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	Luigi Galvani
		Luigi Galvani (September 9, 1737 - December 4, 1798) was an Italian physician and physicist who lived and died in Bologna.
		Galvani coined the term animal electricity to describe the material or phenomenon that activated the muscles of his specimens.
		Galvani and contemporaries regarded muscle activation as resulting from an electrical fluid or substance in the nerves.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/lu/Luigi_Galvani.html (195 words)

	Luigi Galvani
		Galvani's investigations led shortly to the invention of an early battery, but not by Galvani, who did not perceive electricity as separable from biology.
		Galvani saw electricity instead as the essence or the stuff itself of life, which he regarded vitalistically.
		While, as Galvani believed, all life is indeed electrical--in that all living things are made of cellss and every cell has a cell potential--biological electricity has the same chemical underpinnings as the flow of current between electrochemical cells, and thus can be recapitulated in a way outside the body.
	www.teachersparadise.com /ency/en/wikipedia/l/lu/luigi_galvani.html (314 words)

	Luigi Galvani Summary
		Luigi Galvani was born at Bologna on Sept. 9, 1737.
		Galvani had observed motion of the nerve juices during these convulsions and proposed the theory that the convulsions were caused by electricity within the animal's body; the muscle fiber and the nerve were acting like a Leyden jar.
		Luigi Galvani was an Italian anatomist who, through his discovery that the legs of frogs would move when touched by two different metals, essentially founded the study of current electricity, also contributing significantly to the field of animal physiology.
	www.bookrags.com /Luigi_Galvani (3269 words)

	Luigi Galvani
		Galvani wrote, "While one of those who were assisting me touched lightly, and by chance, the point of his scalpel to the internal crural nerves of the frog, suddenly all the muscles of its limbs were seen to be so contracted that they seemed to have fallen into tonic convulsions.
		Luigi Galvani was appointed Reader in Anatomy at the University in 1762.
		The name Galvanization is derived from Luigi Galvani, and was once used as the name for the administration of electric shocks (also termed in the 19th century Faradism, named after Michael Faraday), this stems from Galvani's induction of twitches in severed frog's legs, by his accidental generation of electricity.
	www.corrosion-doctors.org /Biographies/GalvaniBio.htm (935 words)

	Biography of Luigi Galvani (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Galvani coined the term animal electricity to describe whatever it was that activated the muscles of his specimens.
		Along with contemporaries, he regarded their activation as being generated by an electrical fluid that is carried to the muscles by the nerves.
		While, as Galvani believed, all life is indeed electrical--in that all living things are made of cells and every cell has a cell potential--biological electricity has the same chemical underpinnings as the flow of current between electrochemical cells, and thus can be recapitulated in a way outside the body.
	biography-1.qardinalinfo.com /g/Galvani_Luigi.html (284 words)

	NASA Neurolab Web: Mission Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Luigi Galvani (1737-98) was born in Bologna, Papal States (Italy).
		However, in another experiment, Galvani caused muscular contraction by touching the exposed muscle of one frog with the nerve of another and thus established for the first time that bioelectric forces exist within living tissue.
		Galvani’s discoveries opened the way to new research in the physiology of muscle and nerve and pioneered the subject of electrophysiology -- the study of the connection between living organisms and electricity.
	neurolab.jsc.nasa.gov /galvani.htm (315 words)

	CIRL - Pioneers in Electricity and Magnetism: Luigi Galvani
		Luigi Galvani was born on September 9, 1737 in Bologna, Italy.
		Volta proposed that it was not electricity inherent within the body of the frog that caused the twitching legs Galvani witnessed, but rather charge passing between two dissimilar metals, such as the steel of a scalpel and the brass in the hook.
		Galvani’s work pioneered the field of electrophysiology, the branch of science concerned with electrical phenomena in the body, and Volta’s experiments resulted in his development of the voltaic pile, an early form of the battery.
	education.magnet.fsu.edu /education/tutorials/pioneers/galvani.html (774 words)

	Bologna science classics online
		Galvani’s De viribus electricitatis in motu musculari represents a major contribution in the history of modern life sciences.
		Published in 1791, the treatise described Galvani’s experimental enquiries into the interactions between electricity and muscular motion, and his theory of animal electricity.
		Galvani’s experiments were repeated and his theory was debated in the main centres of scientific culture of the eighteenth century, and contributed to the development of new fields of enquiry, most notably the study of electricity, which were also explored by Alessandro Volta.
	www.cis.unibo.it /cis13b/bsco3/intro_opera.asp?id_opera=23 (84 words)

