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Topic: Lump of labour fallacy

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	Fallacy - Psychology Wiki - a Wikia wiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		A fallacy is a component of an argument that is demonstrably flawed in its logic or form, thus rendering the argument invalid (except in the case of begging the question) in whole.
		Recognizing fallacies in actual arguments may be difficult since arguments are often structured using rhetorical patterns that obscure the logical connections between assertions.
		Fallacy of Accident (also called destroying the exception or a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid) meaning to argue erroneously from a general rule to a particular case, without proper regard to particular conditions that vitiate the application of the general rule; e.g.
	psychology.wikia.com /wiki/Fallacy (2465 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> fallacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		A fallacy is a component of an argument that is demonstrably flawed in its logic or form, thus rendering the argument invalid (except in the case of begging the question) in whole.
		Fallacy of Accident (also called destroying the exception or a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid) meaning to argue erroneously from a general rule to a particular case, without proper regard to particular conditions that vitiate the application of the general rule; e.g.
		Fallacy of Many Questions (Plurium Interrogationum), wherein several questions are improperly grouped in the form of one, and a direct categorical answer is demanded, e.g.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/fallacy (2759 words)

	Lump of Labour Fallacy Encyclopedia Article @ Laboured.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The lump of labour or lump of jobs fallacy is an argument generally considered to be fallacious which relies on the premise that the amount of work available to labourers is fixed.
		That means that this fallacy is usually either a subtype of a false premise fallacy, a non-sequitur fallacy, or both.
		The lump of labor rebuttal asserts that (1) is false.
	www.laboured.net /encyclopedia/Lump_of_labour_fallacy (1010 words)

	Tom Walker, "Only So Much Work to Go Round"
		It is depressing that supposedly responsible governments continue to pretend to be unaware of the old 'lump of labour' fallacy: the illusion that the output of an economy and hence the total amount of work available are fixed.
		Debunking the 'lump of labour fallacy' before it was even given that label, he suggested that to parcel out the limited amount of work available, people should be required to use only one hand, or even to have a hand chopped off.
		Luddism is also commonly linked to the lump-of-labour fallacy in economics, which first-year students are taught to refute and according to which, as the demand for labour is fixed in the short run, labour-saving machinery is bound to 'kill jobs'.
	mrzine.monthlyreview.org /walker040805.html (895 words)

	American Chronicle: Immigrants and the Fallacy of Labour Scarcity
		To overcome the perceived workforce deficiency, slave labour was introduced and wars were fought to maintain precious sources of "hands", skilled and unskilled alike.
		But for a short while scarce labour was so strong as to be able to unionize and dictate employment terms to employers the world over.
		There are immutable amounts of labour (known as the "lump of labour fallacy"), of pension benefits, and of taxpayers who support the increasingly insupportable and tenuous system.
	www.americanchronicle.com /articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=10808 (1537 words)

	The Unofficial Paul Krugman Web Page
		Economists call it the "lump of labor fallacy." It's the idea that there is a fixed amount of work to be done in the world, so any increase in the amount each worker can produce reduces the number of available jobs.
		Sure enough, the lump-of-labor fallacy has resurfaced in the United States — but with a twist.
		Traditionally, it is a fallacy of the economically naïve left — for example, four years ago France's Socialist government tried to create more jobs by reducing the length of the workweek.
	www.pkarchive.org /column/100703.html (736 words)

	Evolutionary Economics - Lumps of unskilled labour
		However, in events such as the Chernobyl and Half Mile Island nuclear accidents, the increasing number of electricity grid flouts, the rapid spread of antibiotic-resistant staphylococci and new varieties of influenza, and so on, we have the first hints that we are beginning to live right on the edge of our expertise.
		Economists call it the "lump of labor fallacy." It's the idea that there is a fixed amount of work to be done in the world, so any increase in the amount each worker can produce reduces the number of available jobs.
		Traditionally, it is a fallacy of the economically naïve left -- for example, four years ago France's Socialist government tried to create more jobs by reducing the length of the workweek.
	www.evolutionary-economics.org /KSH-Postings-Econ/115.html (1469 words)

	FT.com print article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		This "lump of labour fallacy" is popular wisdom, and even some serious commentators seem to buy it.
		The rise of unemployment in west Germany coincided with policies reducing labour supply, rather than the other way round, except in the 1990s, when unification brought both deep unemployment in the east and internal migration to the west.
		Rather than increasing profits for companies selling labour services, it is better to allow more migrants who will spend their incomes in their new and (via remittances) their old countries.
	www.ft.com /cms/s/79289d4c-d94c-11d9-8403-00000e2511c8,dwp_uuid=4e612cca-6707-11da-a650-0000779e2340,print=yes.html (689 words)

	Oliver Kamm: Those Liberal Democrat economic principles
		Economists often term the notion of irreplaceable sectors the ‘lump of labour fallacy’ – the premise that there is a fixed amount of labour engaged in producing particular goods or providing particular services, and that if jobs are lost in those activities then they cannot be made up elsewhere.
		The Labour party is ideologically in the centre of the Lib Dems, and it is difficult to see why the Lib Dems should exist.
		I think the Labour party is moving increasingly towards the latter - one only has to look at their record on devolution and the NHS to see this.
	oliverkamm.typepad.com /blog/2003/12/those_liberal_d_1.html (2308 words)

