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Topic: Lumpers and splitters

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	Joseph Greenberg, Historical Linguist, obituary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		It is fitting that it was Darwin who first thought of the distinction between lumpers and splitters; the OED gives him the first citation of the words as applied to taxonomists.
		Joseph Greenberg was a linguistic lumper and his dream of recreating the ur-language of humanity must stand as one of the greatest lumping dreams of all time.
		The splitters’ story is that the origins of language are irretrievable, so we should value every language for its expressive ability, but not for its place in the grand drama of linguistic diffusion.
	www.goodbyemag.com /apr01/greenberg.html (1404 words)

	COA :: Lumping and splitting
		Authors are often characterized as lumpers or splitters.
		By modern standards, Linnaeus was a lumper, many of his species being composite by modern standards; his high average merely reflects the advantage of going first.
		In practical terms, the difference between lumpers and splitters is that you can be relatively sure that you know what splitters are talking about, even if you don't agree with their classifications.
	www.conchologistsofamerica.org /articles/y1996/9606_rosenberg.asp (1065 words)

	Lumpers & splitters
		A "lumper" is a taxonomist who group by similar traits, assuming that differences are not as important as similarities.
		A "splitter" is a taxonomist who takes precise definitions, and creates new categories to classify organism on the basis of the smallest known difference, so every small difference is considered sufficient to create a new separate group.
		For example in the family Cactaceae “lumpers” recognize 30-50 genera and about 1000 species, “splitters” judge right to consider 200 genera and over of 2000 species.
	www.cactus-art.biz /note-book/Dictionary/Dictionary_L/dictionary_lumpers_splitters.htm (219 words)

	nomenclature
		Lumpers and splitters, they follow each other to power like the endless progression of the Mayan calendar.
		Lumpers are biologists who take a rather broad view of the concept of species, and when in power, combine several (or many) species into one.
		Not because I am an impassioned lumper, but because when I took all the 'species' in my collection that CITES said were really all, for example, Rebutia neocumingii, and put them all together in a group, it was clear that they were indeed all forms of the same species.
	www.realrebutias.com /NOMENCLATURE2.htm (1110 words)

	NIETZSCHE
		According to Magnus, the lumpers generally conclude that Nietzsche held specific philosophical positions: viz., a perspectivist epistemology, a will-to-power ontology, an eternal recurrence cosmology (here is where I "split" with the lumpers), and the Übermensch as a human ideal.
		Lumpers tend to construe the Übermensch as the essence of Nietzsche's notion of a higher humanity: an ideal of perfectibility (Schacht).
		As opposed to the view that the Übermensch is a "goal for human striving or as a recipe for achieving greatness," Magnus believes that the consistent splitter (he admits that some splitters are lumpers on the Übermensch) must stress the point that all ideal human types are culturally conditioned.
	www.class.uidaho.edu /ngier/overman.htm (2001 words)

	Lumpers and splitters - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A "lumper" is an individual who takes a gestalt view of a definition, and assigns examples broadly, assuming that differences are not as important as signature similarities.
		A splitter is reluctant to generalize, and produces models with a large number of narrowly defined objects.
		For example, according to the lumpers, a subcontractor could be basically the same as any other supplier, and is therefore the same class; meanwhile the splitters would probably argue that there are significant differences between different groups of suppliers, justifying separate classes in the model.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lumpers_and_splitters (641 words)

	Autism Speaks, What is Autism, The Autism "Cure": GRASP and the Word 'Cure'
		On the other, the lumpers, who feel the autism spectrum is all one and the same only with extreme ends, and a vast gradient in between.
		Both lumpers and splitters would agree that if Albert Einstein (among many others) really did have AS, as people now say he did, then that's certainly not what people normally associate towards someone severely autistic who may be completely non-verbal.
		Splitters use the word “cure” believing that autism is a terrible thing to happen to a person, whereas AS, while presenting difficulties, is believed to be not so terrible, and maybe doesn't warrant use of the word.
	www.autismspeaks.org /whatisit/carley_commentary.php (2805 words)

	Lumpers and Splitters: Corante > Strange Attractor >
		Lumpers are the sorts of people who look for similarities between things and group them according to what features they have in common.
		Lumpers have a tendency to miss the fine detail, which can lead to the erroneous assumption that all blogs are like their blogs, but they are good at looking at the wider implications of blogging.
		Lumpers and Splitters from Chocolate and Vodka When Carl Linnaeus started classifying plants and animals in his taxonomic Systema Naturae, he inadvertently gave birth to two new groups of people: Lumpers and Splitters.
	strange.corante.com /archives/lumpers_and_splitters.php (1353 words)

	Language Log: Splitters and Lumpers - Then and Now
		As Mark has pointed out, the division between "lumpers" and "splitters" goes back a long way, and in their time, Benjamin Barton Smith and Thomas Jefferson represented opposing camps.
		One sometimes sees the difference between splitters and lumpers presented as one of taste and personality.
		In 1804 it wasn't crazy to be a lumper like Benjamin Barton Smith, but it is today because over the last two centuries we have come to know better.
	itre.cis.upenn.edu /~myl/languagelog/archives/001511.html (1382 words)