	Luigi Galvani Biography \| World of Scientific Discovery
		Luigi Galvani was not especially interested in electricity.
		At first Galvani had no further interest in the incident, but later he recalled that a generation earlier Benjamin Franklin had shown lightning was an electrical phenomena.
		Galvani reasoned that if Franklin was right, lightning should have the same effect on a frog's legs as the spark.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/luigi-galvani-wsd (399 words)

	Anthroposophie Forum - Bibliothek: Luigi Galvani
		However, Galvani chose to interpret his results in terms of “animal electricity,”; which proclaimed that the structure of the muscle retained a “nerveo-electrical fluid” similar to that of an electric eel.
		Galvani apparently by accident, noticed the convulsions of frogs' legs in certain circumstances.
		Though Luigi Galvani erroneously concluded that the frog's nervous system generated an electical charge, his work stimulated much research into the electrical nature of the nervous impulse.
	www.anthroposophie.net /bibliothek/nawi/physik/galvani/bib_galvani.htm (328 words)

	Luigi Galvani - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Galvani, Luigi (1737-1798), Italian physiologist, noted for his studies of the effects of electricity on animal nerves and muscles.
		In 1791 Italian biologist Luigi Galvani published the results of experiments that he had performed on the muscles of dead frogs.
		Dallapiccola, Luigi (1904-75), Italian composer, one of the finest of the 20th century.
	encarta.msn.com /Luigi_Galvani.html (121 words)

	Luigi Galvani
		Luigi Galvani fa parte di quella schiera di personaggi che, con le loro opere e le loro scoperte, hanno dato lustro all’ Italia.
		Galvani opero’ a Bologna, sua citta’ natale, nella seconda meta’ del ‘700, epoca ricca di fermenti e di scoperte.
		In realta’ le prime esperienze di elettrofisiologia (simili a quelle che diedero risonanza a Galvani) furono effettuate da un altro medico bolognese, Leopoldo Marcantonio Caldani, che per primo (nel 1756) osservo’ gli effetti dell’ elettricita’ sulle zampe di rana nel 1756, pubblicando le sue osservazioni nel 1757.
	zamperini.tripod.com /Luigi_Galvani_articolo.htm (1184 words)

	The Energy Planet :: Luigi Galvani (1737-1798) :: English
		Luigi Galvani was an Italian scientist and teacher in the 1700's.
		Galvani's most famous discovery was effects of electricity on animal nerves and muscles.
		Luigi was born in Bologna in 1737, and was a medical student in the University of Bologna, the school that he would later teach at.
	library.thinkquest.org /C004471/tep/en/biographies/luigi_galvani.html?tqskip1=1&tqtime=0404 (382 words)

	Luigi Galvani
		The observation that the suspension of certain of these animals on an iron railing by copper hooks caused twitching in the muscles of their legs led him to the invention of his metallic arc, the first experiment with which is described in the third part of the Commentary, with the date September 20, 1786.
		In Galvani's view the motions of the muscle were the result of the union, by means of the metallic arc, of its exterior or negative electrical charge with positive electricity which proceeded along the nerve from its inner substance.
		On Galvani's refusal, from religious scruples, to take the oath of allegiance to the Cisalpine republic in 1797, he was removed from his professorship.
	www.nndb.com /people/742/000091469 (449 words)

	Luigi Galvani (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Luigi Galvani Luigi Galvani (September 9 1737–December 4 1798) was an Italian physician and physicist who lived and died in Bologna.
		Galvani didn't see electricity as the essence or the stuff itself of life, which he regarded vitalistically.
		Galvani, Luigi Galvani, Luigi Galvani, Luigi Galvani, Luigi Galvani, Luigi Galvani, Luigi
	luigi-galvani.iqnaut.net (316 words)