	The Prosperity Covenant
		The lump-of-labour fallacy has been described as "one of the best known fallacies in economics." Whether or not that's true, it certainly is one of the least understood and the most misused.
		The lump-of-labour fallacy simply says that there is not a "fixed amount of work to be done" and therefore one cannot share out such an assumed, fixed amount of work.
		The lump-of-labour theory is indeed a fallacy, but so is the use of the fallacy to make a case against the job creation possibilities of reduced work time.
	www.worklessparty.org /timework/covenant.htm (1847 words)

	The TaxPayers' Alliance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		One of economists' favourite conceits is the "lump of labour fallacy", which is rooted in the proposition that there is a fixed amount of work to be done in an economy - a "lump" of labour - which can be shared out in different ways to create fewer or more jobs.
		The first I shall call the "lump of tax revenue fallacy", which is based on the notion that changes in tax rates have absolutely no impact on individual or business behaviour and, hence, on the arithmetic link between tax rates and revenue.
		The static "lump of tax revenue" notion, which crucially ignores these dynamic effects of tax changes, is, therefore, "fallacious".
	www.taxpayersalliance.com /opinion/individual_opinion.php?opinion_id=17 (770 words)

	immigration - jobs
		This fallacy is based on the lump-of-labour fallacy that assumes a fixed amount of work.
		In the latter case the population would have to be literally living at a subsistence level, a level barely enough to keep one alive.
		When labour's gross wage (wages plus oncosts) exceeds the value of its services then part of the labour supply will be rendered unemployed.
	www.brookesnews.com /043008immigration.html (758 words)

	HES: DISC -- lump of labour fallacy
		The "lump-of-labour fallacy" referred to in the message has been a stock rejoinder to proposals for shorter work time, and has been discussed on this list in the past.
		Aside from the straw-man argument that such policies have labour supply reduction as their only or predominant aim, the lump-of-labour label itself is highly objectionable.
		As I have documented ("The 'lump of labor' case against work-sharing: populist fallacy or marginalist throwback" in Lonnie Golden and Deborah Figart, eds., _Working Time: International Trends, Theory and Policy Perspectives_, Routledge, forthcoming 2001), the claim of a so-called lump-of-labour fallacy has a dubious status in the history of economic thought.
	eh.net /pipermail/hes/2000-October/005484.html (431 words)

	Talk:Lump of labour fallacy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lump of labour fallacy → Lump of labor - Change "labour" to "labor" because this is America.
		I agree that it is not a logical fallacy in the strict sense; that is, it is used with respect to things which are not formal syllogisms, but it is most definitely a False premise in many situations.
		Although the similarities are evident, in extensive research on the lump of labour fallacy, I have never before seen it referred to as another name for the "zero sum fallacy." The only authority I know of who refers to it as the fallacy of labour scarcity is the Macedonian journalist and economic consultant Sam Vaknin.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Lump_of_labour_fallacy (6649 words)

	Welcome to the People Speak
		The worker has the right to deploy his labour as he sees fit, independently of state regulation (N.B. a modified version of this argument may be needed to defend against the fact that almost all states regulate some workplace practices).
		The idea that reducing working hours will create jobs is part of the "lump of labour" fallacy and does not stand up to scrutiny, either in economic theory or in practice.
		This is because some people would have to continue to work a high number of hours anyway (for example, for economic reasons) and so making this illegal will simply force them to move the marginal element of their working practices into the invisible sector.
	www.idebate.org /tps/people_speak_topic.php?topicID=273 (1187 words)

	Labor Portal @ Laboured.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		In classical economics and all micro-economics labour (or labor) is a measure of the work done by human beings and is one of three factors of production, the others being land and capital.
		Wage is a basic compensation for labour, and the compensation for labour per period of time is referred to as the wage rate.
		In Marxian economics, the aim of labour economics is to provide insight and guidance for the optimal allocation of cooperative human labour.
	www.laboured.net (1079 words)

	The Labour Divide - I. Employment and Unemployment
		This was based on the "Lump of Labour Fallacy" - the idea that there is a fixed quantity of work and that reducing the working week from 39 to 35 hours will create more jobs.
		Afterwards, labour inspectors were supposed to embark on sampling raids and penalize the non-compliers, if need be by closing down the offending business.
		Some countries, mainly in Central Europe, attempt to provide lump sum block grants to municipalities and to allow them to determine eligibility, to run their own employment-enhancement programs, and to establish job training and child care centers.
	samvak.tripod.com /pp117.html (5348 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Fallacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		In philosophy, the term logical fallacy properly refers to a formal fallacy : a flaw in the structure of a deductive argument which renders the argument invalid.
		A modern instance is "celebrity spokespersons"?title=in advertisements: a product is good and you should buy/use/support it because your favorite celebrity endorses it.
		Fischer, Historians' Fallacies: Toward a Logic of Historical Thought, Harper Torchbooks, 1970.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Fallacy (2714 words)

