adolph Ludwig VON SCHENCK on Oct 3 1828 in Siegen.
		Wolfgang Friedrich (VII.) Egidion VON SCHENCK was born on Nov 28 1829 and died on Jan 26 1894.
	members.cox.net /ritzhistory/ritzoct04/pafg21.htm (131 words)

	Scuba Diving: Scapa Flow Shipwrecks: The German Valhalla: Submerged Productions
		Unfortunately for Reuter, the only information that he could get about the peace talks was what he was told by the British, or what he could read in four day old copies of the Times.
		By now it was almost certain that Reuter knew that his fleet would never get back to Germany, and therefore he would almost certainly have scuttled it, if only to preserve his notion of the German Navy's honour.
		That is what Reuter read in his copy of the Times, and that is the information that he acted on.
	www.submerged.co.uk /scapaflow_valhalla.php (1718 words)

	New Books on maritime history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Ludwig Von Reuter was appointed to command the surrendering sqadron and two days later had managed to assemble his ships from their scattered harbours.
		The crews of the interned ships had been reduced to the numbers required for care and maintainance, but there was always the threat of disorder and indiscipline by the revolutionary crews and their Soldiers' Councils which could lead to intervention by the Allies.
		When the severe conditions imposed on Germany by the peace terms became known on 11th May 1919, Von Reuter had to consider the possibility that hostilities would be reumed if Germany rejected the terms or offered counter proposals, in which case the allies would certainly seize the intered ships.
	www.cronab.demon.co.uk /books.htm (3785 words)

	Germany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Ludwig van Beethoven was a German composer born on December 16 (1770 in Bonn, Germany.
		Paul Julius von Reuter was the founder of the first news agency, born in Kassel, Germany under the name Israel Beer Josaphat.
		In 1865 he converted the Reuters agency into a joint stock company, and he was governing director until 1878.
	www.personal.psu.edu /users/a/n/and119/art002/assignment7.htm (5916 words)

	HMS Revenge (06): Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		[follow hyperlink for more...]), Admiral Ludwig von Reuter (Ludwig von Reuter: ludwig von reuter (1869-1943) was a german admiral during world war i, who commanded...
		After the incident, von Reuter was brought to the quarterdeck of Revenge, flagship of Admiral Freemantle and accused of breaching naval honour.
		Von Reuter replied to the accusation, "I am convinced that any English naval officer, placed as I was, would have acted in the same way." No charges were brought against him.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/hms_revenge_062 (1179 words)

	UK Diving News
		This was of grave concern to the commander of the German fleet, Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter.
		Considering the possibility of outright German surrender, he had even requested that he be sent home and for his government to send their own officials from Germany to carry out the final act of humiliation.
		Of particular significance is the von Reuter family’s agreement to allow Mills access to their private papers, with the result that images never seen outside of the family are included for the first time in this limited edition.
	www.ukdiving.co.uk /news/articles/scapaflowbookrelease.htm (507 words)

	High Seas Fleet - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The fleet was based at Wilhelmshaven in the Jade estuary, and commanded by Admirals Friedrich von Ingenohl (1913–1915), Hugo von Pohl (1915–1916), Reinhard Scheer (1916–1918), and Franz von Hipper (1918).
		It posed such a threat to the Royal Navy's control of the seas around Britain that the British Grand Fleet had to remain concentrated in the North Sea for the duration of the war, even as many urgent tasks in other theatres of war went undone for lack of ships.
		On 1919-06-21, Ludwig von Reuter gave the order to scuttle the ships to prevent their falling into British hands.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/High_Seas_Fleet (550 words)

	Scapa Flow High Seas Fleet Scuttling
		Article XXIII involved the handing over and internment in Allied or neutral ports of seventy-four named warships, their fate to be determined by the peace negotiations.
		Rear-Admiral Ludwig von Reuter was given command of this force and used Friedrich der Grosse as his flag ship.
		When Reuter heard this he became concerned that the British would seize the ships without notice and started active planning to scuttle the fleet, although he had been considering the option for some time.
	www.worldwar1.co.uk /scuttle.html (1079 words)