	Splitters vs. Lumpers or How I Learned to Love the History Police \| Eric Stange \| February 2005 OAH ...
		One of our historical advisors volunteered to play the role of Joseph Coulon de Villiers de Jumonville, the unfortunate Frenchman whose head was bludgeoned in during the first engagement of the French and Indian War.
		As a teacher once pointed out, the world is divided between the splitters and the lumpers.
		Being a good historian means being a splitter; making historical programs that appeal to television audiences (even on PBS) requires being a lumper.
	www.oah.org /pubs/nl/2005feb/stange.html (1691 words)

	Lumpers and Splitters in Healthcare - II
		Lumpers and Splitters in Healthcare - II...innovating at the intersection of healthcare, information technology and data analysis...
		Lumpers and Splitters in Healthcare - II In our first discussion of this theme, we looked at how emerging "consumer-directed health plans" may split the health insurance pool and what effects this may have on the cost and availability of healthcare services.
		This time we're going to consider a couple of "splitter" strategies in the healthcare provider space: "focused factory" models for provider organizations and "boutique" medical practices.
	www.epimetrics.com /topics/one-page?page_id=199 (1358 words)

	The Minor Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian Eras of Maues, Gondophares, and Odi
		The lumpers combine similar animals together to keep a minimum number of species, recognizing separate species only when their are clear and marked differences.
		Then there are the 'splitters', who tend to see new eras wherever they find dates which do not immediately fit.
		On the other hand 'splitters' find it very difficult to work in the opposite direction and identify eras that should be combined.
	www.kushan.org /essays/chronology/minorindoparthian.htm (1918 words)

	BATSIS: Calling all biblical lumpers and splitters
		We would appreciate help from any of you who are lumpers or splitters.
		For the lumpers, please periodically check our categories and tell us about ones which can be joined together.
		If you are sometimes a lumper and sometimes a splitter, you are especially welcome, since you can help with both processes.
	batsis.blogspot.com /2005/08/calling-all-biblical-lumpers-and.html (457 words)

	Abstraction
		For example, according to the lumpers, a subcontractor could be basically the same as any other supplier, and is therefore the same classes, while the splitters would probably argue that there are significant differences between different groups of suppliers, justifying separate classes in the model.
		As a consultant, the author has had to play the lumper role on some occasions and the splitter role on other occasions, according to the temperaments of the other team members, to achieve the right balance.
		Another possibility is to offer the lumper and splitter two different models, with a clearly defined mapping between them.
	www.users.globalnet.co.uk /~rxv/infomgt/abstraction.htm (1890 words)

	Lumpers and Splitters
		Splitters tend to forget, or WANT to forget, that SOME species can be so closely related that they belong in the same genus.
		I am a lumper at heart, but I do disagree with many lumpings.
		Why must the conflicts between lumpers and splitters keep the phytodinosaur family tree in such a jumble?
	dml.cmnh.org /1995Oct/msg00095.html (389 words)

	Of Splitters and Lumpers - Does God Exist? - MayJun97
		This belief system has caused the name lumper to be applied to their basic approach.
		There are others who believe that to be a Christian, a person must adhere to not only a selected group of practices, but must also hold to a prescribed listing of views on a wide range of topics--political, economic, medical, educational, and psychological in nature.
		n taxonomy, what happens in practice is that things get grouped on the basis of compromise by the splitters and lumpers, and while huge arguments take place, there is usually enough of a consensus that the job gets done.
	www.doesgodexist.org /MayJun97/OfSplittersAndLumpers.html (885 words)

	Linnaean taxonomy - Palaeos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		However, it is standard that if a name or placement has been changed since the original description, the first authority's name is placed in parentheses and the authority for the new name or placement may be placed after it (usually only in botany).
		"Splitters make very small units - their opponents say that if they can tell two animals apart, they place them in different genera, and if they cannot tell them apart, they place them in different species.
		Lumpers make large units - their opponents say that if a carnivore is neither a dog or a bear they call it a cat."
	www.palaeos.org /Linnaean_taxonomy (2112 words)

	Rough Type: Nicholas Carr's Blog: Small pieces unjoined
		I suggested that the split is a manifestation of the deeper divide between absolutists and relativists.
		The lumpers tend to want to shoehorn a new-found organism (or subjects) into the existing categories (too many categories become a junkyard), while splitters tend to want to fork categories and create new species or subjects (to increase distinction and precision)."
		Yes, the desire to categorize oneself as a lumper is a form of splittism, but isn't the paradox superficial?
	www.roughtype.com /archives/2006/09/small_pieces_un.php (1008 words)

	Klickon
		Lumpers eftersträvar komplexitet, vill ha ALLT på en gång.
		Splitters söker föreklingar, bryter ner beteendet i små delar.
		En lumper misslyckas ofta och drabbas av felaktig inlärning och inlärningsplatåer – allt för många tränare är lumpers, enligt Bob, som uppmuntrar oss att vara SPLITTERS!
	www.klickon.se /chicken_laromastare.html (2176 words)