	Luigi Galvani
		La conclusión a la que llegó Galvani fue que los músculos de la rana, a manera de botella de Leyden, están cargados de electricidad positiva en el interior y negativa en el exterior de cada músculo; decía que "parecía como si se tratara de convulsiones tóxicas".
		En lo sucesivo, Luigi Galvani se dedicaría con esmero a estudiar a fondo el enigmático fenómeno y a reunir finalmente sus experiencias en una disertación escrita en latín: "Comentario sobre las fuerzas eléctricas que se manifiestan en el movimiento muscular" (De viribus electricitatis in motu musculari commentarius, 179l).
		Galvani logró demostrar la producción de corrientes eléctricas en el seno de los tejidos animales, sobre todo en los músculos.
	www.historiadelamedicina.org /Galvani.html (1458 words)

	Luigi Galvani
		Galvani's work in comparative anatomy and physiology includes a study of the kidneys of birds and of their sense of hearing.
		He is famous more especially on account of his experiments concerning "the electrical forces in muscular movements", leading up to his theory of animal electricity.
		This theory of a nervous electric fluid, secreted by the brain, conducted by the nerves, and stored in the muscles, has been abandoned by scientists on account of later discoveries, but Galvani was led to it in a very logical manner and defended it by clever experiments, which soon bore fruit.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/g/galvani,luigi.html (580 words)

	A Gallery of Electromagnetic Personalities 1
		Luigi Galvani (1737-1798) was an Italian physician who, in the 1770's, began to investigate the nature and effects of what he conceived to be electricity in animal tissue and of muscular stimulation by electrical means.
		In his last years, Galvani refused to swear allegiance to the Cisalpine Republic established by Napoleon and he was fired from the University of Bologna.
		After his friend, Galvani, discovered that contact of two different metals with the muscle of a frog resulted in an electric current, Volta began experimenting in 1794 with metals alone and found that animal tissue was not needed to produce a current.
	www.ee.umd.edu /~taylor/frame1.htm (459 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		His insistence on "animal electricity" and not metallic or atmospheric electricity was that while he could certainly make the frog legs jump when in contact with 2 metals and also during thunderstorms, there were times when the frog legs contracted on perfectly clear days without a complete arc of two metals.
		This stirred up quite a controversy with Galvani on one side and Allesandro Volta on the other in support of metalic electricity.
		Galvanized, galvanism, and galvanometer are all derived from Galvani.
	itp.nyu.edu /~nql3186/electricity/pages/galvani.html (196 words)

	Bloomfield Science Museum/Luigi Galvani
		Galvani's views were generally accepted at the time, and widely acclaimed.
		Galvani had used brass skewers to attach his frogs to the iron fence.
		Galvani was essentially right in his idea that muscles are naturally activated by electricity, and even in the idea that the electricity originated in the brain.
	www.mada.org.il /website/html/eng/2_1_1-9.htm (716 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Luigi Galvani
		It was his original intention to study theology and to enter a monastic order.
		Thus he discovered that when nerve and muscle touch two dissimilar metals in contact with each other, a contraction of the muscle takes place; this led ultimately to his discussions with Volta and to the discovery of the Voltaic pile.
		His works (Opere di Luigi Galvani) were collected and published by the Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna (1841-42).
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06371c.htm (589 words)

	Not Found (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		escribing the genesis of her novel Frankenstein, Mary Shelley wrote: "perhaps a corpse would be re-animated; galvanism had given token of such things." Luigi Galvani (1737-98) was a physician and anatomy professor at the University of Bologna.
		After noticing that dead frog legs began to twitch when stimulated by various metals and electrical charges, he engaged in a series of experiments, eventually discovering what he believed to be "animal electricity." He published his findings in 1791 as De viribus electricitatis in motu musculari commentarius.
		Galvani and Alessandro Volta engaged in a heated controversy in the 1790s, in which Galvani claimed that this biological electricity was the vital "fluid" or perhaps life itself, and Volta claimed that external electrical charges merely triggered the "dead" muscles into motion.
	www.dickinson.edu /~nicholsa/Romnat/galvani.htm (496 words)

	AllRefer.com - Luigi Galvani (Medicine, Biography) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Luigi Galvani[lOOE´jE gAlvA´nE] Pronunciation Key, 1737–98, Italian physician.
		He was professor of anatomy from 1775 at the Univ. of Bologna and was noted as a surgeon and for research in comparative anatomy.
		The controversy focused attention on electricity in animals and stimulated research in electrotherapy and on electric currents.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/G/Galvani.html (226 words)

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