	BSAC SHOP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The original account of the greatest scuttling in naval history by the commander of the interned Imperial German Fleet, Vice Admiral Ludwig von Reuter, written originally in 1921 and freshly translated in its entirety.
		The introductory narrative sets the scene and gives a simple biography of von Reuter and the odious position in which he found himself at the end of the 1st world war.
		The editor, Simon Mills, is already an established author in the field of maritime history, and has enjoyed the close co-operation of the von Reuter family in the preparation of this book.
	www.bsac.org /shop/bookshop.html (2954 words)

	Western Front Association Contributed Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Fremantle thought this a good opportunity to get in some torpedo practice so his entire fleet (except three destroyers that were under repair and unable to get steam up and a few small armed trawlers) sailed away on the morning of the 21st.
		A prearranged signal went up from Von Reuter's flagship at noon on the 21st and pennants were immediately hoisted on all the German ships.
		Undiscouraged, the men moved on to the slightly less heavy 21,800-ton, 610-foot-long Von Moltke, which was upside down in 80 feet of water.
	www.westernfront.co.uk /thegreatwar/articles/americanperspective/coxsscapaflowfleet.htm (2009 words)

	Wreck Diving Magazine Book Reviews
		Ironically, von Reuter had to rely on censored news from British guard ships that was four days old by the time it reached him.
		Timing of course is everything and what von Reuter didn’t know was that during his four-day gap of information, the Berlin government had fallen and was replaced by leaders who had agreed to sign the Treaty.
		So defiant was von Reuter, that at the end of his memoir he ended by saying “God-Speed the Third German Fleet”, already contemplating a new German naval force.
	wreckdivingmag.com /bookreviews.html (4380 words)

	Scapa Flow - From Graveyard To Resurrection - DIVE Books & DVDs
		The core of the book is devoted to a first-hand account by the man who gave the orders to scuttle the interned fleet, Vice-Admiral Ludwig von Reuter.
		Von Reuter is remembered as the only admiral to have sunk his own fleet, and here he explains the background and execution of one of the most extraordinary actions to have taken place in naval history.
		It's fascinating to read the German take on the scuttling, and Von Reuter's evident pride in putting his fleet beyond the reach of his enemy.
	www.divemagazine.co.uk /news/article.asp?UAN=2384&v=1 (242 words)

	The Orcadian Features - German Fleet
		The ships had been interned since the Armistice of November 1918, and having first been taken to the Firth of Forth, made their way to Scapa Flow.
		The scuttle was ordered by Vice-Admiral Ludwig von Reuter, who, it later emerged, had planned the action for a month.
		A casualty list of nine Germans had died, with another eight injured, while the 1,800 who survived were immediately dispatched to Invergordon as prisoners of war.
	www.orcadian.co.uk /features/articles/germanscuttle.htm (367 words)

	Scuttling of the German Fleet in Scapa Flow
		Disarmed, and with only nucleus crews aboard, the mighty German warships sailed north and were isolated in what had been the main British naval base.
		Cutoff from German newspapers, Rear-Admiral Ludwig von Reuter believed that fighting would break out again in June, as the final treaties were not yet signed.
		Disarmed and with only a handful of the necessary men on board, the order was given to scuttle the ships, to prevent them from falling into the hands of the enemy.
	www.gwpda.org /naval/sscuttle.htm (351 words)

	1919 Encyclopedia Article @ VariedTastes.com (Varied Tastes) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		June 21 — Admiral Ludwig von Reuter scuttles the German fleet in Scapa Flow, Orkney.
		July 6 — The British dirigible R-34 lands in New York, completing the first crossing of the Atlantic by an airship.
		January 4 - Georg von Hertling, Chancellor of Germany (b.
	www.variedtastes.com /encyclopedia/1919 (1777 words)