	PEN-L message, [PEN-L:11993] Re: Lumpers and Splitters
		Except as I understand Jim D's lumpers and splitters, Marx was a splitter in the sense that he was a dialectician and saw processes as involving quantitative change turning into qualitiative change.
		Maybe this makes him a lumper, although he was careful to make distinctions in his analysis.
		For example, he rejected all sorts of bourgeois theory, but not before he extracted what could be useful from people, such as Smith and Ricardo.
	archives.econ.utah.edu /archives/pen-l/1999m09.e/msg00282.htm (427 words)

	George Walford - Anarchism in Series
		Thinkers fall into two groups: unifiers and dichotomizers, otherwise lumpers and splitters.
		Anarchists stand on both sides of this fence, lumping their opponents together as supporters of the state and splitting their own movement off as independent of them.
		The ideology at one end of the series is the converse of the one at the other, and the transition takes place in steps along the range.
	www.gwiep.net /books/angle12.htm (1627 words)

	DNA discourse \| The San Diego Union-Tribune
		The outcome of a struggle between the lumpers and the splitters may determine the future regulatory reach of the Endangered Species Act.
		The mouse has thus become a test case for whether the lumpers or splitters will prevail, with Ramey and King serving as pugilists.
		During an interview, King bristled at any talk of priority-setting or trade-offs and he dismissed Ramey as a “lumper.” The ESA is a product not just of science but of policy, budgets and political choices.
	www.signonsandiego.com /uniontrib/20060420/news_lz1e20paige.html (753 words)

	e03 Relatedness of organisms
		Taxonomists can choose to expand the number of ranks with the prefixes: sub-, super-, and infra-, or whatever they deem necessary such as: brigade, cohort, section, or tribe, or most loosely a group.
		and "splitters" to account for much of where there is disagreement amongst them.
		For example, Ian Tattersall and Jeffrey H. Schwarts in Extinct Humans, 2000, reveal themselves to be splitters in their claim that same age Asian Homo erectus and African specimens belong to different species (in Africa: Homo ergaster and likely others).
	geowords.com /histbooknetscape/e03.htm (1140 words)

	Lumpers and Splitters
		(Though, if you think about it, the idea that some people are lumpers and others splitters is essentially a "lumper" view of the world.
		"Splitters" might say: "There are no lumpers or splitters, just individuals.")
		In defining some people as "lumpers" and some as "splitters", it makes it easy to understand how two people can communicate about the same topic and not actually meet in the middle about it.
	radio.weblogs.com /0143162/stories/2005/01/20/lumpersAndSplitters.html (753 words)

	What is Left? What is Right?
		The late Stephen Jay Gould quipped that the intellectual world could be divided between two camps, the “lumpers” and the “splitters.” Lumpers see commonalities, splitters see differences.
		Admittedly, there are exceptions, such as the effort of many self-proclaimed conservatives to save the political hide of Democratic Sen. Joe Lieberman, whose lifetime rating from the American Conservative Union is 17 out of a possible 100—wars do make for strange neo-bedfellows.
		James P. Pinkerton is a columnist for Newsday and a fellow at the New America Foundation in Washington, D.C. He served in the White House under Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush.
	www.amconmag.com /2006/2006_08_28/article16.html (781 words)

	The Linnean System
		Of course whether a species should be retained in a former genus or placed in a new one is often an arbitrary choice, which brings us to the battle between the splitters and the lumpers.
		Here of course we have again the fact of the arbitrary nature of the linnean ranking, as it could be argued either position is valid.
		And sometimes both versions co-exist (as with the splitters and the lumpers) and are found in different text books (and web pages).
	www.kheper.net /evolution/systematics/Linnean.htm (1740 words)

	North Coast Diaries: Why birders hate Cordilleran Flycatchers
		Most taxonomists can be divided into lumpers and splitters.
		Those who see the differences as more important than the similarities tend to be splitters.
		There have always been lumpers and splitters and the pendulum regarding the definitions of species has swung more than once or twice.
	www.surfbirds.com /blogs/mbalame/archives/003981.html (1096 words)

	Taxonomy 1: Naming a Species. In: Marine Biodiversity - An Introduction. Author: Peter Dyrynda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		This is one reason why species names in marine guides appear to change from time to time.
		Taxonomists can sometimes be categorized as 'lumpers' or 'splitters'.
		Lumpers tend to take the view that considerable morphological is allowable within a morphospecies, whereas splitters tend to regard minor differences as justification for separating closely related organisms as different species.
	www.solaster-mb.org /mb/naming~species.htm (736 words)

	Epistemology among the Lumpers and Splitters by Bert Gold
		Hey deals in general and in specific terms with this topic, even discussing count creep, the tendency for biologists to look at new data and define a heretofore singular as actually more than one entity.
		It is this tendency that gives rise to the term ‘splitter’ in the title of this essay.
		Gold, A. Epistemology among the Lumpers and Splitters.
	human-nature.com /nibbs/02/gold.html (3962 words)

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