	Popular absurdities
		Religions, ideologies and cultural attitudes may vary widely from country to country, but certain popular economic delusions seem to be found everywhere, as if produced quite systematically by the very nature of modern societies.
		The lump of labour fallacy shares with mercantilism a seriously flawed picture of employment and trade, treating work as a scarce privilege to be hoarded rather than a dynamic response to practical social requirements.
		The popular image of the "job-stealing" outsider is perhaps even more deeply entrenched than that of the "job-destroying" foreign exporter, and this incoherent resentment is also turned against the economic dynamo of technological change (supposedly leading to an invading army of "job-stealing" robots).
	app1.chinadaily.com.cn /star/2003/0123/vo2-2.html (495 words)

	Notes from the Lounge: It's the Technology, Stupid
		The "lump of labor fallacy" is, to a large extent, a strawman.
		It might be a fallacy in a truly free and competitive market, in which workers and consumers internalized all the productivity gains of technological innovation.
		Posted by: Kevin Carson at January 14, 2007 2:04 PM Fling93, the lump of labour concept is not materially false over a sufficiently short period.
	juliansanchez.com /notes/archives/2007/01/its_the_technology_stupid.php (417 words)

	HES: QUERY -- lump-of-labour fallacy
		lump-of-labour fallacy accusation appears to have been grafted on to the
		Is anyone aware of a usage of lump-of-labour fallacy prior to Schloss's or
		interested in the "lump-of-labour" fallacy and its linkage to the hours of work.
	eh.net /lists/archives/hes/apr-1999/0033.php (184 words)

	Lump of labour fallacy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		So the strategy in (2) would increase employment rates.
		Paul Krugman essay on the Lump of Labour Fallacy
		This page was last modified 23:54, 17 October 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lump_of_labour_fallacy (854 words)

	MarcinGomulkaBlog » Blog Archive » Lump of Labour wg. Wyborczej
		One of the best-known fallacies in ECONOMICS is the notion that there is a fixed amount of work to be done – a lump of LABOUR – which can be shared out in different ways to create fewer or more jobs.
		In 1891, an economist, D.F. Schloss, described such thinking as the lump of labour fallacy because, in reality, the amount of work to be done is not fixed.
		A better way to reduce unemployment may be to stimulate DEMAND and so increase output; another is to make the labour market more flexible, not less.
	akson.sgh.waw.pl /~mg20163/index.php/2005/08/economics-a-z-economistcom (299 words)

	[No title]
		But its first effect was to prod many who had dropped out of the labour market back on to the unemployment rolls.
		The labour office reckons that at least 222,000 people not counted as unemployed under the previous system are now registered as such.
		In any economy, the fallacy says, there is only a fixed amount of work (a lump of labour) to do.
	faculty.whatcom.ctc.edu /jkelsey/econ_202/UnempGer.doc (1007 words)

	Economics A-Z \| Economist.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		for labour is also affected by the health of the economy and firms, labour laws and regulations, as well as the
		to vary the amount of labour they use, including by changing the hours worked by each employee and by changing the number of employees.
		Opponents of labour market flexibility claim that labour laws that make workers feel more secure encourage employees to invest in acquiring skills that enable them to do their current job better but that could not be taken with them to another firm if they were let go.
	www.nsumbaclub.org /dictionaries/eco/ll.html (2380 words)

	[No title]
		This week I met two of my senior colleagues, both in their mid 70s, who are still teaching on a part-time stipendiary basis; and they appeared to me to be as alert and as >bright eyed and bushy-tailed= as ever B hardly resembling in any fashion >doddering fools=.
		A related fallacy, and indeed a scare-tactic employed by some university administrations, is that an end to mandatory retirement would also necessarily mean an end to tenure, with the imposition of strict monitoring measures employed and enforced for all professors before the age of 65.
		Such suggestions explain why labour leaders, such as Buzz Hargrove, are opposed to abolishing CMR, for fear that in doing so the ultimate consequence will be an increase in the age of retirement to 68 or 70.
	www.chass.utoronto.ca /~munro5/MandatoryRetire.doc (4526 words)

	PEN-L message, Lump of Labour Fallacy
		The _Economist_'s A-Z on labour defines the lump of labour fallacy as:
		In 1891, an economist, D.F. Schloss, described such thinking as the lump of labour fallacy because, in reality, the amount of work to be done is not fixed.
		Lump of Labour Fallacy, paul phillips Sun 28 May 2006, 04:52 GMT
	archives.econ.utah.edu /archives/pen-l/2006w21/msg00148.htm (397 words)

	Straight Goods - Canada's independent on-line source of news you can use
		What happens is advocates of shorter work hours are scolded by financial commentators and think-tank experts like Michael Walker of the Fraser Institute that to even consider such a thing is proof of "economic ignorance".
		The simple answer is that the lump of labour is a "theory" that isn't a theory; it is an "economic fallacy" that is not an economic fallacy.
		The claim makes about as much sense as saying that caring about nutrition is based on a lump-of-food fallacy or that personal hygiene is based on a lump-of-soap fallacy.
	www.straightgoods.com /item439.shtml (871 words)

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