	Scotsman.com Heritage & Culture - Historic Places - Scapa Flow: graveyard of the German fleet
		The Armistice talks in Versailles were continuing and little news was reaching the commanders in the northern isles.
		Rear-Admiral von Reuter was getting his information as much as a week late - from the London Times.
		Just as British vessels departed for a scheduled military exercise, Rear-Admiral von Reuter ordered flags to be hoisted on his ship, the cruiser Emden, as a signal for the fleet to await instructions.
	heritage.scotsman.com /places.cfm?id=40452005 (1017 words)

	Elly Ney pianist [JW]: Classical CD Reviews- Nov 2003 MusicWeb(UK) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A fanatical Hitler worshipper her appearances after the conflagration were mainly peripheral and the reputation she had earlier built as a concerto soloist, Beethovenian of the first rank and powerful chamber player pretty much evaporated.
		That she really was a player of sometimes quixotic distinction can be verified from her surviving recordings, not least those with her own trio and expanded quartet (the players included Florizel von Reuter, Walter Trampler and the cellist Ludwig Hoelscher with whom Ney was to record some of the Beethoven Cello Sonatas on LP).
		Ney was born in 1882 and had an outstanding tutorship culminating in studies with Leschetizky and Emil von Sauer.
	www.musicweb-international.com /classrev/2003/Nov03/Ney.htm (624 words)

	World War II Plus 55 - August 30, 1939 - Part 7
		Wilhelm von Leeb and Wilhelm List, both future field marshals, and Karl Kauffman, the future Gauleiter of Hamburg, are Freikorps members too.
		Among the newly-invited German delegation is a short, dapper, monocled general, Hans Von Seeckt, who has been named the new head of the German Reichswehr.
		Admiral Ludwig Von Reuter hoists "Paragraph 11, confirm" from his flagship, the light cruiser Emden, and 74 German warships ranging from mighty battleships to torpedo boats send themselves to the bottom of the British harbor.
	www.usswashington.com /dl30au39g.htm (8294 words)

	Avalanche Press
		In May 1919, the Allies informed the German delegates at Versailles that all the ships at Scapa Flow would have to be turned over to the Allies, with most going to Britain.
		Read Admiral Ludwig von Reuter reacted by ordering the fleet to scuttle itself, and on 17 June 1919 twelve battleships, five battle cruisers, eight light cruisers and fifty destroyers went to the bottom of the anchorage.
		The gesture did little for Germany: The angry Allies made the Germans hand over all their remaining modern warships, and billed them for the remainder of the scuttled fleet.
	www.avalanchepress.com /WeimarFleet.php (1211 words)

	Napoleonic Wargame Club - Yann Bosc Langeron
		That is how it was meant...or else I would not have made the post.I have no axe to grind with you and I would tell you if I did.
		I kid the Prussians a lot but Scott Ludwig is a very good friend of mine (we were both once in the Anglo/Allied Army).
		Phil and I, and Gary and Aaron go at each other a lot for fun, but they are all good friends and fellow gamers of mine.
	www.wargame.ch /board/nwc/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=7630 (1407 words)

	Nietzsche Chronicle: 1890s
		One of von der Hellen's colleagues at the Goethe Archive is Rudolf Steiner, who is editing Goethe's scientific writings for the Weimar edition.
		In October von der Hellen is installed as a second editor.
		Koegel describes the manuver as "unfaire Überrumpelung" and wrote: "Alle in Weimar, Gabriele Reuter, Dr. Steiner, Dr. Heitmüller, Fresenius, die Goethe-Leute, die noch dort sind, raten ab und weissagen Unheil." [Everyone in Weimar, Gabriele Reuter, Dr. Steiner, Dr. Heitmüller, Fresenius, the Goethe people who are still there, advise against it and predict misfortune.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~fnchron/1890s.html (3614 words)

	Private Individuals Spurred Discovery Throughout History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Paul Julius Reuter, for example, was a clerk in his uncle's bank at G
		Reuter tried to establish a news-gathering agency in Paris, but he was frustrated by French government restrictions, so he moved to London and became a naturalized British citizen.
		Joseph Schumpeter, Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek, all from Austria, ranked among the world's premier economists.
	www.libertystory.net /LSCONNECTPRIVATEDISCOVERY.htm (6235 words)

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